UNIT D TAT

CIVIL DEFENSE

Mortuary Services
in Civil Defense

TM-II-12 (Technical Manual)

FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION

 UNITED 5TA TES CIVIL DEFENSE

Mortuary SerM8 i1l Civil D~feme, TM 11 - 12 , is one in

a series of technical manuals prepared by the Federal
Civil D efense Administration. These manuals provide
technical and specialized information in particular fields
of civil defense. This publication provides a planning
guide for mortuary services in civil defense.
Identification and disposal of tbe dead, including col-
lection and safeguarding of their personal effects, are
Mortuary Services
essential responsibilities of civil defense authorities.
In natural disasters, facilities available in every city can
usually take care of the dead. Following an enemy in Civil Defense
nttack with modern nuclear weapons, however, particular-
ly in densely populated areas, existing facilities could not
handle the large number of casualties.
The first tasks of civilian survivors of an enemy attack,
of course, will be care of the injured and homeless, fire
fighting, rescue, and restoration of utilities and other
normal services. Radiological personnel will determine
when it is safe to go into sreas of destruction. Rescue
und first aid teams will then go in to remove the injured.
After everything possible is first done for the living, at-
tention will be given the dead.
To plan and organize for the disposal of the bodies of
TM-11-12 (Technical Manual)
millions of civilians killed in an enemy nuclear attack is a
grim business, even for those trained and accustomed to
the work of mortuaries. The individual care we tradi-
tionally bestow on our deceased will not be physically
pO!lSible when the dead must be counted in tbe thousands.
However, FCDA, with the assistance of its R eligious
Advisory Committee, is planning for suitable memorial
.crvices for the dead in areas devastated by enemy attack.
Thl' skill, training, and experience of funeral directors
and members of allied professions will be vitally needed
by civil defense forces. 1\'lost funeral directors and their
slalrs arc trained in first aid. Nearly all morticians
oprrate onr or more ambulances. They can render FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRATION
vnlunblC" service in caring for the injured and saving 8S
IIlnny livts as possible before turning their attention to the
Mad . UNITED STA TES GO V ER N M ENT PRINTI NG O FFICE A PRi l 195 6

For sole by th e Superint en de nt of Docum ents. U. S. Govc ln ment Prin': n9 Office

Washing ton 2 5, O. C. - Pri ce 15 ce n ts

CONTENTS
Chopin
l. Civil defense mortuary seryices ____ ____________ ____ __ _
The problem ____ ____ __ ________________________ _
Iden tification of the deH'!. ______________________ _
2. General plan of mortuaJ1'" services operat ions in disaster'S __
3. Establishment of a civil defense mort uary services organ-
ization . _____ ___ ___ ______ ___ ______ . __. ______ ____ _
~Iortllary services advisory cOlllmi{tec __ ___ _______ _
Duties of the advisory com mittee ___ _____ ________ _
Civil defense mOl'tuilry services. ________________ __
~ I ortllary area stafL _____ ___ __ ________________ _ _
4. Training __ ______ ______ ___ ___ ________ ___________ ___ _
General considerations. ___ ___ __ ____ ___________ ___
Bas ic morturuoy sen-ices training. ___ ___ . _____ . ___ _
Special training for identification teams ___________ _
R efer ences __ __. _____ _. __ ____ ___ ____ ___ __ _____________ _
PIlJ'L 1. Selectcd FeDA publications _____ _______ _
Part II. Other publications ____ _________ ___ __ ___ _
ii
Chal)t!:/" 1
CIVIL DEFENSE MORTUARY SERVICES
The Problem
1.1 For legal, religious, and heanh reasons, identificatiou and
disposal of the dcad, including t he collection and safeguarding of
t heir personal effects, are essential parts of civil defense. Planning
and supervising these opera.tions arc r esponsibilities of local civil
Page d efense health services. In natural disasters, facilities available in
I
evm'y city can usually ta ke care of the dead. Following enemy
1 a ttack, however , p articularly in densely populated areas, existing
2 facilities could not handle the large num ber of dead .
3 1.2 Considering the develo pment of nuclear and thermonuclear
weapons dming the last few years, th e d etonat ion of this type of
weapon in a densely populated area may result. in such a large number
9
of p eople killed imlllediately or dead with in a few hours Lhat temporary
9
suspension of some laws and customs governing disposition of the
9
12
dead will b e necessary. Disposal of bodies as nea"ly as possible in
15 accordance with normal customs and r eligious rites will be a major
contribut ion to morale, b ut such methods may be impossible . Em-
16 halming, use of caskets, lying in state, and individual religious cere-
16 monies m ay h ave to be omitted.
