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T o c o m p l e m e n t e x i s t i n g c a p a c i t y d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s used in N e w
Zealand for r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e b u i l d i n g s in w h i c h e a r t h q u a k e
r e s i s t a n c e is p r o v i d e d by d u c t i l e f r a m e s or d u c t i l e s t r u c t u r a l
walls, an a n a l o g o u s m e t h o d o l o g y is p r e s e n t e d for the d e s i g n
of d u c t i l e h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s . M o d e l l i n g and types of s t r u c t u r e s
in w h i c h the m o d e of w a l l c o n t r i b u t i o n is d i f f e r e n t are b r i e f l y
described. A step by step d e s c r i p t i o n of a c a p a c i t y d e s i g n
p r o c e d u r e for a s t r u c t u r a l system in w h i c h fixed base d u c t i l e
f r a m e s and w a l l s , b o t h of i d e n t i c a l h e i g h t , i n t e r a c t , is
presented. T h e r a t i o n a l e for e a c h step is o u t l i n e d and, w h e r e
n e c e s s a r y , e v i d e n c e is offered for t h e s e l e c t i o n of p a r t i c u l a r
d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s and their m a g n i t u d e s . A n u m b e r o f issues
w h i c h r e q u i r e further study are b r i e f l y o u t l i n e d . T h e s e r e l a t e
to i r r e g u l a r i t y in l a y o u t , t o r s i o n a l e f f e c t s , d i a p h r a g m
f l e x i b i l i t y , shortcomings in the p r e d i c t i o n s for d y n a m i c shear
d e m a n d s in w a l l s , and to l i m i t a t i o n s of the p r o p o s e d d e s i g n
procedure. It is believed t h a t the m e t h o d o l o g y is l o g i c a l ,
r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e and that it should e n s u r e , w h e n combined with
appropriate detailing, excellent seismic structural response.
INTRODUCTION
the c o m b i n e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s of d u c t i l e m u l t i - w h i c h seismic r e s i s t a n c e is p r o v i d e d by
storey f r a m e s and s t r u c t u r a l w a l l s , the structural walls o n l y * ' 2 . 1
To this e n d
s y s t e m is o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o as a "hybrid n u m e r o u s a n a l y t i c a l studies of p r o t o t y p e
structure". In N o r t h A m e r i c a , the t e r m b u i l d i n g structures w e r e c o n d u c t e d ' 3 4
to
"dual s y s t e m " is u s e d . These s t r u c t u r e s p r o v i d e a p p r o p r i a t e c a l i b r a t i o n of the
c o m b i n e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f their c o n s t i t u e n t principal design parameters. This paper
components. B e c a u s e of the large s t i f f n e s s r e p o r t s on the findings and c o n c l u s i o n s as
o f w a l l s w h i c h are p r o v i d e d w i t h a d e q u a t e they relate to d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s r a t h e r
r e s t r a i n t s a t the f o u n d a t i o n s , e x c e l l e n t t h a n on details of features of s t r u c t u r a l
storey d r i f t c o n t r o l m a y be o b t a i n e d . More- behaviour.
o v e r , s u i t a b l y d e s i g n e d w a l l s can e n s u r e t h a t
storey m e c h a n i s m s (soft s t o r e y s ) w i l l n o t The t r a d i t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e of d e s i g n i n g for
d e v e l o p in any e v e n t . Interacting ductile earthquake resistance, utilizing elastic
frames o n the o t h e r h a n d , w h i l e c a r r y i n g a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s and e q u i v a l e n t l a t e r a l
the m a j o r p a r t o f the g r a v i t y l o a d , can s t a t i c l o a d s , is w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d . The
provide, when required, significant energy r e s u l t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n o f lateral load
d i s s i p a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y in the upper r e s i s t a n c e o v e r the h e i g h t of b u i l d i n g s
storeys. w i t h d u c t i l e f r a m e s , or s t r u c t u r a l w a l l s ,
is g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d as m e e t i n g s a t i s f a c t -
D e s p i t e t h e a t t r a c t i v e n e s s and indeed o r i l y actual e a r t h q u a k e load d e m a n d s . T h e r e
e x i s t e n c e o f m a n y such s t r u c t u r e s in N e w w a s little e v i d e n c e to indicate t h a t this
Z e a l a n d , c o m p a r a t i v e l y little research w o u l d b e the c a s e also w i t h h y b r i d
e f f o r t h a s b e e n d i r e c t e d to them. The New structures. O n e source of c o n c e r n for
Z e a l a n d C o d e o f P r a c t i c e for D e s i g n of possibly drastic differences between
Concrete S t r u c t u r e s draws designers'
1 "elastic s t a t i c " and " e l a s t o - p l a s t i c
a t t e n t i o n to the need for "special s t u d i e s " dynamic" responses of hybrid structures
when designing "ductile hybrid structures". s t e m s from the r e c o g n i t i o n of f u n d a m e n t a l
N o specific guidance i s , however, provided. d i f f e r e n c e s in the b e h a v i o u r of
K n o w n s t u d i e s r e f e r p r i m a r i l y to e l a s t i c
r e s p o n s e , d e s p i t e t h e o b v i o u s i m p o r t a n c e of D e t a i l s of the "capacity d e s i g n " of
the features of inelastic behaviour. r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s are g i v e n
in N Z S 3101:1982 and the b a c k g r o u n d to
A s t u d y w a s i n i t i a t e d w i t h the a i m of t h i s design p h i l o s o p h y is o u t l i n e d in
ultimately formulating a design procedure some d e t a i l in the c o m m e n t a r y o f the
for h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h w o u l d b e code of p r a c t i c e .
a n a l o g o u s to t h o s e d e v e l o p e d in N e w Zealand
for d u c t i l e f r a m e s a n d d u c t i l e s t r u c t u r a l 1 P r o f e s s o r o f Civil E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i -
walls . 1
It w a s h o p e d t h a t a s c h e m e c o u l d v e r s i t y of C a n t e r b u r y , N e w Z e a l a n d .
b e f o r m u l a t e d w h i c h w o u l d p r o v i d e a smooth 2 Engineer, Ove Arup Partnership, London,
t r a n s i t i o n b e t w e e n d e s i g n a p p r o a c h e s for England.
BULLETIN OF THE NEW ZEALAND NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, Vol. 19, No. 1, March 1986
2
b e a m - c o l u m n frames and s t r u c t u r a l w a l l s . F o r the sake of c o m p l e t e n e s s , c e r t a i n
T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s stem from d i s s i m i l a r a s p e c t s of the "capacity d e s i g n " of
d e f o r m a t i o n p a t t e r n s w h e n subjected to the d u c t i l e frames are r e s t a t e d .
s a m e l a t e r a l load, as shown in F i g . 1.
