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    191 vues84 pages

    NZS 3106 1986 PDF

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    7A See E:T) re] AEA PRE eyed (Oe (en me latecnig CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR THE STORAGE OF LIQUIDS Sena econ aor ee RRA ie ao Standards Association of New Zealand © © OY BU UGE UU 88 BU UB U U U8 8 U8 BU UE GUY PMU VEU EEUU UUU UY poe Pe NZS 3106 : 1986 ere CONTENTS. PAGE Committee representation rec Related documents, 4 Foreword 5 Section 1 GENERAL 7 1.1 Scope 7 12. Interpretation 7 1.3 Support structures 8 14 Roots a 15 Notation a 116 Definitions " DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. 1B Design method B Design loads B toad combinations 8 MATERIALS 31 General 31 Concrete 31 Cement mortar 2 Non-prestressed reinforcement 34 Prestressed reinforcement 35 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 37 General 37 Concrete placing 37 Prestressing, stressing and grouting, 39 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS 4 General 4a Stiffness of cracked section a ‘Maximum permitted concrete stresses 2 Reinforcing steel stresses 48 Minimum reinforcement a 5.6 Bondandanchorage 5 5.7 Minimum cover to reinforcement 45 5.8 Floorslabs 46 F9° Roots 46 © DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ELEMENTS 49 6.1 General 49 62. Materials 0 63. Allowable stresses 9 64 Secondary prestress stresses 52 65 Non-tensioned reinforcement 55 {6 Partial prestressing 35 Sen =: oe a = [REQUEST FOR NEXT AMENDMENT ‘el his adres abel has not been returned SANZ has.no record that you wish to "eceive future amendments to this standard ‘Note: Any amendment ised within 12 months of publication of this Standard, together with corrigenda and errata, will be seat Ite of charge response to receipt ofthis notification, Subseqwent amendmerts if sas on their own instead of being incorporated into naw editions, may be subset to a charge. This wil be poilied wah advice of the amensient To conti that the nee amendment has been requested, enter details of espateh below REQUEST TO BE NOTIFIED OF ANY AMENDMENT 10 NZS 3106 : 1986 ‘Amendment No. 1 Name and fll postal addvess 1 Private Bag, W amendment to this New Zealand advice of an y to Standards Association of New Zealand, Please type oF print ee This is your mailing Standard. Please we Wellington. NOTES ne NZS 3106 : 1986 7 CEMENT MORTAR ELEMENTS s7 74 General 57 72 Construction ST 73° Preumatically-placed mortar 57 7-4 Hand-placed mortar 38 75 Mechanically-placed mortar 58 7.6 Minimum wall thickness for watertightness 58 7.7 Reinforcement 58 7.8 Minimum coverto reinforcement 59 79 Cementmortarroofs 60 Appendix ‘Cylindrical tank thermal tables 6 B Fundamental period of vibration of the inertia component ofa rectangular tank (1) 75 Table 241 Peak ground acceleration 2» 2.1 Risk actors and implied annual probability of exceedance of design earthquake 2» 22 Vertical earthquake coefficient m4 23 Shrinkage and swelling strains (creep adjusted) 7 C3. Typical coetfcients of thermal expansion for water-cuted ‘concrete made from diferent agaregate types 32 5.1 Maximum permitted stressesin reinforcedconcrete 42 5.2 Maximum permitted stressesin reinforcing steel for strength calculations 8 6.1 Maximum permitted stressesin prestressed concrete, MPa 50 AL Thermal stress coetficients~Pinned-base condition 63 AZ Thermal stress coefficients ~ Fixed-base condition 67 A3._ Thermal stress coefficients — Sliding-base condition 71 Figure 2.1 Temperature distributions in tank walls 5 C21 Thermal stresses 5 22 Equivalent weights of convective and impulsive ‘contents (citcular and rectangular tanks) 7 C23 Dimensionless period for fundamental sloshingmode 19 24 Earthquake pressuredistribution incirculartanks 22 25 Impulsive and convective moments on base (circular and rectangular tanks) 23 ©2.6 Membrane shear distribution 25 7 Forcesinduced by base shear transfer for awall free to slide circurnterentially, but restrained radially 25 S1 Reduction of stifiness of doubly reinforced wallon cracking (including tension stiffeningettect) 2 Cb.1 Principal tension stress due to shear 31 C62 Stresses through wall thickness 52 (C6.3 Simulation of prestress as radially inward pressure 54 C64 Radial deflection of wall under restress 34 BI Tankimode! system 75 B2 Deflection model 