16 1.3 The major tHsks of the survivors of an enemy attack will be
17 care of the injured and homeless, fire fighting and other d efense
IS measur es, r estorat,ioll of utilities, and otJler normal services. Only
18 an absolu te minimum of m a npower will be available fo r identifi-
19 cation and d is posal of the dead. Since usual preservat ive m ethods,
such as refrigeration or embal ming, may be impossible, proyision
should be made for disposal of bodies, if not immediately, a t least
within 2 to 7 days, depending upon t.heir condition when found, and
the clima teo
1.4 Civil d efense mort.uary services will be res ponsible for proper
iden tification of the dead for the information of relatives and friends;
establishment of legal proof of death; r emoval of bodies from public
view ; preparation of fill official record of death; provision for religious
rites and services as circumstances permit; and final d isposal of the
bodies so t.ha.t they will not. be an esth e lic, psychological , or public
health hazard. In civil defense planning, it is import an t to r etain
as lnany identification and record ing proccdm'cs as possible to reduce
future problems for surviYors.
1

Identification of the Dead
XATURAL DISASTERS
1.5 Tentative identification of unknown dead is usually made by:
(a) Personal data found on the body.
(b) M atching general physical charactcristics, including finger-
printing jf feasible, against. descriptions of missing persons.
(c) Matching location where body was found with probable
locat.ion of persons reported missing following the disaster.
(d) R ecognition of personal effects by relatives or fri ends.
1.6 Final legal identification is usually based upon the tentative
identification combined with OllC or more of the following:
(a) R ecogn it ion of the remains by relatives or friends, if possible.
(b) Checking the unknown's teeth against the dental records of
t he person he is believed to be.
(e) Special anatomical and medical studies from data obtained
by autopsy nnd medical records, such as X-rays and clinical histories.
NUCLEAR Bo:\t8 DI SASTERS
I. 7 Those killed at some distance from ground zero probably will
have been id entified by survivors in the S8,m e area and their names
entered 011 emergency medical ta,gs for usc · in mort..uru"y records.
Furtlll'rmore, these individuals could also be later legally proved d ead
by the direcl testimony of sll1" ~ ving witnesses. Nearer ground zero,
t here will be less likelihood that the bodies will be identified or identifi-
ablc; therefore, the percentage of unidentified dead m ay be expected to
be greater in nonresidential a.reas and in Rj'CftS where more are killed.
1.8 Final legal identification by personal recognition will not be
possible because of the large number of dead , wide dispersal of the
population after a diSftster, and lack of nccessary space, timc, and
labor. Ten thousand unidentified bodies would require over 5.5
nc,'es of spoce (250,000 squnre feet) for adequate display. .A. person
would walk 5 miles between t he rows of bodies before all were seen
"nd for each 25,000 itientifin.ble bodies probably 10,000 would be
UJlrecogniznblc bC('f1l1sC of disfigurement by injury or fire.
'/1(I7I1cr 2
GENERAL PLAN OF MORTUARY SERVICES
OPERATIONS IN DISASTERS
2.1 For the first few hours after a. nuclear bomb disast.er, there
\\~II be little time for attention to the dead . Later on, after the
injured have been cared for and are beginning to be moved out of
the devastoted area, work with the dead may start. In case of a high
degree. of rndioactive contamination, preca utions are ndvisfI. ble to
protect mortuary service personnel. Ad,rico concerning these pre-
cautions will be tbe responsibility of tbe radiological defense service.
2.2 If tbe operating procedures are followed, os outlined in FCDA
Publication TM-II-3, Organization and OperatUm oj Civil Dejense
Casualty Services , Part III, illedual Recordsjor Casualties, many of the
bodies will alrcady h ..,e had fustened to them an emergency medical
tag by a first aid worker. The tag will have a large X marked ncross
the face of it, indicating the person was dcad when round. Thcre will
be badly maimed or burned bodies which, since tbey were obviously
dead, will probably not have been tagged. The bodies of those killed
in outlying resident.ial areas or under circumstances where families
and fri ends were available for identification probably will have been
moved and some effort will have been mode to prepare them for
buria l.
2.3 Simultaneously, tbere will bave been a nmnher of deaths of
injured casualties in first aid stations ond hospitals. Available infor-
mation for identification of tbese casualties sbould be recorded on tbe
original emergency medical tag (figs. 1 and 2) which is ogain attacbed
to the body. All medical installations should allocat.. spac. for the
storage of bodies until mortuary SCITiccs arc a ble to take care of them.