F r a m e s and w a l l s , w h i l e sharing in the 2. T Y P E S OF H Y B R I D S T R U C T U R E S AND
r e s i s t a n c e of shear f o r c e s in the lower THEIR MODELLING
s t o r e y s , o p p o s e e a c h other in the storeys In the f o l l o w i n g , some d i s t i n c t and
n e a r the top of the b u i l d i n g . It w a s of c o m m o n types of h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s , in w h i c h
m a j o r i n t e r e s t to e x a m i n e the load sharing w a l l s and frames i n t e r a c t in a p a r t i c u l a r
b e t w e e n t h e s e two t y p e s of i n t e r a c t i n g m a n n e r , are d e s c r i b e d . N o a t t e m p t is m a d e ,
elements during inelastic dynamic response h o w e v e r , t o c a t e g o r i z e all p o s s i b l e
to a m a j o r s e i s m i c e v e n t . c o m b i n a t i o n s in w h i c h t h e s e two s y s t e m s m a y
be u t i l i z e d . Conventional modelling tech-
n i q u e s , to b e u s e d for the p u r p o s e s of
a n a l y s i s , a r e b r i e f l y r e v i e w e d and s u g g e s t -
ions m a d e for choices of s u i t a b l e e n e r g y
d i s s i p a t i n g systems in h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s .
collapse. E x i s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s , to s a t i s f y i,„
I 1
j
ALL
d e s i g n c r i t e r i a for s t i f f n e s s and m i n i m u m j 1
1
s t r e n g t h , b o t h r e l e v a n t p r i m a r i l y to d a m a g e . . 1 ,
c o n t r o l , and c o n s i d e r e d to be e q u a l l y
a p p l i c a b l e to h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s , are n o t
r e f e r r e d to in t h i s p a p e r .
Structural
wall
• K
Main
frame
X Transverse
frames
Secondary
beams
(a) PLAN
T h e d o m i n a n t f e a t u r e o f the c a p a c i t y d e s i g n
s t r a t e g y is the a p r i o r i e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a
r a t i o n a l h i e r a r c h y in s t r e n g t h b e t w e e n the Total Shear
c o m p o n e n t s of the e n t i r e s t r u c t u r a l system.
A c c o r d i n g l y , the a p p r o a c h to the d e s i g n of
e a c h p r i m a r y l a t e r a l load r e s i s t i n g c o m p o n -
e n t w h i c h is to be p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t y i e l d -
ing or b r i t t l e f a i l u r e , such as due to s h e a r ,
c a n b e d e s c r i b e d by the s i m p l e g e n e r a l
e x p r e s s i o n for the ideal strength S., thus
S. (1)
l o code
where S , is the r e q u i r e d d e p e n d a b l e
s t r e n g t h o r t h e m e m b e r selected for e n e r g y
Krode, total'
d i s s i p a t i o n , as d e t e r m i n e d by elastic
a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s for a c o d e specified
5
(hi STRUCTURAL MODELLING (c) STOREY SHEAR FORCES
l a t e r a l s t a t i c load o n the s t r u c t u r e ;
<J> is the r a t i o of the m a x i m u m s t r e n g t h , Fig. 2 M o d e l l i n g of and L a t e r a l L o a d
S , w h i c h can b e d e v e l o p e d in the s e l e c t e d
Q
Sharing in a T y p i c a l W a l l - F r a m e
i n e l a s t i c c o m p o n e n t (as built) by large System.
d i s p l a c e m e n t s d u r i n g a severe s e i s m i c It is c u s t o m a r y to assume t h a t floor slabs
e v e n t , to the strength r e q u i r e d , H '
s
C O e
at all l e v e l s h a v e i n f i n i t e i n p l a n e r i g i d i t y .
for the same m e m b e r by the code s p e c i f i e d Such d i a p h r a g m s w i l l then e n s u r e t h a t storey
l a t e r a l l o a d i n g ; and w is a d y n a m i c d i s p l a c e m e n t s for frames and w a l l s a r e the
m a g n i f i c a t i o n factor w h i c h q u a n t i f i e s same o r that in the c a s e of storey t o r s i o n ,
d e v i a t i o n s in s t r e n g t h d e m a n d s o n the a simple linear relationship exists between
m e m b e r to be p r o t e c t e d , from d e m a n d s the storey d i s p l a c e m e n t s of v e r t i c a l
i n d i c a t e d by e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s . Extreme e l e m e n t s . W h e n d i a p h r a g m s are r e l a t i v e l y
d e m a n d s are e x p e c t e d to occur during t h e slender and w h e n l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t e d l a t e r a l
i n e l a s t i c d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e of the s t r u c t u r e . s t o r e y f o r c e s need to be i n t r o d u c e d to
3
d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m s , as shown in F i g . 1, ed to t h e w a l l s . A p o s s i b l e m e c h a n i s m t h a t
i n d i c a t e a r a p i d d e c l i n e w i t h h e i g h t of the c a n b e u t i l i z e d in this type of s y s t e m is
c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e w a l l s to shear r e s i s t - shown in Fig. 4 ( b ) . B e a m h i n g e s at or c l o s e
ance . F i g u r e 2 ( c ) a l s o shows h o w the two to t h e w a l l edges m u s t d e v e l o p . H o w e v e r , at
s y s t e m s o p p o s e e a c h o t h e r in the top c o l u m n s , the d e s i g n e r m a y d e c i d e to a l l o w
storeys. T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of m a g n i t u d e s of p l a s t i c h i n g e s to form in either the b e a m s
s h e a r f o r c e s w i t h h e i g h t for each system or the c o l u m n s , above and b e l o w e a c h f l o o r ,
w i l l d e p e n d p r i m a r i l y on the r e l a t i v e s t i f f - ,as s h o w n in Fig. 4(c)
n e s s e s of t h e w a l l s and f r a m e s . T h i s e x a m p l e
s t r u c t u r e , s h o w n in F i g . 2,will b e s u b s e -
q u e n t l y u s e d to i l l u s t r a t e typical
Plastic
d i s t r i b u t i o n s of forces a n d m o m e n t s for hinges
b o t h w a l l s a n d f r a m e s , as a c o n s e q u e n c e of
i n e l a s t i c d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e to seismic
excitations.
A s t h e f l e x u r a l r e s p o n s e of w a l l s is i n t e n d -
ed to c o n t r o l d e f l e c t i o n s in h y b r i d s t r u c t -
ures , the d a n g e r of d e v e l o p i n g "soft
storeys" should not arise. The d e s i g n e r Wall
may t h e r e f o r e freely choose t h o s e m e m b e r s
o r l o c a l i t i e s in frames w h e r e e n e r g y d i s s i -
p a t i o n s h o u l d take p l a c e w h e n r e q u i r e d . A
p r e f e r a b l e a n d p r a c t i c a l m e c h a n i s m for the
frame of F i g . 2 is shown in F i g . 4 ( a ) . In (a) lb) let
this frame, p l a s t i c h i n g e s , w h e n required
d u r i n g a l a r g e e x p e c t e d s e i s m i c e v e n t , are
m a d e to d e v e l o p in all the b e a m s and at the Fig. 4 Complete Energy Dissipating Mechanisms
b a s e of all v e r t i c a l e l e m e n t s . A t roof Associated with Different Hybrid
level, p l a s t i c h i n g e s m a y f o r m in e i t h e r the Structural Systems.
beams or the columns. The m a i n a d v a n t a g e
of t h i s s y s t e m is in the d e t a i l i n g of the This type of s y s t e m c o u l d be u t i l i z e d a l s o
potential plastic hinges. G e n e r a l l y it is in t h e b u i l d i n g of F i g . 2(a) if t h e w a l l s
e a s i e r to d e t a i l b e a m r a t h e r than c o l u m n w e r e t o be connected to the a d j a c e n t c o l u m n s
e n d s for p l a s t i c r o t a t i o n . M o r e o v e r , the by p r i m a r y lateral load r e s i s t i n g b e a m s . In
a v o i d a n c e o f p l a s t i c h i n g e s in columns that case the e n t i r e s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m w o u l d
a l l o w s l a p p e d s p l i c e s to be c o n s t r u c t e d a t c o n s i s t of 7 ductile f r a m e s , shown in F i g .
the b o t t o m e n d r a t h e r than a t m i d h e i g h t of 2(b) and two coupled f r a m e - w a l l s of the
c o l u m n s in e a c h u p p e r s t o r e y . type g i v e n in F i g . 4 (b) .