76 NZS 3106 : 1986 RELATED DOCUMENTS tn this document reference is made to the following, NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS NZS 310421983 NZS3109:1980 NZS3N2: NZS.3113:1979 NZS3121:1986 NZS 34027-1973 NZS3422:1975 NZS 4203:1984 NZS 44411985, Model building bylaw ‘The design of concrete structures Sands for mortars and internaland external plasters Concrete production -High grade and special grade Concrete construction Methods of test for concrete Part 2:1986 Tess relating to the determination of strength of concrete Chemical admixtures for concrete ‘Water and aggregate for concrete Hot rolled steel bars for concrete reinforcement ‘Welded fabric of drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement ‘General structural design and design loadings forbuildings Swimming pools BRITISH STANDARDS BS 1495:1983 5 02:97 885337:1976 Zine coated hexagonal steel wire netting Steel wire for fences The structural use of concrete for retaining aqueous liquids NZS 3106 : 1986 FOREWORD ‘The objectives in drafting this Code have been to provide an up-to- date document covering materials, design, and construction of con crete structures forthe storage of liquids. In writing the sections, pate ticular attention has been given to producing provisions that would whenever possible be compatible with, and appropriate for use with, other modern New Zealand design loading codes - particularly NZS 4203 1984 Code of practice for general structural design and design loadings for buildings and NZS3101:1982 Code of practice for design of concrete structures However, some differences of approach have been necessary, and it is appropriate that these be identified in this foreword. Thermal loading: NZS 4203 includes only generalized clauses relating to the design of concrete structures for thermal effects. As thermal stresses induced by temperature gradients through the wall thick ‘ness can be of major significance to concrete storage tanks, this Code includes specific data on levels of temperature change to be used in design. Creep and shrinkage effects: Again, detailed specific requirements are included to cover these effects which are covered ina general ‘way only in NZS 4203. Earthquake loads: While this Code was being prepared, a majorexer- 10second. (i). 12% viscous damping. Ui) Elastic response. The period of vibration of the convective mode,1C, can be determined from fig. C23 for both rectangular and circular tanks. (6) Peak ground acceleration The peak ground acceleration is a function of the intensity of the design earthquake (earthquake for which the tank is to remain functional). This intensity varies with geographical location and is _generally klentified in terms of an annual probabi- lity of exceedance. To be consistent with NZS 4203, the intensity of the design earthquake is scaledin accordance with the appropriate seismic risk factor R. This risk factor is as defined in NZS 4203 with values and categories appropriate for tank design given in table C21 along with the implied probability of exceedance for each cat- gory. 22.9.3 Horizomal seismic coefiicient {@) General, Unless a more rigorous analysis is undertaken, the basic horizontal earthquake coefficients for the tank and its contents shall be determined in accordance with 2.2.9.3(b} and (@) (b) Convective coefficient Cc. ‘The convective earthquake coefficient shail be determined ‘asa function of peak ground acceleration Ag ‘and natural period of the first mode of slos- hing, Tc; in accordance with: ee co= Fie - (e) Peak ground acceleration. Peak ground acceleration shall be as given in table 21 €q.23) 8 2 0 NZS 3106 : 1986 we Rectangular ‘ Fig. C23 o DIMENSIONLESS PERIOD FOR FUNDAMENTAL SLOSHING MODE 9 NZS 3106 : 1986 Table C2.1 RISK FACTORS AND IMPLIED ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE OF DESIGN EARTHQUAKE cargo) ssrpton fer | prmtiyot if | (Ncwecance 1 | Takonanagnay | 26 ‘awe | Strap elf ener Ha ae eee eves F Tankawhch houidbe Forcal ters orca for ‘lamp, mania (a) Inertia coetticient Cr Fquation 2-4 states that the inertia earthquake coefficient is equal to the peak ground accelera- tion, which isalso the zero period ordinate on the response spectrum. This assumption is realistic for a circular concrete tank, which because of its stiffness, has a very low period of oscillation. Rec- ‘angular