2.4 Following an enenlY attack, all dead bodies will be handled
by the emergency mortuary sen' ices. The bodies of people dead from
naLtIl'ol causes elm'ing the disastcr period should be tagged with the
name and address of tbe deceased and name and address of tbe next-
of-~-in, if available, in the SUDle mnnnel' as (or disaster victims when
brought to the attention of any ci"il defense authority.
2.5 After necessary tr:llli:ipurlu.tiull i~ rurIlisu t:u tue livin.gl civil
derense transportation services will assign vehicles and dl'i,Cl'S to pre-
viously designa.ted rendezvous points whcre t.hey will pick up mortuary
assistants and a supply of mortua.r~y wraps. A coUection team or two
mortuary assistants wit.h a. yehicle and drivel' comprises a. collection
3
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hwl l{':-j 1I "'i

be usrd. Ambulan('l"SJ h{':1l's('s, Hilt! PlIlll'l-body tnu'h.s ordinnl'ily
used by funeral direc tors pl'ob~tbly will Irn,'c beel} fcquis il iOll('d rol'
the use of living co.slIn.itics.
2.6 Because of the probnblcmagniludc of It Huc'leal' bombllisas t('l',
the lark of usual facil ities for prescr vation , find lbe shortage of spe-
cially trained manpower, it. will be necessary to depa.rt from the usual
methods of ident.ification. Only a few minutes per body will be avail-
able for complete processi ng. Personal efTects should be kept. with the
body until removed by the identification tcams who will segregate
s hould "l' wmplh·d tog-t't IIt'I' \\ II Ii its P l'l nn.1 c(fc<'ls in an individwd
mortuary wmp to pn',' C'nL loss 01' inlermingling of personal eITects.
rr lhe p('J'solll1l effect.s include identification car ds, or tags, letters or
ot.irel' items of similn,r nat llJ-c, tcnlati ,'c identification call be made by
the collection leam find should be entered 011 Lhe emergency medical
tag.
2.7 The body should be transported t.o It pre"iously designated
mortuary area as close as practicabJe to tbe burial area to be used .
Here the mort.uary "Taps should be opened by identificat ion t eams,

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;} 731';(: · -GG--~ 7
 FISTAT AID~
RSTION . CASU ALTY
~~~ . D~ A
HOLDING AREA ~..,.P"......~_DEAD ~f\-

•I
CASUALTIES FIRST AID ·
HOLDING
STATION

--- CAlUA\lIIS __

EXISTING HOSPITAlS

INDEX AND INfORMATION

-
,
AND INfORMATION CUD
MORTUARY SERVICES

I DE NTlfICATlON
I CENTRAL REGISTRATION AND INFORMUION

l MD£X AND ID£NTlfICATI ON CAID

VITAL STATISTICS
UNIT MORTUARY SERVICES
REGI STRATION

FIGl:RE -1.~:\IorLu3ry services flow ch.ut.

10
 of t,j\il dt· ft· lI·w flllI !"III"I.\" "t' n i l'I'''. ('011 11111 111',' ItH ' IIIIII ' I'~ ('ollt'c 'r flt'd
.,lIil'lull.\ "illl IlIlt':-I IIlId n 'J!'IIII1'ioll~ ("(l\,i'l'ill~ lilt' iSSUIl Il('t' of dl'luh
f'I'I'll.(it',"fl' s IIl1d burinl IH'l'lilils s hould r£'("ollllllcnd any cltnrlg('s 11(.'(.dt'd
In l ' ll\r~r.~' thc':-,i(' for II~(' lInc/C'r ('ivil tlde-fls£' disastcr condition~. Lt.'gnl
fOl'ltlllIlIIC'!'\, ~t li'll itS 1ItC]lIcs ts, should b£' simplified, 01' dis petls£'d with
(0 t'\pc·ditt· dispol"ition of human 1·C'llh1ins. Jt prohably will Le nc('cs-
1-111':\ ' to r('('oIHIIH'lId changes in ex.isti.ng Jaws to city councils and State
".'KI~ lallin's to d ('~ 1 practically with disast£"r conditions. Earlyadop-
t 1011 o~ 11('('(1<'(/ 1t..·g"lsln,tion should be activcl.v supported by the advisory
( ' 011111111 ,1('(' and the {,j\'il defense organization.