T h e d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d in c o n s i d e r -
able d e t a i l in S e c t i o n 3, is r e l e v a n t to
t h i s type o f s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m and its
p r e f e r r e d e n e r g y dissipating m e c h a n i s m s .
S i m p l i f i e d a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s , u s e f u l at T h e r e s p o n s e of such s t r u c t u r e s h a s also
l e a s t for p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n , h a v e b e e n b e e n studied r e c e n t l y ! . A limited n u m b e r
1
O n e o f the a d v a n t a g e s w h i c h m a y r e s u l t is
In the f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s a c a p a c i t y d e s i g n the r e d u c t i o n of the peak beam n e g a t i v e
a p p r o a c h for h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s is d e s c r i b e d m o m e n t at an e x t e r i o r c o l u m n w h i c h is
in a s t e p - b y - s t e p m a n n e r . The presentation associated^_with the load c o m b i n a t i o n U = D
f o l l o w s t h e p a t t e r n o f , and is similar t o , + 1 . 3 L + E . T h e r e d u c t i o n is a c h i e v e d
R
T h e p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d in the following 19
s t e p s is r e l e v a n t to the t y p e s of s t r u c t u r e s
s h o w n in F i g s . 4(a) and ( b ) . In t h e s e
c o l u m n s in u p p e r s t o r e y s a r e i n t e n d e d to b e
protected against significant plastic
deformations. Thereby various concessions
w i t h r e s p e c t t o their d e t a i l i n g for
ductility may be utilised.
S t e p 1 - D e r i v e the b e n d i n g m o m e n t s
and shear f o r c e s for all m e m b e r s of t h e
f r a m e - s h e a r w a l l system s u b j e c t e d to the
c o d e s p e c i f i e d e q u i v a l e n t l a t e r a l static
e a r t h q u a k e load o n l y . T h e s e a c t i o n s are -800 -400 0 400 800 (kNm)
subscripted "code". Fig. 5 T h e R e d i s t r i b u t i o n of D e s i g n M o m e n t s
A m o n g B e a m s of a H y b r i d S t r u c t u r e .
6
m o m e n t s at each floor at an e x t e r i o r
c o l u m n a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s of the a n a l y s i s . T o safeguard a g a i n s t p r e m a t u r e y i e l d i n g in
T h e g r a v i t y m o m e n t s (always n e g a t i v e ) , b e a m s d u r i n g small e a r t h q u a k e s , t h e
s h o w n b y c i r c l e s , are changed b y the_^ r e d u c t i o n of b e a m m o m e n t s r e s u l t i n g from
a d d i t i o n of e a r t h q u a k e m o m e n t s E or E , to c o m b i n e d h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l m o m e n t
v a l u e s shown b y solid c i r c l e s . r e d i s t r i b u t i o n should n o t e x c e e d 3 0 % .
of F i g . 5, t h e d e s i g n m o m e n t s s h o w n b y provisions.
c r o s s e s m a y b e r e d i s t r i b u t e d u p and d o w n the
f r a m e s so as t o r e s u l t in m a g n i t u d e s s h o w n Step 5 - In each b e a m d e t e r m i n e the
b y t h e c o n t i n u o u s stepped l i n e s . It is flexural o v e r s t r e h g t h of each of the two
s e e n t h a t b e a m s of the same f l e x u r a l s t r e n g t h potential plastic hinges corresponding with
c o u l d b e u s e d over 6 f l o o r s . :The' stepped each of t h e two d i r e c t i o n s of e a r t h q u a k e
l i n e h a s b e e n c h o s e n i n such a w a y t h a t the attack.
a r e a e n c l o s e d by it is a p p r o x i m a t e l y the
s a m e as that w i t h i n the c u r v e formed by the T h e p r o c e d u r e , i n c o r p o r a t i n g a l l o w a n c e s for
crosses. T h i s c h o i c e m e a n s t h a t the strain h a r d e n i n g of t h e steel and the
c o n t r i b u t i o n of the frames to the r e s i s t a n c e p o s s i b l e p a r t i c i p a t i o n in f l e x u r a l r e s i s t a n c e
of o v e r t u r n i n g m o m e n t s is only i n s i g n i f i c a n t l y of all r e i n f o r c e m e n t p r e s e n t in the s t r u c t u r e
a l t e r e d by v e r t i c a l m o m e n t r e d i s t r i b u t i o n . as b u i l t , is the same as t h a t used in the
d e s i g n of b e a m s of d u c t i l e f r a m e s . 1
The
It m a y b e n o t e d t h a t h o r i z o n t a l r e d i s t r i b u t - primary aim is to e s t i m a t e the m a x i m u m
ion of b e a m m o m e n t s a t a p a r t i c u l a r level m o m e n t i n p u t from b e a m s to a d j a c e n t c o l u m n s
w i l l c h a n g e the m o m e n t i n p u t to i n d i v i d u a l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the l a r g e s t seismic e v e n t .
columns. H e n c e the shear d e m a n d a c r o s s
i n d i v i d u a l c o l u m n s w i l l also c h a n g e w i t h S t e p 6 - D e t e r m i n e the lateral
r e s p e c t to t h a t i n d i c a t e d by the e l a s t i c d i s p l a c e m e n t induced shear f o r c e , V ,
a n a l y s i s u s e d in Step 1. H o w e v e r , the total a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the d e v e l o p m e n t of °
shear d e m a n d o n c o l u m n s o f a b e n t m u s t n o t flexural o v e r s t r e n g t h at the two p l a s t i c
change. T h i s is r e f e r r e d to as h i n g e s in each beam span for each d i r e c t i o n
r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of d e s i g n shear f o r c e s of e a r t h q u a k e a t t a c k .
between columns.