tanks are generally more flexible than circular tanks which in some instances may lead {o structural amplification effects. In leu of the revised NZS 4203 response spectrum, the inertia coefficient for elastically responding flexible tanks may be calculated from the following expressions For 0.05 s Ty < 0.13 seconds = Ag+ BIp (eq. (2-4) For 0.13 < Ty < 0.60 seconds = 2749 oe (Eq. C25) For 0.6 © Ty < 10 seconds a tho. (Eq. C26) © Equations C24 to C26 have been derived from the NZNSEE recommended response spec- trum’ using the following assumptions. (). Elastic response (a = 1) 2% viscous damping, Table 2.1 PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION Seismic zone* Peak groundacceleration A oak 8 03k Ls 02k + As defined in fig. of NZS 203, (2) Inertia coefficient Cy For rigid tanks with fun damental period of oscillation, TT, less than 0.05 seconds, Cris given by: = Aa esses (EG24) For flexible tanks (Tr > 0.05 seconds) Cr values shall be in accordance with the basic Coefficient given in NZS 4203 taking into account the period of vibration, geographical location and appropriate values of damping and ductility of the tank and its support struc ture, 20 nee Where the tank is supported by a ductile sup- porting system detailed for ducillty in accor dance with the appropriate material code, Ct Should be taken as the basic coefficient, Ca, app licable for the structural ype and material of the support in accordance with NZS 4203. The period of vibration of the inertia mode, Ty should include the effects of flexibility from wall deformations, An approximate method of calcula- ting Ty for a rectangular concrete tank is given in Appendix B. For an elevated tank, Ty’s signiticantly influenced by the flexibility of the support structure. A ‘method of calculating the period of vibration for the inertia mode for an elevated tank is given by Housner®*. 229.4 Combinations of horizontal components The periods of the inertia and convective responses are generally widely separated, the impulsive period being much shorter than the ‘convective period. When responses are widely separated, ‘near-simultaneous occurrence of peak values could occur. However the convective ‘response fakes much longer to build up than the Jmpulsive response, consequent the impulsive ‘component is fkely to be subsiding by the time the convective component reaches its peak. Itis thus recommended that the combined impulsive and convective responses be taken as the square ‘1001 of the sum of the squares of the separate components For a flexible structure, for example, an elevated tank, itis possible for the response periods for both inertia and convective components to be of the same order of magnitude. Again the square 1008 ofthe sum of the squares method of combi- ation better simulates the reduced probability of coincidence of peak inertia and convective responses, 2.2.9.5 Earthquake pressures Gircumferential earthquake pressure distribution ‘an be represented by a sinusoidal variation for a circular tank (see fig. C2.4a). Vertical earthquake pressure as presented by Jacobsen" and Housner®” are of the form shown by the ‘exact’ ‘curves in fig. C2.4(b). The equivalent linear disti- butions, although a simplification of the actual distribution, are suficiently accurate for design purposes, and form the basis for equations 25 and 2-7 Stresses can be calculated using standard design charts, NZS 3106 : 1986 22.94 ‘ombinations of horizontal components Inertia and convective responses shall be com- bined as follows: vu = Vee (9.25) 2295 Earthquake pressures In the absence of a more rigorous analysis which takes into account the exact and complex vertical and horizontal variations in hydrodynamic pres- sures, the tank shall be designed for a horizon- tally Uniform pressure distribution that varies lin- ‘early from py at the surface of the liquid to pb at the base, where Vii (6h-24) a m a a, and Vii (aH 6h) Pb ~ (€q.27) BH? where Bisa constant whose value depends on the Cross-sectional shape of the tank; foracirculartank B = ra. fora rectangular tank 6 2 NZS 3106 : 1986 (@) Circumferential Fig. 2.4 EARTHQUAKE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CIRCULAR TANKS The heights above the base of the centres of gra- vity of the convective and impulsive horizontal earthqake forces are obtained separately