Civil Defense Mortucuy Services
:L:l (,~\~il .dl'fe n s~ J~ortllal'Y services 'will assume full r esponsibility
fo!' o/'~Jlnlzn.tlOn, tl'tlullng, and operation. The operational unit should
,'olls ist of it crnt l'al staff and a mortuary area starr as outlincd below:
{ I ' :""'U.\I, STAFF
aA The foIlo\\-ing should be appointed:
(It) IHrfcior, EmergenC'lJ lJI ortuaJ'Y Services.-The coroner 01' local
III t'd~1'fd t'xurni nCI", or someone designated by him , should he appointed
1I'i cllI'('.dOI',emer~el!c'y mortuary sen·ices. B e should. be given full
UIII',IOI'II'y ~Ind el" c"rll defense emergell cy regulations to can'y out the
d llt.",< of IllS office and ill addition sbould lli,,-e received the legal dele-
~nllon Ilecessary to comply with local laws about the unknown dead .
. (Ii) f)epuly Directors, Em ery.ney Afortuar!1 Seruices.-One deputy
!1~1'(,t·jOI' nlld an a lt ernate should be designated fo r each mortuary area,
I t. t'~t' Il IC'Il must be legally appo inted rep resentatives of the din'ctor
lind ('Ill (lo\\'('red to act fOl" him. One or more of the deputy directors
",11()ult..! be d('sigllated as nlternates for the director.
(rl (''' if] ('ollection Ojjicer and Deputie• .-There should be a chief
('O Il N·tiOIl oflic('r n.nd one deputy collection officer and an alterllate for
1'1U'1i BlOrt,nflry nrea. A deputy should be designated as all alternate
((II' III(' c·hief collection officer. T hey should work closely ,,~tb the
)tWII I f'ivil defense transpo rtation services. The coUection oUker is
rt '~ pollsih lc fol' coll ecting the remains and transporting them to mortu-
n!'." nrNlS. lI e should unde rstand, nnd include in Lhe trnininO'" of his
fomllortiinfitcs" the importance of collecting pertinent, evidence °and aU
IWI"-tollfl l (·ffl'c ts at. lhe point where th e body is originally taken lip.
(iI) ('''ifI identification Ojjicer and Deputies.-'l'he chief of the iden-
I ifit'uf ion hureau of the local police, medical examiner's, 01' coroner's
UHiC'tI, or !ti~ d('signee, shou ld be appointed to th is job. He s hould be
I I'ftiu('d aile! c'xpt'I'iellced in lhe practice of identification. H e shou ld
dt, ~j~ l lIlh' d{'IHIty id l' ntifku tio n officers and alternates Cor each Inortu-
III) III 'C'il \\ il l, Olle' of tlll'S(' flS his alt01·lIittC.
(,) ('hill 10(, 1"111 1"1" (~f1irrr alid Dt/JllJies.-Thc chieC intcn l1cnt
tlJIi"~'1 11111,\ III' "" t ' " ~ilU'l'r 01' o11H'1" P (' I'tiO Il c:x pcripn<:ed in lalld use and
12
ulili ~lI lillll of 11'J' IW11i1l V IIlId fillll'V l"'quiplIl(·rd. 11(' !'hould IU1\'(' 011('
OJ' 11101'(' dt 'Plllic'!, c!c'pt,"dirw UpOIi III(' ('xf('111 ulhlllll llilwl' of lIIortuary
fin'IIS. lit' I-d,olllcl do ... t.J.\, illf('gI'IIlC' plUlIllillg" IWcl opC'rations with the
locn l ci\'il deft'lIst' f'1Ig-iIH'C'ring" s(,ITi('es, ft~ hcftvy equipment. must come
from tli:)t St'I,,·j(·('.
en('h ilI I'roperl!! Ojjiccr.-lIe lIslially ca n be recruited from the
police property c1",'k's office and should be a qunlified and bonded
employec. H e should designate deputy property clerks for each
mortuary area nnd un iuternate for himself.
(0) Tile Chit! Records Ojjicf/'.-He should be the head of the "ital
statistics division of the locnl hcnHh department or his designee. He
should be assigned legal responsibility for all mortuary records and
should designate and [!'Rin a deputy for each mortuary 8re8, 8nd an
altcm.te for himself.
(h) A Cftit! Chapiain.-He, together with a chaplain for ench mor-
tuary area , s hould be select-cd from the pl'incipal denominntions of the
locality and recommended for appointment by the local clergy. It
may be practical to rotate the office of chief chaplain among the var-
ious denominat ions or to hale a small clcrical cornmittee in place
of a chicf chaplain.
OPEIlATIOX AREAS SELECTIOX
3.5 ~rortu"ry and bmial areas selected should have space to
aecommodnte nbo ut 25 percent more than the maximum e.:\.-pected
numbel' of bodies. .AJternate sites should be designated in cnse some
arens fil'(' not fl.\'nilable at the time of the disaster.