T h e s e shear forces are r e a d i l y o b t a i n e d from
W h e n v e r t i c a l r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of b e a m m o m e n t s the f l e x u r a l o v e r s t r e n g t h s of p o t e n t i a l
is c a r r i e d o u t , the total m o m e n t i n p u t to p l a s t i c h i n g e s , d e t e r m i n e d in Step 5, w h i c h
some or all c o l u m n s at a floor w i l l a l s o w e r e located in Step 4. W h e n combined w i t h
change. H e n c e the total shear d e m a n d o n gravity induced shear f o r c e s , the d e s i g n
c o l u m n s of a p a r t i c u l a r storey m a y d e c r e a s e shear e n v e l o p e for each b e a m span is
(the 5th storey in F i g . 5 ) , w h i l e in o t h e r o b t a i n e d , and the r e q u i r e d shear r e i n f o r c e -
s t o r e y (the 2nd storey in F i g . 5) it w i l l m e n t can then b e d e t e r m i n e d . 1
The
increase. T o ensure that t h e r e is no d i s p l a c e m e n t induced m a x i m u m b e a m shear
d e c r e a s e in t h e t o t a l storey shear r e s i s t - forces, V , are u s e d s u b s e q u e n t l y t o
a n c e i n t e n d e d by the c o d e s p e c i f i e d determine°She m a x i m u m l a t e r a l d i s p l a c e m e n t
lateral loading, there must be a horizontal induced axial c o l u m n load input a t each
r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of s h e a r f o r c e s b e t w e e n the floor.
v e r t i c a l e l e m e n t s of the s t r u c t u r e , i.e.
c o l u m n s and w a l l s . It w i l l b e s h o w n Step 7 - D e t e r m i n e the b e a m f l e x u r a l
s u b s e q u e n t l y t h a t the u p p e r r e g i o n s of w a l l s o v e r s t r e n g t h f a c t o r , <j> , at the c e n t r e l i n e
w i l l b e p r o v i d e d w i t h s u f f i c i e n t shear a n d of each c o l u m n at each f l o o r for b o t h
f l e x u r a l s t r e n g t h to a c c o m m o d a t e a d d i t i o n a l d i r e c t i o n s of e a r t h q u a k e a t t a c k . Fixed
s h e a r f o r c e s shed b y u p p e r storey c o l u m n s . v a l u e s of <f) are:
T h e p r i n c i p l e s involved in v e r t i c a l load (a) A t groun8 level <f> = 1.4
(b) A t roof level <f>° = 1.1.
T h i s f a c t o r is s u b s e q u e n t l y u s e d to e s t i m a t e where = (1 - n/67) > 0.7 (5)
t h e m a x i m u m m o m e n t w h i c h could b e
i n t r o d u c e d to c o l u m n s by fully p l a s t i f i e d
is a r e d u c t i o n factor w h i c h t a k e s t h e
beams. The beam overstrength factor, $ ,
n u m b e r of f l o o r s , n, above the s t o r e y u n d e r
a t a c o l u m n , is the r a t i o of t h e sum of
c o n s i d e r a t i o n , into a c c o u n t .
t h e f l e x u r a l o v e r s t r e n g t h s d e v e l o p e d by
a d j a c e n t b e a m s , as d e t a i l e d , t o the sum of
T h e m a g n i t u d e s of the m a x i m u m l a t e r a l
t h e f l e x u r a l s t r e n g t h s r e q u i r e d in the
d i s p l a c e m e n t induced beam shear f o r c e s ,
g i v e n d i r e c t i o n by the code specified
V , at each f l o o r , w e r e o b t a i n e d in S t e p 6.
l a t e r a l e a r t h q u a k e loading a l o n e , b o t h sets e
T n e p r o b a b i l i t y of all b e a m s above a
of v a l u e s b e i n g t a k e n at the centre line
p a r t i c u l a r level d e v e l o p i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y
o f the r e l e v a n t c o l u m n .
p l a s t i c h i n g e s at flexural o v e r s t r e n g t h
d i m i n i s h e s w i t h the number of floors a b o v e
T h e b e a m m o m e n t s at c o l u m n c e n t r e lines can that level. The reduction factor, R ,
b e r e a d i l y o b t a i n e d g r a p h i c a l l y from the m a k e s an a p p r o x i m a t e a l l o w a n c e for tXis.
d e s i g n b e n d i n g m o m e n t e n v e l o p e s , after the
f l e x u r a l o v e r s t r e n g t h m o m e n t s at the e x a c t
Step 10 - D e t e r m i n e the t o t a l d e s i g n
l o c a t i o n s of the t w o p l a s t i c h i n g e s along
axial load on each c o l u m n for each of the
the b e a m h a v e b e e n p l o t t e d .
two d i r e c t i o n s of e a r t h q u a k e attack from
Step 8 - E v a l u a t e the c o l u m n d e s i g n
shear f o r c e s in e a c h storey from P + P + P (6)
e,max *D LR eq
(D <TJ) V _ (2) and P . = 0.9P^ - P^ 17)
col c o code e,mm D eq
w h e r e c o l u m n d y n a m i c shear m a g n i f i c a t i o n
f a c t o r , w , is 2 . 5 , 1.3 and 2.0 for the
c
where P and P are axial forces d u e to
b o t t o m , i n t e r m e d i a t e and top storeys d e a d ana reduced live l o a d s • r e s p e c t i v e l y .
respectively. T h e d e s i g n shear force in
t h e b o t t o m s t o r e y c o l u m n s should n o t be Step 11 - O b t a i n the d e s i g n m o m e n t s
less than for c o l u m n s a b o v e and b e l o w each floor
from
+ 1.3$ M - )
col o code y
(3) col m Y
o code °- 3 h
b col>
V ( 8 )
col U + 0. 5 h ) b
w h e r e OJ = the d y n a m i c m o m e n t m a g n i f i c a t i o n
where M = the flexural o v e r s t r e n g t h f a c t o r , the value of w h i c h is
col
of the c o l u m n base section given in F i g . 6.
c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the axial
load and shear w h i c h are the b e a m o v e r s t r e n g t h factor a p p l i -
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the d i r e c t i o n cable to the floor and the d i r e c t i o n
d i r e c t i o n of e a r t h q u a k e of lateral l o a d i n g under c o n s i d e r -
attack. ation
M
code toy ^ t i e v
^ for the
a l u e o £ M
c the d e p t h of the beam w h i c h frames
' ^ c o l u m n at the re line into the column
of the first floor b e a m s .
I = the clear h e i g h t of the
n = 2 and R 1 + 0.55(a) - 1) (10 1) < 1
f' A
column c g
h
k ~ t h e d e p t h of the first (9)
floor beam
T h e p r o c e d u r e for the e v a l u a t i o n of column is a d e s i g n m o m e n t r e d u c t i o n factor a p p l i -
d e s i g n shear forces is v e r y similar to that able w h e n
u s e d in the c a p a c i t y d e s i g n of d u c t i l e
frames- -.