from fig. C22. Approximate pressure distributions may also be computed separately using the linear Spproximations given by equations 2-6 and 2-7 land shown in fig. C2.4. Tank hoop forces and ver~ tical bending moments are computed separately and the combined (convective plus impulsive) forces are computed using the square root of the sum of the squares of the separate components. ‘Normally tank inertial forces are combined with {uid inertial forces. This approach involves the ‘approximation that the fluid height and the wall height are of the same order. For partially filled tanks, the forces due to impulsive response ofthe tank and liquid should be calculated separately. 2296 Overturning moment @) Wall. The overturning moment acting at the base of the wall is conveniently expressed in terms of an equivalent weight (Wr, We, WS) and an equivalent height (hy, hc, hs) where Subscripts I, Cand § refer to inertia, convec- tive and shell respectively. The variation of Impulsive x Convective Exact Linear ‘approximation (byVertical 22.9.6 Overturning moment (@) The overturning moment acting at the base of the wall shall be determined by: My = VGaWiht> CiWghs (COWCRC... (Eq. 248) R NZS 3106 : 1986 ? these parameters with the a/H ratio (circular) (b) The overturning moment acting on the floor fr ratio rectangular is shown in ig, C22 of the tank shall be determined by: (©) Floor. In order to design the tank foundation (or support structure) tis necessary to know Mg Vee Ma? Eq.2-9) the moment Mg. arising from the. hyo. hnamic presures acing on the base’ The (©) The total overtuming moment acting onthe Variation 0f this moment withthe rato afi foundation or support structures given by (Greer or CH rectangutan ts shown tn geese GS. The moment on the base has been M = Visit Map? + Mwe# MBC... q.2-10) Plotted as"2 dimensionfess moment hip Getined by: @ Circular tank _ M Moy = MOL, - tg. C227 O° Gna ae iz Mpc Mic = : c= By Es COB) (i) Rectangutar tank A Mar Mi senses (6. C25 9 BI Fer co cee Mac = MBC (9. 2-0 Beri CoH Mbc Mac Coma fectanguar &Cicul ema MBC Gee ccieubo Beri CaF (rectangular) Mar Fey cor ecanee)_| | lea | Mot (circular) aT WH oF oH Fig. C2.5- ® iStoctinveano convective moments on esse (CIRCULAR AND RECTANGULAR SAN B NZS 3106 : 1986 2297 Vertical earthquake acceleration The effect on vertical ground motion is toalter the intemal pressure exerted bythe contained liquid; tn upward acceleration of the tank wil cause an increase in pressive. The incremental stresses Caused by a vertical acceleration are identical in ‘dstnbution to those produced by the state quid {oad while thelr magnitudes are some proportion thereot. For example, an upward earthquake {acceleration of 0.25 produces incremental Stresses whose magnitude ls 25% of the static liquid containment stresses The earthquake coefficients given in table 2.2.cor- respond to the peak horizontal accelerations for the zone and magnitude of earthquake consi- dered, but reduced by a factor of 0.67. e298 Combination of horizontal and vertical responses The sttesses Irom peak honzontal and vertcal ground accelorsions are combined by thelr root fhean square to account for the reciced robb ity of tei concurrence. iis the stress caused by the horizontal component ofearthquake accel elation, By way of explanation, considering the cxample Of ar opward ground acceleration of O'S the incremental stes Ey is equal to 0.254 wore fst sres caused bythe state conta iment pressure. Then combined stress: b= ViP roar &9.cm 2.29.9 Shear transfer The horzontal earthquake force Vy generates shear forces between the alland footigand the wall and root, tn rectangular tank, the cart Gjuake shears transmitted directly by reaction fo Sortcni bending, incrculrtanks the eartguake Shear i transmited party by membrane shear And the rest by reaction to vertical bending. Fora tanksthahelghtto clameter rato oft 4 approx mmately20°% ofthe earthquake shear force's rams. tnitet/by the radial base reaction to verial bend ing. The remaining 80% is essted by membrane shear transfor Q = 08vy tq, 2) To transmit this shear Q, a shear flow qs required at the wallfooting interface where: Q5ind 9. 2-0) q The distribution is illustrated in fig. C2.6. 