(a) Emergcncy mortuary areas \\;thin which the identification
teams will carry out their duties should be located in advaJlcc, prefer-
ably away from densely populated 01' industrialized arcns, but as ncar
as possible to the sites designated as final hurinl places. Areas se-
lected should he correlated to tbe population of t,he whole area, it s
geography, the expected casuruty lond , find the tl'nnsportntion fncili-
ties which may be expected to he "'-3ihlble. All Ilnlilablc public
bui ld illg~ and enclosures such as se-booJyards probably wiJI be needed
for ho usi ng and medical care of the E,·ing. .\lthough some shelter
and screening from th e p ubJic "jew are desirable, those considera-
tio ns s hould not outweigh thc more pmctical ones of transportation
an d aynilnbility t.o burial sites,
(b) In the selection of burial sites, efTorts sh ould be made wherever
possible to use existing cemeteries or land set aside for them. \\hcre
religiolls consideration is a. factor in selection of burial sites, the
appropriate clergy should be consulted. Cemetery associat ion mem-
bers of the a.dvisory com m ittee wiJ] be able to furnish dataon a,·a.ilablc
si tes nnd desi l'ablc geogra phical fefltun~s , such ns types oC soil, drain-
age, etc. .:\ method of rapid, nu'chnnical grit\·c digging and filling
will be needed for the largc number of grans required . ~ [ 05t large
13
"I ' IIII ' li ' IWM 1111\,1 ' Il U'c·h'IlIIt 'nl I'quipllh',d (01' 11I1!.:ill l-t' IIlId huc'k fillill ~ nllt! "\CHll illl " ", 11.011 11lId 1)( hlld il' • 11 'I'OIdlll J.( hn ii' 114' ~,njpti\( \ <lnlll,
VIUVI' Iloc'ld C' I ' l1ll'1i " .) (Jllil · i,.l ~ ~ lIollld h(· n:-o kl'd 10 inn' lltol',Y 11t(' il' j 'Oll4 ' 1' lllI g 1'1 ' 1 011111 C'l1"I ' 1 , HIIII 1'1'11\ jlIIlLg- tll'dl ' '''Y 1111 1'1111. Till' hulk
j'quiplIH'1I1 IllId ItHllljH)\\('I' HlHI illdi(: :Lt(~ th(~ ir 1I(·('d 8
to th(' mOl'tullry \\illlll"t· t" hi' r~'l' r uit('d
of Ih,' \ollllLlj ' j ·I'\\or!.. 'r"i 11111101' 111111"-' :-; t'ni"j's
!{t'rviC'('H . Tllr m Or I UIII)' !,wl'vi<.'<,' s s h ould inrorm tl l (' loeol ('i"il d('frllsc rroll! thi . . !-oOlln ' I'. :\lorhulI'Y sl'ni t, t's 111'(' likl·ly to bt' tltl' least uU,nlc-
c'lI l!illt'( ' rill g' ~I'l'\ic ' ('!'i \\ h('llIc'l' ndditional ('q u ipm(,111 will he- I't'quired. tin' of lilt' (·j\·il dj , ft ' II !:'(' openltiolls to tlu! volunte(' r worker.
Bj·ron' clC ' IH'lIdill~ Oil th (' il.'signmenL by cngineering senriees of bull-
(I01.I'I'H nlHI 01 11 ('1' h('avy fll('('h ullical equipmcnt, the mortuary services Mortua ry Area StaH
Hllollld ('oltsider thnt th l' re probably " rill be a mueb greater need for
3,10 ]n ucl((jtion to the central stuff, 3S outlined above, euch
I hi!-4 ('(l'lipll1f'llt ill l'('S tor ing facilities for the living, sucb as those for
mortuary area, will also have u. number of eacb of dlree types of
WH.t (' !', ~('wnge , nnd d £' nring of street. H conditions permit, me-
mortuary t('runs:
..IlIll1it'l1l1y dug continuous trellcbes offer the best solution to tbe burial (a ) C~llection Team .(;1 .- Two men eiI.Ch , responsibl e for collecting
I'l'Ilhh' llI . If lhe macllincs available arc capable only of digging remains and transporting theln to designa.ted mortUtuy areas, using
""'''''''' I rellches. bodies caD be placed head to foot ins tead of side by \Tehicles und dri\-ers furnished by transportation sen-ices,
H icl~' .
(b) Identification Team-s. -Three men en.eh , tmilled to obtain a nd
OI'~a t A 'I 'IONS record basic data. quickly and to preserve persol1fl l effects.