1
It r e f l e c t s a h i g h e r d e g r e e of 0.15 < < 0.10
c o n s e r v a t i o n b e c a u s e of the intent to avoid f 1
A
a c o l u m n shear f a i l u r e in any e v e n t . Case c g
s t u d i e s show t h a t in spite of the a p p a r e n t where P is to b e taken n e g a t i v e when
e
s e v e r i t y o f E q s . (2) and ( 3 ) , shear r e q u i r e - causing axial tension.
m e n t s v e r y s e l d o m g o v e r n the a m o u n t of
t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t to be used in T h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s are very s i m i l a r to those
columns. r e c o m m e n d e d for c o l u m n s of d u c t i l e f r a m e s . 1
D y n a m i c a n a l y s e s of e x a m p l e h y b r i d
structures indicated t h a t shear forces
1 1
T h e steps in the d e r i v a t i o n of t h e c o l u m n
design moment, M ^, a r e g i v e n in F i g . 7 as Moment gradient ' M ode
C
and b e l o w a floor is s h o w n w i t h § n i d e d l i n e s . c
T h e s e m o m e n t s a r e m a g n i f i e d t h r o u g h o u t the
h e i g h t of the c o l u m n to § M , when beams
a d j a c e n t to the c o l u m n d e v e J o p f l e x u r a l
o v e r s t r e n g t h s a t t h e i r p l a s t i c h i n g e s . It
is a s s u m e d t h a t the m a x i m u m m o m e n t input
from the t w o b e a m s , ^ , as s h o w n in
F i g . 7, c a n n o t b e e x c e e d e d d u r i n g a n
earthquake. However, the distribution
of this total moment imput between
the columns above and below the two beams at overstrength
floor, during the dynamic r e s p o n s e , is
™beam
uncertain. A l l o w a n c e for d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e
d i s t r i b u t i o n is m a d e b y the d y n a m i c m a g n i -
Fig. 7 The D e r i v a t i o n of D e s i g n M o m e n t s for
f i c a t i o n f a c t o r OJ ^ 1.2. For e x a m p l e the
Columns.
e s t i m a t e d m a x i m u m m o m e n t for the u p p e r
c o l u m n in F i g . 7, m e a s u r e d at t h e b e a m c e n t r e
l i n e , is t h u s w <J> M 0 . At the t o p of the
C O ( i e
c o n s e r v a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n is m a d e , w h e r e b y
V n =
°* max = °'
6 V
col <
6 v
P 8> • Hence S t e
Step 12 - D e t e r m i n e the a p p r o p r i a t e
the m o m e n t r e d u c t i o n a t the top of the b e a m g r a v i t y and e a r t h q u a k e i n d u c e d a x i a l forces
b e c o m e s 0.5 h>
b min =2
v
- b col 0
shown
3 h v a s
on w a l l s .
in F i g . 7.
In the e x a m p l e s t r u c t u r e (Fig. 2 ) , it w a s
W h e n the a x i a l load o n the c o l u m n p r o d u c e s i m p l i c i t l y a s s u m e d t h a t l a t e r a l load on the
small compression / i » e . p < o . 1 f£ A , or
e a b u i l d i n g does n o t i n t r o d u c e a x i a l f o r c e s to
r e s u l t s ifn n e t a x i a l t e n s i o n , some y i e l d i n g the c a n t i l e v e r w a l l s . F o r this s i t u a t i o n the
of the c o l u m n is n o t u n a c c e p t a b l e . Such d e s i g n axial forces o n the w a l l s are
c o l u m n s should e x h i b i t s u f f i c i e n t d u c t i l i t y
P§ = P p +
LR
l s 3
e p
n-
o r
Gener-
p = 0 , 9 p
If w a l l s are c o n n e c t e d to c o l u m n s v i a r i g i d -
v i d e d t h a t t h e v a l u e o f w is not t a k e n larger ly c o n n e c t e d b e a m s , as s h o w n for e x a m p l e in
than 1.2. The m i n i m u m v a l u e o f 1 ^ is 0.72. F i g . 3 ( a ) , the l a t e r a l load i n d u c e d a x i a l
T h i s w i l l e n a b l e the a m o u n t of r e q u i r e d forces o n the w a l l s are o b t a i n e d from the
t e n s i o n r e i n f o r c e m e n t in e x t e r i o r c o l u m n s , i n i t i a l e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s of the s t r u c t u r e
w h e r e this s i t u a t i o n a r i s e s , to b e r e d u c e d . (Step 1 ) . S i m i l a r l y this a p p l i e s w h e n ,
instead of^cantilever walls,coupled struct-
B e c a u s e the v a l u e o f the d y n a m i c m o m e n t u r a l w a l l s share with frames in l a t e r a l
z
f l e x u r a l and s h e a r r e i n f o r c e m e n t a t e a c h s t r e n g t h r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r t o b e u s e d is
c r i t i c a l s e c t i o n can b e found. B e c a u s e the cj) = 0 . 9 , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f the level of
1
i l i t y of v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s and
lapped s p l i c e s .
Ideal moment
strength to be e n v e l o p e s given in F i g . 8. T h r e e 12 storey
provided b u i l d i n g s , in p l a n as shown in F i g . 2 , w i t h
w a l l s of 3.0, 3.6 and 7.0 m e t r e s l e n g t h ,
w e r e studied. All buildings were designed
Elastic in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h this c a p a c i t y d e s i g n
moment procedure. W h i l e the e n v e l o p e s a p p e a r to
pattern provide considerable reserve flexural
s t r e n g t h in the upper s t o r e y s d u r i n g the
El C e n t r o r e c o r d , at v a r i o u s i n s t a n t s of
the e x t r e m e (and u n r e a l i s t i c ) P a c o i m a D a m
e v e n t the a n a l y s i s p r e d i c t e d the a t t a i n m e n t
of the ideal f l e x u r a l s t r e n g t h in m o s t
storeys. Analyses showed, however, that
c u r v a t u r e ductility d e m a n d s , e v e n d u r i n g
this e x t r e m e e v e n t , w e r e very small in the
upper storeys. A s p a r t of the study of the
e f f e c t s of foundation c o m p l i a n c e , d i s c u s s e d
in S e c t i o n 2 . 4 , these s t r u c t u r e s , w i t h p i n -
• provided at base ned base w a l l s , b u t o t h e r w i s e i d e n t i c a l
w i t h the p r o t o t y p e s t r u c t u r e s , w e r e a l s o
Fig. 8 D e s i g n M o m e n t E n v e l o p e for W a l l s of
a n a l y s e d for the El C e n t r o r e c o r d . It is
Hybrid Structures.
s e e n in Fig. 9, that w a l l m o m e n t d e m a n d s for
the El C e n t r o event in the u p p e r storeys are
Step 14 - W h e n c u r t a i l i n g the
very similar to those e x p e r i e n c e d w i t h
v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t in the u p p e r s t o r e y s
fixed base w a l l s .
of w a l l s , p r o v i d e f l e x u r a l r e s i s t a n c e n o t
less t h a n g i v e n b y the m o m e n t e n v e l o p e in
Step 15 - D e t e r m i n e the m a g n i t u d e of
F i g . 8.
the flexural o v e r s t r e n g t h f a c t o r <j> , for n w
m a g n i f i c a t i o n the m a x i m u m w a l l s h e a r force
It is seen that the shear d e s i g n e n v e l o p e is
is e s t i m a t e d b y E q . ( 1 2 ) . It is seen t h a t
satisfactory when structures with relatively
w h e n i|i = 1, = w . v
s l e n d e r w a l l s , w i t h ip < 0 . 5 7 , w e r e s u b j e c t e d
11
- 8 - 5 - 4 - 2 0 2 i 6 MN
WALL SHEAR FORCE
on 1
to c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y to shear m i g h t be necessary to e n a b l e the e s t i m a t e d
resistance, allowing considerable reduction d i s p l a c e m e n t d u c t i l i t y , y/\ for a p a r t i c u l a r
f
be m a d e with
1
inate at d i f f e r e n t h e i g h t s , and w h e n s e t -
(p* = global o v e r s t r e n g t h f a c t o r , w h i c h backs occur. S y m m e t r i c a l p o s i t i o n i n g of
is the ratio of the total r e s i s t a n c e of the w a l l s in p l a n m a y lead to gross e c c e n t r i -
h y b r i d structure to o v e r t u r n i n g m o m e n t , cities of applied l a t e r a l load with respect
i n c l u d i n g the c o n t r i b u t i o n s of a x i a l forces to c e n t r e s of r i g i d i t y .