22.9.7 Vertical earthquake acceleration The vertical earthquake coefficient shall be as given in table 2.2. Table 2.2 VERTICAL EARTHQUAKE COEFFICIENT Seismic | | “zone* | Verticalseismiccoetficient Cy | eee joa 027k 8 0.208 c ABR * Asdefined in fig. 4 of NZS 4203 2298 Combination of horizontal and vertical responses Concurrence of horizontal and vertical motions shall be considered. Stresses shall be combined according to: c= Verte €q.2) 229.9 ‘Shear tanster Earthquake shear forces shall be considered in the design of wall to footing and wall 1o roof joi oy NZS 3106 : 1986 Direction of __. Earthquake Fig. C2.6 MEMBRANE SHEAR DISTRIBUTION The maximum shear occurs at 90 degrees to the earthquake direction and is given by: amo = 2 2B gc In general the wallfooting intertace has sufficient reinforcement through the joint to transit this Shear However forprecast nk construction the tall panels may be located in preformed stot n the ting beam footing. Fiction between the wall base and footing wil generally be insufficient to resist the earthquake shear, thereby. requiring Some form of mechanical restraint such as gale. nized stee! dowels. Failure to provide a means for shear tanster around the circumference will cause ircumfer- ental sliding ofthe wal. The shear resistance transfered to the principal diagonal, Inducing high membrane stresses the wal unction, bak anced by high radial reactions 2s shown fig, Ge. (@) Wall base hoop forces _(b) Wall base reactions Cie tnme 2tman = fg. c27 FORCES INDUCED BY BASE SHEAR raansreR FOR A WALL FREE TO SUDE CIRCUMFERENTI: ° ALLY BUTRESTRAINED RADIAL. 25 NZS 3106 : 1986 The roof to wall joint is subject to earthquake shear from the horizontal acceleration of the roof. Where dowels are provided to transfer this shear, the distribution will be the same as shown in fig. C2.6 with maximum shear given by: oatR ‘amax. (€q. C215) Where Fp is the force from the horizontal accele- ration of the root. For tanks with roof overhangs, the concrete nib can be designed to withstand the earthquake. force. Because the roof is tree to slide an top of the wall, the shear transfer will be reacted over that portion of the circumlerence where the nib ‘overhang comes into contact with the wall. Typi- ‘ally, the distribution of forces and wall reactions will be similar to that shown in fig. C2.7(b) but reacting on only half of the circumference. The ‘maximum reaction force will be given by: 2fR Pmax. . (£q. C2-16) 2.2.9.0 Freeboard The horizontal earthquake acceleration causes the contained fluid to slosh with vertical displace- ‘ment of the fluid surface. The maximum vertical displacement, dmax. may be calculated from the following expressions for circular and rectangular tanks. (a) Circular tank max. = 0.84 CC (€q. 207) (b) Rectangular tank max. = €CC: &q, 18) The amount of freeboard required for design will, vary. Where overtopping is tolerable no free- board provision is necessary. Where loss of liquid ‘must be prevented (for example, tanks forthe sto- rage of toxic liquids), where overtopping may result in scouring of the foundation materials or cause damage 10 pipes andior roof, then prov- sions should be made by. @ Freeboard allowance, andior Gi) Designing the root structure to resist the resulting uplift pressures. 2.2.10 Shrinkage and swelling c2.2.10.1 Walls The shrinkage and swelling strains given in table 2.3 were derived using the CEB-FIP (1978) Mode! Code, except that predicted shrinkages were doubled in accordance with the recommend- ations of reference (2.8). 2.2.9.0 Freeboard Provision shall be made to accommodate the ‘maximum wave oscillation generated by earth- ‘quake acceleration 2230 Shrinkage (Sh) and swelling (Sy) 22401 wails In the absence of a rational analysis to determine shrinkage and swelling strains appropriate to the expected constructionoading history, the tank ‘walls shall be designed for the shrinkage and swelling strains given in table 2.3. 