:U; The morlunry services should draw up a slandnrd plan for op- (c) I nterment T€arn,,,.- Two men each, n isted by n. drh'el' and
ions. (A suggested procedure will be found in chapler 2.) The com-
,'! III t.ruck from transportation sen -ices, responsible (or placing bodies in
Itdlll '.' :{hould consider providing required materials and cquiPllleut. graves in on orderly manner so that spe('ific gro\'cs may be eosily
I( I I. HIIOI1S CONSIDERATIONS
located e\'en at a mu{'h 13tcl' date. The ncl\' isor), committee sbould
be consult ed on the need for membeJ's of the clergy to accompany
:! .7 I';vcry atlempt should be made lo provide religious rites ful-
interment teams.
fillill~ liI(' requirements of the various denominations as far us civil
{)(, f('lIso emergency conditions will permit, The clru-gymcil of all
d" lIorninations in a community sbould be informed of the problem of
df'lf'rmin in g the religion of unidentified casualties. Tbe advice of
t Iw (·I<.' rgYlllcn should be requested and tbeir suggestions followed
", tWll l'vc r possible.
I N'rI':flUA "' , ON
:I.R The mor tufll·y services should integrate its plans with those
or lil(' S tnt e and Federal GoYel'nrnents a nd a rrange for excbange of
P(If'!'l (HlIIt'i, Illutual aid, and mobile support.
If l'~ CIt \ I I 'I' M /':Wl '
;~ . n 'I'll£' mort.uary sen Tices should recruit the necessary opera-
1iOlltll p('rsonnd. ~Iedical personnel cannot be spared from t heir
tlu1 irs to the lidng, Only a small number of trained city morgue
llt'rsonn('1 will be iLvailable, Funeral directors and embalmers nre tbe
1 1)~~ i('nl S Olll' (, (' of mortuary personnel. Organizations and associations
o( ('Illhnlmers nnd funeral directors can pro\"ide personnel , qualified by
1I'll i l1il1~ I1nd experi(>nce, to cope ,,-ith the situation. At the present
1illlt" 1IIp!'(' nr£' a bout 75,000 such persons in the United States, most
hr II /o"IlI will be a" nila"le fo r ciyil defense duty and who ca n be reached
I " r(lll g il 10("1l 1, State, nnd regional organizations. They can be easily
Hlltl (Iuiddy t rflill£'d in d isaster mortuary service methods including
itll ' 11 1ifienl ion 1>1'0 ('('(lul'('5. They should be emotionally stable persons
111.1 1' 1I II'o\l ~r. l'~P('I'i l ' IW(' 10 cllr r ,)" out the dis tastefu l tus k of coll ecting

14 15
 Special Training Program for Identification Teams
f)''II I(III ~ lttlIIOIl '" ~llItdtl IHI . 'Ull dll,·lt,d ill I IU'dty 1I101"g ll(' 01' a ('011-
111111"111111'.\ 1111.1 HI.. ,ll ld {'(l\t' r till' rollowill g:
\'(,,,it'lit
(a) JJm.. ic' pli ysinll duta si~lIifinll1('(' nlld usefulness:
( I) ApPl'oximn.l(' \n· ig ht nnd height.
(2) Approximate ng('.
TRAINING (3) Anatomicnl descriptions.
(4) Scnrs nnd ampulations.
General Considerations
(5) n en lur es.
4 . 1 All mortuftry s('I'\'ic(' l)('rs onnei should rcccj e general orienta- (b ) Finge.rpriuts-usefullles and limjLalions in ('iviJ defense.
tion ill ('ivil defense problems wit.h emp has is on the specia l problems (e) C loth ing:
or 1IIl' mort.uary services. Follo,,~iLlg this indoctrinu lion , the various (I) Types and materials.
Iypt·s of teams should receive specia l training, principally practice (2) Location of pockets.
(' X('I'(" l SCS, Id entification teams will ncrd mOl'e t rain ing than other (3) ~Iilrks (including manufacturers'), sizes, laundry, and
J,:roll p!o>. This will be th e responsibility of tbe mortuary services cleaners.
i(it-lItifiNl.tioll officer and h is deputies. (tl) Methods of h and ling and moving bodies .
(e) Practicable demonstrat ion of use of index and information cards.
Basic Mortuary Services Trainins (j) The 3-pnrt mortuary tag .
(g) P ersonal effects:
'1.2 A fmggested train ing outline is given below for all personnel.
(I ) General considemt ions.
(n) '1'1 10 bosic civil defense problem:
(2) Informational ,"alue of papers.
J\ tn lk wilh s lides and ch arts shou ld prcsent a quick reyiew of ABC
(3) J ewelry.