in c o l u m n s and w a l l s and those o f p l a s t i c
h i n g e s at the b a s e of all c o l u m n s and w a l l s ,
4.2 Torsional Effects
e v a l u a t e d at levels of f l e x u r a l o v e r -
strength , to the c o r r e s p o n d i n g o v e r t u r n i n g
Codes m a k e simple and r a t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s
m o m e n t due to code specified l a t e r a l static
for t o r s i o n a l e f f e c t s . The severity of
l o a d i n g / W h e n the total s t r e n g t h p r o v i d e d
torsion is commonly q u a n t i f i e d by the
by y i e l d i n g r e g i o n s of the s t r u c t u r e m a t c h e s
d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c e n t r e of rigidity
very closely that r e q u i r e d by the l a t e r a l
(or s t i f f n e s s ) of the lateral load r e s i s t i n g
code l o a d i n g , the value of <J>* w i l l n o t be
structural system and the centre of m a s s .
less than 1.4.
In reasonably regular and s y m m e t r i c a l
b u i l d i n g s this d i s t a n c e (horizontal e c c e n t -
To a c h i e v e in a w a l l the same u l t i m a t e r i c i t y ) , does n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y c h a n g e from
curvature w h e n the c o m p u t e d n e u t r a l a x i s storey to storey. E r r o r s due to inevitable
d e p t h , c, is larger than the c r i t i c a l v a l u e , v a r i a t i o n s of e c c e n t r i c i t y over b u i l d i n g
c , as F i g . 12 s h o w s , the length of w a l l
c
h e i g h t are t h o u g h t to b e c o m p e n s a t e d for by
section s u b j e c t e d to c o m p r e s s i o n s t r a i n s code s p e c i f i e d a m p l i f i c a t i o n s of the
larger than 0.004 , b e c o m e s a c . It is this computed (static) e c c e n t r i c i t i e s . The
length over w h i c h the c o m p r e s s e d c o n c r e t e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a s s i g n m e n t of a d d i t i o n a l
n e e d s to b e c o n f i n e d . F r o m the g e o m e t r y lateral load to r e s i s t i n g e l e m e n t s , p a r t i c -
shown in F i g . 1 2 , a = 1 - c / c . c
ularly those s i t u a t e d at g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e s
from the centre o f r i g i d i t y (centre of
B e c a u s e it h a s b e e n found in t e s t s that,
1 0 , 1 1
h o r i z o n t a l t w i s t ) , are i n t e n d e d to c o m p e n -
after reversed cyclic loading, observed sate for t o r s i o n a l e f f e c t s . Because minimum
n e u t r a l axis depths tend to be larger than and m a x i m u m e c c e n t r i c i t i e s , at least w i t h
those p r e d i c t e d by c o n v e n t i o n a l s e c t i o n r e s p e c t to the t w o p r i n c i p a l d i r e c t i o n s of
a n a l y s e s , it is s u g g e s t e d that the l e n g t h of e a r t h q u a k e a t t a c k , n e e d to be c o n s i d e r e d ,
c o n f i n e m e n t , a c , be derived from the s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m , as d e s i g n e d , w i l l
p o s s e s s increased t r a n s l a t i o n a l r a t h e r than
a = 1 - 0.7 c / c c > 0.5 (15) torsional resistance.
w h e n e v e r c / c < 1. W h e n c is only a l i t t l e
c
It w a s e m p h a s i s e d that the c o n t r i b u t i o n s of
larger than c , a very small and i m p r a c t i c a l
c
w a l l s to lateral load r e s i s t a n c e in h y b r i d
value of a w o u l d be o b t a i n e d . In line w i t h
structures usually change d r a m a t i c a l l y over
c u r r e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s , it is s u g g e s t e d t h a t
1
the h e i g h t of the b u i l d i n g . An e x a m p l e w a s
in such cases at least one h a l f of the
shown in F i g . 2 ( c ) . For this r e a s o n the
t h e o r e t i c a l c o m p r e s s i o n zone be c o n f i n e d .
p o s i t i o n of the c e n t r e of rigidity may also
c h a n g e s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m floor to f l o o r .
The tests q u o t e d a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t the
1 0
a m o u n t of c o n f i n i n g r e i n f o r c e m e n t s p e c i f i e d
For the p u r p o s e of i l l u s t r a t i n g the v a r i -
in the c o d e is likely to be a d e q u a t e .
1
ation of e c c e n t r i c i t y w i t h h e i g h t , c o n s i d e r
the e x a m p l e s t r u c t u r e shown in F i g . 2 ( a ) ,
but slightly modified. B e c a u s e of s y m m e t r y ,
4. ISSUES R E Q U I R I N G F U R T H E R STUDY torsion due to v a r i a t i o n in the p o s i t i o n of
the centre of r i g i d i t y , does n o t a r i s e .
The p r o p o s e d c a p a c i t y d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e and
A s s u m e , h o w e v e r , t h a t i n s t e a d of the two
the a c c o m p a n y i n g d i s c u s s i o n of the
s y m m e t r i c a l l y p o s i t i o n e d w a l l s shown in
b e h a v i o u r of h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s , p r e s e n t e d
F i g . 2 ( a ) , two 6 m long w a l l s are p l a c e d
in the p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , are by n e c e s s i t y
side by side at 9.2 m from the left hand end
r e s t r i c t e d to simple and r e g u l a r s t r u c t u r a l
13
Wails
F i g u r e 14 shows p l a n s o f a b u i l d i n g w i t h
three different positions of identical
walls. The b u i l d i n g is similar to t h a t
shown in F i g . 2 ( a ) . T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e
two w a l l s to t o t a l l a t e r a l load r e s i s t a n c e
is a s s u m e d to b e the same in e a c h of t h e s e
three cases. Diaphragm deformations assoc-
i a t e d w i t h each case a r e shown a p p r o x i m a t e l y
to scale by the d a s h e d l i n e s . Diaphragm
d e f o r m a t i o n s in the case o f F i g . 14(a) w o u l d
be n e g l i g i b l y small in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h o s e
o f the other two c a s e s . In d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r
such d e f o r m a t i o n s are s i g n i f i c a n t , the
following aspects might be considered:
(a) If e l a s t i c r e s p o n s e is c o n s i d e r e d ,
the a s s i g n m e n t of l a t e r a l load to
some frames (Figs. 14 (b) and (c)) w o u l d b e
c l e a r l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e d if d i a p h r a g m s w e r e
to b e assumed to be i n f i n i t e l y r i g i d . In-
p l a n e d e f o r m a t i o n s of f l o o r s , e v e n w h e n
d e r i v e d w i t h c r u d e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , s h o u l d be
c o m p a r e d w i t h interstorey d r i f t s p r e d i c t e d
F i g . 13 The V a r i a t i o n o f C o m p u t e d T o r s i o n a l
by standard elastic analyses. Such a
E c c e n t r i c i t i e s in an U n s y m m e t r i c a l
c o m p a r i s o n w i l l then i n d i c a t e t h e r e l a t i v e
12 Storey H y b r i d S t r u c t u r e .
i m p o r t a n c e of d i a p h r a g m f l e x i b i l i t y .