26 on NZS 3106 : 1986 1¢ following assumptions were mi Table 2.3 bedrest ete tec icaan SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING STRAINS (@) Shrinkage commences immediately after (CREEP ADJUSTED) casting. (8) Shrinkage regain is 100% and occurs imme- diately the tank is filled. (© Precast wall panels are subject to free shrin- Kage unt they are erected, 50 days after ‘casting. Shrinkage continues until the tank is ‘on | an [tes [heat | filled, a further 50 days after erection. - (0) For tanks cast in sty, filing occurs 100 days 2 | 2 2 =» ater the walls are cast 5 3 2 | 8 ‘@) Shrinkage strains are reduced by a creep 2 | 8 = | 2B reduction factor given by: fee cael eee “ = ee? Ss | 6 " * ¢ here @ isthe creep factor for the concrete between the time shrinkage stresses com imence (that is, whem shrinkage movement i= restrained) fo the time the tank i fled 0 The creep reduction factor used to assess {ong term (500 days after filing) swelling (implied by the load combinations) I given byze“t00 where 900 isthe long term creep factor ‘or tanks cast in situ, shrinkage stresses develop between the time the walls are cast until the tank filled. Precast panels on the other hand do not develop shrinkage stresses until the panels are locked into position by which time a significant amount of shrinkage has already occurred. Dn filing, there isa rapid shrinkage regain or swelling of the concrate, Swelling stains gene rally exceed ‘creepreduced shvnkage. stains Because the swelling rate fs much faster than the Shrinkage rate and hence inthe short term less flected by creep relaxation, (The swelling stains iivenin able 2tarenet stains, thas counterae ting shrinkage strains have been deducted). AP ‘hough swelling stain are generally sar for both types of consinuction, Because the Counte. ‘acting shrinkage stain are lower for precast Panels than those for cast ini sta construction, the. net’ swelling stains are. correspondingly bigher The inital swelling strains caused by the shen age regain that occurs when the tak sled are in time reduced by creep relaxation, This redye- tions taken into acount inthe value ven tothe ‘oad factor used in the load combinations 12.3. Exposure ofa tank towind and sun causes the out- side surface to dry out resulting ina shrinkage gra- dient through the wall. Few data are available rela- {ing to the extent of the differential and to the dis- tribution through the wall thickness. It appears however that the gradient is low for much of the wall thickness with most of the differential occur- ‘ing in the outer 15 %. This results in crazing of the outer surface which, while relieving the shrin- age stresses, has negligible effect on the service. ability of the tank. Consequently, differential 7 NZS 3106 : 1986 shrinkage gradients between the inside and out- side faces of sections of the walls do not require specific design. The stresses caused by volumetric changes in concrete are characteristically similar to. those caused by thermal effects. Shrinkage is directly analogous to an average temperature decrease while swelling corresponds toan average temper- ature increase. The similarity of thermal and shrin- kage effects means that the method of analysis. ieveloped for temperature stresses can also be used for calculating shrinkage stresses. The ermal equivalent is derived by dividing the shrinkage (or swelling) strain by the coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete: t= ieee (Fg. C2-19) In many practical cases it will be found that shrin- kage induced stresses in the combinations spe~ cited in 2.3 will not control design. 2.2.10.2 Roof Shrinkage (or swelling) of the coof will not pro luce signiticant stresses untess the shrinkage (or swelling) movement is restrained, for example, where the root is cast monolithically with the walls 220 \on-symmetric loads for circular tanks ‘Ambient thermal loads and hydrodynamic Seismic pressures are not rotationally symmetric, ‘but vary continually around the tank's perimeter Analyses have shown that this variation is gene~ rally low enough for stresses at any given section to depend only on the focal temperature or pres sure distribution. 23 Load combinations 23.2 Transient loads that should be omitted, if bene- ficial, are earth pressure (EP), shrinkage (Sh), swelling (Sy) and temperature (D. The prestress force may vary between Pmax, and Finin., the maximum and minimum due to in- time losses respectively. To ensure that the more adverse condition is incorporated in design, both Prax. and Pmin, should be considered in the fend Combinations, (@) Group Aloads. Group load cases are permax nent loads plus variable loads of long dura- tion; or permanent loads plus frequently repetitive loads. Shrinkage is a long duration load. Swelling can be either short or long duration; this is accounted for in the load factor. 