"" ' ,II'OIlS ,,·it h the effects of each. Jll ustrate with a map of the local
(4) D entures.
lIrt'll, pointing ou t sections tbat wil) have heavy populatibn con-
(5) Problems of storage.
('t'l1tI'H.t ions during the day nnd sections with heavy concentrations
(6) se of personal effects bag.
dllring tlie night. Discllss pl'ohablp nUlubel' and location of ca~ualties
(7) Personal effects data sheets and use of card sorting
In hI' ('xpc("t<-d a.t d iffer ent, limes, different ground ze ros, and with
met hods.
':tl'iOIiS t.'1)('s and sizes of weapons. Indica te arcltS suit.able for
diRpos:d of bodies and transpol't.ation facil ities to be c:\-pected under
(oj,·il (1(,f('lIsC disastel' conditions.
(b ) 1 '~Jlle l'gcncy mort.uary sen'ices opel'alions:
" atl f . A talk.- General condition of terrain following a civi l
d t'f('Il~(' dis..... ster. Operation of medica l se n~ices in rclation to mortu-
Hr.'" !->(,I"\"ices (emergency medical tag, first aid statio n logs, hospital
lof.rs); t Ire mortuar~v " Tap, its yalue nnd uSCo
I'"rt If. A short talk with dides ancl chart8.-The geneml problem
of i<it'llt i fyi ng unknmnl dead. LegnJ considerntions in identification.
'I tlf'lll i fication JUethods norllUllly used. Basic i dentification data
whi(·h (°.nll bc quickly coUected from Yc ry large numbers of unknown.
(1',·,,,.,,,.1 efreels and their yalue.) Collection and storage of personal
err.·"t,.
1)"l't II f. Talk 'with questions and (liRcU8swn.-::\[ol"tuary records,
j'JH('I'g"f' Il('Y nwdical tags) identification and information cards, the
a-purl 111{'dil':ti mortuar.,· lag, multiple bUl'ials, excavating, placing
hodi('s, h urial 1'( '("Ol'dH, filJill~ il lld mal'king graves; religious con-
... id " I'HI iOIH' (J!i u ' li II.' (' h:tphtill 01' dl3plain group),

16 17

REFERENCES
Part I. Selected FCDA Publications
Th " rollowing Fede ..al C ivil D eCeuse Administration publications
('nil b(' ohtaincd from local civil defense organizations or purchased
r.. " m II", S upo.. iulcndc n~ oC Documen ts. Washington 25, D. C., a~
1I011lilhli cost.:
T echnical Manuals
I . m oo,l and BLood Deri.'Ul.ives Program, Pub. TM- 1l- 5. Rev. 1953.
2. ('ivil Dejense A,qainst Bialogic<ti Warj"re. Pub. TM-1!- 10. 1953.
:1. "" mer,qenC1) kledie<tl Treatment. Pub. TlIl- 1!-8. 1952.
". Or!lanization and Operation oj Civil Dejense C<tSUatty S eroices-
Part I . The First-Aid System. Pub. TM- II- l. 1953.
Ii. Organization " nd Operatian oj Civil Dejense Casualty S ervices-
I'art TIl. Medical Records j or Casualties. Pub. TM-1l-3. 1952.
(I . II"riiologic<ti Decont",nination in Civil Dejense. Pub. TM-1l-6.
Il,' v. 1955.
7. Tke Dentist in Ciuil Dejense, Pub. TM- 1l-9. Rev. 1954.
8. Tlte Nurse in Civil Dejense. Pub. TM- 1l- 7. Rev. 1954.
9. n .. Veterinarian in Civil Dejense, Pub. 'I'M-II-II, 1955.
T echllical Bulletins
I. Hiological Warfare Ag"inst Public rrr"ter Supplies, Pub. TB-II-IS.
Ap .. il J955.
2. f'i 1>il Defense Household First-Aid [(il (Revision). Pub. TB-II-12.
Il,-v. Feb. 1954.
:1. /Jrrriopment Status oj Personal Dosimeters. Pub. TB-!l-4, April
I D52.
-I. I~'",cr!leney Blood TT<tnsJusion. Pub. TB-!l- 5. Nov. 1952.
5. 1l'"urgrncy Blood Grouping Labomton) Techniques, Pub . TB-ll-6.
Nov. 1952 .
n. lI'mrrgency Exposures to Nuclear Radiation. Pub. TB-!l-I. 1952 .
7. h'mrr!le"C1} lJleas'Urements oj Rndioactioity in Food and Water.
Pub . 'l'13- Jl-9. D ec. 1952 .
H. Il'allout and lIw Hrinds, Pub. TB-11-21, Radiological D efense
».... i,·'. R ev. Feb . 1956.