(b) In ductile s t r u c t u r e s , s i g n i f i c a n t
o f the b u i l d i n g , as shown in F i g . 1 3 , and
inelastic storey d r i f t s are to be
t h a t the r i g h t h a n d w a l l is r e p l a c e d b y a
expected. The larger the i n e l a s t i c d e f o r m -
standard frame. B e c a u s e the two w a l l s , w h e n
a t i o n s the less i m p o r t a n t are d i f f e r e n t i a l
d i s p l a c e d laterally b y the same a m o u n t as
e l a s t i c d i s p l a c e m e n t s b e t w e e n frames w h i c h
the f r a m e s , w o u l d in this e x a m p l e s t r u c t u r e
w o u l d result from d i a p h r a g m d e f o r m a t i o n s .
r e s i s t 7 4 % of t h e total shear in the first
s t o r e y , the centre of r i g i d i t y w o u l d b e
(c) A s F i g . 2(c) i l l u s t r a t e d , the c o n t r i -
19.5 m f r o m the c e n t r e of the (mass) b u i l d -
b u t i o n of w a l l s to l a t e r a l load
ing. In the 8th storey the two w a l l s
b e c o m e r a t h e r i n e f f e c t i v e , as they r e s i s t r e s i s t a n c e in h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s diminishes
o n l y a b o u t 1 2 % of the storey shear i.e. w i t h the distance m e a s u r e d from the b a s e .
a p p r o x i m a t e l y as m u c h as one f r a m e . At T h e r e f o r e at upper f l o o r s , l a t e r a l load w i l l
this l e v e l the e c c e n t r i c i t y b e c o m e s n e g l i - b e m o r e evenly d i s t r i b u t e d among i d e n t i c a l
gible. A s F i g . 13 s h o w s , the computed frames. This w i l l g r e a t l y reduce d i a p h r a g m
s t a t i c e c c e n t r i c i t i e s w o u l d vary c o n s i d e r - i n p l a n e shear and f l e x u r a l a c t i o n s . Hence
a b l y in this e x a m p l e b u i l d i n g b e t w e e n l i m i t s d i a p h r a g m d e f o r m a t i o n s at u p p e r levels w o u l d
a t the b o t t o m and top s t o r e y . Note a l s o the diminish.
different senses* T o r s i o n a l e f f e c t s on
i n d i v i d u a l c o l u m n s and w a l l s w i l l d e p e n d on (d) H o r i z o n t a l i n e r t i a forces are e x p e c t e d
the t o t a l t o r s i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e of the s y s t e m , to i n c r e a s e w i t h the d i s t a n c e from
i n c l u d i n g the p e r i p h e r y frames along the the b a s e , w h i l e inplane b e n d i n g and shear
long s i d e s of the b u i l d i n g . e f f e c t s w i l l d i m i n i s h b e c a u s e of the
d e c r e a s i n g p a r t i c i p a t i o n of w a l l s at upper
floors. Hence it may be c o n c l u d e d t h a t
4.3 Diaphragm Flexibility. d i a p h r a g m flexibility is o f lesser i m p o r t a n c e
in h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s of the type shown in
F o r m o s t b u i l d i n g s , floor d e f o r m a t i o n s F i g . 1 4 , than in b u i l d i n g s w h e r e lateral load
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d i a p h r a g m a c t i o n s are r e s i s t a n c e is p r o v i d e d e n t i r e l y by c a n t i l e v e r
negligible. However, when structural walls w a l l s i.e. w i t h o u t the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of any
r e s i s t a m a j o r f r a c t i o n of the s e i s m i c a l l y frames.
i n d u c e d i n e r t i a f o r c e s in long and n a r r o w
b u i l d i n g s , the e f f e c t s of inplane f l o o r
4.4 P r e d i c t i o n of Shear Demand in W a l l s .
d e f o r m a t i o n s upon the d i s t r i b u t i o n of
r e s i s t a n c e to frames a n d w a l l s m a y n e e d to
A n u m b e r of case s t u d i e s for s t r u c t u r e s of
be examined.
the type shown in F i g . 2 , t y p i c a l l y w i t h
3 . 0 , 3.6 and 7.0 long w a l l s , h a v e i n d i c a t e d - 1 1
(d) R o t a t i o n a l d u c t i l i t y d e m a n d s at the
b a s e of b o t h c o l u m n s and w a l l s ,
r e m a i n e d w e l l w i t h i n the l i m i t s r e a d i l y
a t t a i n e d in a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e t a i l e d l a b o r - 3m Wall
atory s p e c i m e n s . 1 0
PACOIMA
(e) P r e d i c t e d s h e a r d e m a n d s in the u p p e r DAM
s t o r e y s of w a l l s w e r e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y
c a t e r e d for by the e n v e l o p e shown in F i g . 1 0 .
H o w e v e r , m a x i m u m d y n a m i c shear f o r c e s at the
b a s e s e x c e e d e d t h e d e s i g n shear level
(Fig. 11) .
This latter f e a t u r e w a s i n i t i a l l y v i e w e d >06 >0J >Q£ >0.9 >06 >0J >0.8 >0.9
with concern. T h e r e f o r e a f u r t h e r study o f NORMALIZED WALL SHEAR FORCE
the phenomenon, discussed previously with
12 STOREY BUILDING
the d e s c r i p t i o n of d e s i g n S t e p s 17 and 1 8 ,
was undertaken. Some of the f i n d i n g s of
t h i s study are s u m m a r i s e d in the f o l l o w i n g . F i g . 16 D u r a t i o n of Large W a l l
Shear F o r c e s and B a s e
F i r s t l y the i n c i d e n c e of the l a r g e s t w a l l b a s e M o m e n t s in W a l l s of a 12
shear forces and m o m e n t s , a n a l y t i c a l l y Storey Hybrid S t r u c t u r e
p r e d i c t e d for the El C e n t r o e v e n t , w a s
studied. This was achieved by recording the
s t a t u s of a w a l l b a s e e v e r y 1/10 s e c o n d s
A s e x p e c t e d , such f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s
are strongly d e p e n d e n t on the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of the e a r t h q u a k e r e c o r d . As F i g . 1 5 ( b )
s h o w s , the p a t t e r n is d i f f e r e n t for the
e x t r e m e l y severe P a c o i m a Dam r e c o r d . While
MOMENT m o m e n t d e m a n d s d u r i n g the two d i f f e r e n t
& SHEAR s e i s m i c e v e n t s w e r e c o m p a r a b l e , the
frequency of large shear f o r c e s and large,
c o n c u r r e n t s h e a r and m o m e n t d e m a n d s w e r e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y less d u r i n g the P a c o i m a e v e n t .
For r e a s o n s of c o m p u t a t i o n a l e c o n o m y ,
s a m p l i n g w a s at 1/10 s e c o n d s i n t e r v a l s , e v e n
though the time step used in the a n a l y s e s
>a6 >0.7 >0.8 >09 >Q6 >0.7 >08 >0.9 >0.6>0.7*a8>0.9 w a s 1/100 s e c o n d s . A s a m p l i n g at 1000
i
(Q) 12 STOREY - EL CENTRO i n s t a n t s w o u l d h a v e y i e l d e d an i n c r e a s e in
the n u m b e r of o c c u r r e n c e s of shear levels
of c o n c e r n .