2210.2 Roof The roof shall be designed for the shrinkage and swelling strains given in table 23. 22m Non-symmetric loads for circular tanks For thin walled circular tanks (va <0.03) non-sym- ‘metric loads may be considered to be rotationally symmetric and equal to the value at the section under consideration. 23 Load combinations 234 Structures and members shall be designed in accordance with the allowable stresses to resist the loading combinations specified in 2.3.2 as applicable. 232 The loads described in 2.2 shall be combined in groups as defined below. In any group, ifaworse 6ffect is obtained by omitting one or more of the transientitems, this case shal also be considered. (a) Group A loads wall A= D+ EP +P + (Sh 00.5 Sy) ons EQ. 2-12) ASDHF HEP +P 055y (4.243) root A=D+P4Sh (4.246) 28 @ (o) Load case 2-12 equally applies for shrinkage and swelling; shrinkage applies when the tank is empty prior to filing, swelling applies when the tank is emptied for maintenance. Group B loads. Group B load cases are perma- rnent loads plus infrequent combinations of transient loads. Load case 2-15 specities the basic load combi rnation for seismic loads, and is compatible with the ‘alternative method! loading spe- Gified by NZS 4203. However, in some cases, notably squat rectangular concrete tanks where the load is predominantly carried by fone action, such as vertical bending, it may be thatthe ultimate strength can be predicted with accuracy. In such cases, the tank could be designed for an ultimate load combination of: Us D+F + P+P+E+05 Sw. (lq C20) and section strength based on normal ulti= ‘mate strength equations required by NZS i. Where fluid pressure loading in concrete {tanks is carried by a combination of mem- brane action and vertical bending, the pro- portion of load carried by each of the mecha rnisms depends on the tank geometry and their relative stiiness. Although these are well established for elastic response, the influence of cracking as the ultimate condi- tion isapproached will alter the proportion of load carried by the two mechanisms. Because of the difficulty in analysis, and the inappro- priateness of elastic actions to the inelastic Stage in this case, most storage tanks will need to be designed to the load combination Of equation 2-15 using the stress levels per mitted by the appropriate section of this Code, Load case 2-17 applies equally to shrinkage and swelling; shrinkage tank empty prior to filing, swelling ~ tank empty tor mainte The earthquake component in load case 2-21 relers to the pressure exerted on the root by sloshing of the contained liquid. NZS 3106 : 1986 (b) Group B loads Wall B=D4F+EP +P +086 +05Sy -..(€q.245) B=D+FHEP+ P+ O75y rT. q.2-16) D+ EP +P+T+ (0.75) or 0.3554) Eq. 27) roof B=D+L+P+T (9.218) 8D WH P (Eq. 249) D+ P41 + O75, or0 75). tka 22 80 + 0.8 (tq. 229 REFERENCES (24) PRIESTLEY, M,N. Ambient Thermal Stresses in Circular Prestressed Concrete Tanks, ACI journal, Vol. 73, No. 10, Oct. 1976, pp $53 ~560, RICHMOND, 8. The time-temperature dependence of stresses in offshore con- crete structures, Proceedings of the confer cence on the design and construction of off- shore structures, Paper no. 15, Institution of Gil Engineers. 2.3) Ministry of Works and Development CDP 702IC. Retaining Wall Design Notes, july ‘973. (2.4) New Zealand National Society of Earth- quake Engineering Draft Report. Seismic Design of Storage Tanks, 1964 (2.5) HOUSNER, G.W. Dynamic Pressure on Fluid Containers, Chapter Gin Nuclear Reac- ‘ors and Earthquakes, Atomic Energy Com mission, Report No TID-7024, 1963, JACOBSEN, L.S. Impulsive Hydrodynamics of Fluid inside a Cylindrical Tank, and of a Fluid Surrounding a Cylindrical Pier, Bul- letin Seismological Society of America, Vol 39, 1949, pp 189-204, 2.7) HOUSNER, G.W. Dynamic Pressures. of Accelerated Fluid Containers, Bulletin Seis- mological Society of America, Vol 47, 1957, pp 1535, (2.8) VADHANAVIKKIT, C. and BRYANT, AH. Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete, Univer- sity of Auckland, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Report No 334, March 1984, (2.9) PRIESTLEY, M.J.N., VESSEY, |. and NORTH, J. Concrete Structures for the Storage of Liquids ~A new Draft SANZ Code, New Zea- land Concrete Construction, Feb 1985. 2 26 NOTES nes

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