I). ,\fill ;"'''''' Potable Water Supply Requirements in Civil Dejense
J~'II/tI'!I(I/c iej), Pub. TB- 11-16, Aug. 1954.
10. I'trlll issible Emer!lcm:y Le ...ts oj Rndio<tCtioily in Water "nd Food.
1',, 1>. TII- II - S. D cc. 1952.
II . 1','r"" I/<l1 I)""imrt<r,. j ar Radiologirol Dejense, P ub. TB-II-2,
,\ prif I !)!):l .
18
12. l 'ho'~ /dl"'''' (/(" *111 /)"'''-''''''11 . I'uh . 'I'll II Ui, .Iul.y 1f);;'1.
l a. j 'nu/('/,'ult ~ I !JI' '- I/ I /<r,lIulil /(udiulit"i, 1' 111.. '1'13- 11 - 19, J(nti iologi..:!l l
Dt·fi'II Sf' ~("II' M, S/·pl . I !)f)!;.
I l1. Hw/iolllyica/ / /I.';lrulIIllIl,'{ for ( 'il·il /}ryell sl! , Pub. T'B-11-20, Rndio-
logi('al Ud(' l1 s(' S('I'i('s, cpl . J055.
15. Responsibilities jor Production "na Distribution oj Potable Water
During Disaster. Pub. TB-ll-lO. May 1953.
16. RevislUl Instructions Jor Shipping Blood. P ub. TB-ll - 14. July 1954.
17. The FCDA Clinic<ti Laboratory A38tmbly. Pub. TB-1l -13. July
J954 .
18. The J10st Promising Personai Do!imettrs jor Cit il DifOlsc Use.
Pub. TB- 11-3 . April 1952.
19. Use oj the Tourn iquet in Controlli7l# IIemortha.ge. Pu b. TB-11-11,
Rev. Aug. 1953.
Other FCDA Publications
1. Bejore Disaster Strike&-TrAat Ihe Fa rma Should K now A bout
BiologicallVarjare. Pub. H- Jl - 2. Rc,'. 1956.
2. Bejore Disaster Strike&- What To Do Now About EmcrgC/lcy Sani-
tation at Home. Pub. H-11 - 1. Re'·. 1956.
3. H ealth Seroices and Special We"pon, Difens., Pub. AG- 11 - 1. Hcv.
1952.
4. Home Protection Exercises, Rev. 1956.
5. Needed . .. Home Nursingjor CioilDejense. Pub. PG-ll- I.1955.
6. Venipuncture and I ntravenous Proe,dures. Pub. IG-ll-I. 1954.
Part U. Other P"blications
These publications ru'e usually available from the issuing agency,
and in t be case of Federal material. froI1l the Superintendent of Docu-
ments. U. S. Government Printing Office, Wasbington 25. D . C .
1. An Outline oj " Tenlative Guide Covering Sanitation A specls oj
1\.1ass ElXlcuation . D epru·t.m ent oC H ealth. Education. and Welfare,
Public H ealtb Service. JUlle 3U. 1955.
2. Cioil Deftnse biformation j or Food and Drug Officials. Food and
Drug Adnlinis tration, June 1955.
3. Control oj Communicable Discases i" lHan-Published by the
Amcricnn Public H ealth Association . (ReWint,ed by F CDA)
4. Effects oj Atomic Weapons. Prepared Cor and in cooperation with
t.he U. S. D epfil'tmen~ of D efense and the . S. Atomic Energy
Conml ission .
5. H"ndbook oj Atomic Wea,ponsjor Ala/iral Officer&-No. 8-11, K a,-
~l cd P-1330, AF~r 160-11.
6. lJledical A spects oj Civil Dejense. Series of Specilll Ar ticles R e-
printed from tbe Journal of the American ~ledi c al Association.
7. ""ursing in Disaster, K"ationa l League for KLU'sing.
19
 8. !'rinr;p!f'''t "j /)j.~'(I ,,,le,. P/a.nninf) jor I lmJ"i'al,~, ATlI (,l'icl1.l1 lI ospilal
i\ Hs()('itllioll , 19ij(j,
9. j'8!1c/i%giclll First Aid in Community Disasters, American l>sy-
('hifllri(~ }\ sso(' intioll, 1954.
10. Saltilar!I " ·"yinn ri"y Problems in Disaster, by Gordon E. Mc-
CHllulll, Public II cRlth Sen.iee, U. S. Department of Health,
Edu cation, Rnd WelfRre, Washington, D. C.

20 " • • "U'"U'1t .~'"""~ 0'"«( U. 5