30
7.0m wolf F i g u r e 16 p r o v i d e s a d d i t i o n a l u s e f u l
20 information. Here the t o t a l time d u r i n g
3.6m wall w h i c h a c e r t a i n i n t e n s i t y of s h e a r , in t e r m s
W 3.0m wall of the m a x i m u m , w a s e x c e e d e d during the 10
s e c o n d s of two d i f f e r e n t e a r t h q u a k e r e c o r d s ,
0 is p r e s e n t e d . This gives a more reassuring
>0.6 >07 >0.8>0.9 >C6 >0.7>0.8>0.9 >O6>0.7>0.8>0.9 picture. W h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h F i g . 1 5 ( a ) , it
(b) 12 STOREY - PACOIMA DAM is seen for e x a m p l e that d u r i n g the El C e n t r o
e v e n t , the total time d u r i n g w h i c h the p r e -
d i c t e d shear in the 3 m w a l l s e x c e e d e d 9 0 %
F i g . 15 O c c u r r e n c e of H i g h Shear F o r c e s and of the m a x i m u m , (on three o c c a s i o n s ) w a s only
M o m e n t s D u r i n g the El C e n t r o E v e n t 0.12 s e c o n d s . S i m i l a r l y the p r e d i c t e d
at t h e Base of the W a l l s o f a 12 d u r a t i o n of the 19 o c c u r r e n c e s of shear in
Storey H y b r i d S t r u c t u r e * the 7 m w a l l s , l a r g e r than 6 0 % of m a x i m u m ,
w a s only 0.26 s e c o n d s . The c o m p u t e d d u r a -
tion of s h e a r s l a r g e r than 9 0 % of the m a x i -
d u r i n g the first 10 s e c o n d s e x c i t a t i o n . Fig- m u m , n e v e r e x c e e d e d 0.05 s e c o n d s d u r i n g the
ure 15 (a) shows for the El C e n t r o e v e n t the El C e n t r o e v e n t .
frequency of o c c u r r e n c e d u r i n g t h e s e first
10 s e c o n d s o f the r e c o r d of r a n g e s of A l t h o u g h it is s t r e s s e d t h a t the p r o h i b i t i o n
n o r m a l i z e d h i g h s h e a r or m o m e n t i n t e n s i t i e s , of shear f a i l u r e is of p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e
as w e l l as t h e c o n c u r r e n t o c c u r r e n c e of b o t h . in seismic d e s i g n , it w a s c o n c l u d e d a t the
I n t e n s i t i e s o f shear o r m o m e n t w e r e e x p r e s s e d end of this study that the concern s t e m m i n g
in terms of a b s o l u t e m a x i m a e n c o u n t e r e d from the less than s a t i s f a c t o r y c o r r e l a t i o n
d u r i n g the r e c o r d and shown in F i g . 1 1 . It b e t w e e n r e c o m m e n d e d d e s i g n shear force l e v e l s
is seen for e x a m p l e t h a t w h e n 7 m w a l l s w e r e for w a l l s w i t h m a x i m a o b t a i n e d from a n a l y t i -
u s e d , the b a s e shear in e x c e s s o f 6 0 % of the cal p r e d i c t i o n s , could be d i s m i s s e d
a b s o l u t e m a x i m u m w a s e n c o u n t e r e d 19 t i m e s . because:
Similarly shear load on t h e 3 m w a l l l a r g e r
t h a n 9 0 % of the m a x i m u m , w a s e n c o u n t e r e d 3 (a) P r e d i c t e d p e a k shear forces w e r e of
times. In the 3.6 m long w a l l s , b a s e m o m e n t s very s h o r t d u r a t i o n s . While there
in excess of 9 0 % of the m a x i m u m , w e r e w a s n o e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e to p r o v e i t , it
e n c o u n t e r e d 8 times d u r i n g the 10 s e c o n d s of w a s felt t h a t shear f a i l u r e s during r e a l
E l Centro r e c o r d . e a r t h q u a k e s could n o t o c c u r w i t h i n a few
hundredths of a second.
15
w i t h varying w a l l c o n t e n t s w e r e
b a s e d on t h i s p r e c e p t . W h i l e the r e l e v a n t
d e s i g n e d using this a p p r o a c h , and s u b s e -
c o d e p r o v i s i o n s do n o t a f f e c t the a m o u n t of
q u e n t l y subjected in a n a l y t i c a l s t u d i e s to
shear r e i n f o r c e m e n t to b e u s e d , they e n s u r e
the El Centro and P a c o i m a Dam a c c e l e r o g r a m s .
t h a t w a l l t h i c k n e s s is large e n o u g h to k e e p
The generally good p e r f o r m a n c e of these
s h e a r s t r e s s e s d u r i n g such e v e n t s at
b u i l d i n g s during the El C e n t r o e x c i t a t i o n
moderate levels.
s u g g e s t e d that p r o t o t y p e s t r u c t u r e s should
e x h i b i t good s e i s m i c p e r f o r m a n c e .
4.5 V a r i a t i o n s in the C o n t r i b u t i o n of
W a l l s to E a r t h q u a k e R e s i s t a n c e ^ (3) As intended, energy dissipation was
found to o c c u r p r i m a r i l y in b e a m and
The study of the seismic response of h y b r i d w a l l base p l a s t i c hinge z o n e s .
s t r u c t u r e s h a s s h o w n , as w a s to be e x p e c t e d ,
t h a t the p r e s e n c e o f w a l l s s i g n i f i c a n t l y (4) C o l u m n s w e r e found to e n j o y p r o t e c t -
r e d u c e d t h e d y n a m i c m o m e n t d e m a n d s on
ion against f l e x u r a l y i e l d i n g e x c e p t
columns. This is b e c a u s e the m o d e shapes
at the b a s e and top floor l e v e l s , w h e r e
of r e l a t i v e l y stiff w a l l s , do n o t p e r m i t
h i n g e formation w a s e x p e c t e d . A dynamic
e x t r e m e d e f o r m a t i o n p a t t e r n s in the
m a g n i f i c a t i o n factor for c o l u m n m o m e n t s of
i n h e r e n t l y m o r e flexible c o l u m n s . Therefore (a ~ 1.2 proved s a t i s f a c t o r y .
m o m e n t i n c r e a s e s in c o l u m n s above or b e l o w
b e a m s , due to h i g h e r m o d e e f f e c t s , as shown
(5) Column d e s i g n shear f o r c e s w e r e
in F i g . 7, are m u c h s m a l l e r . This w a s
adequately p r e d i c t e d by the d e s i g n
r e c o g n i s e d by the i n t r o d u c t i o n of a smaller
dynamic moment magnification factor, w = 1.2, p r o c e d u r e and g e n e r a l l y found to be n o n -
at i n t e r m e d i a t e f l o o r s , as d i s c u s s e d in critical .
d e s i g n Step 11 and shown in F i g . 6. The
a p p l i c a b i l i t y of a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s for us (6) The p r o v i s i o n s of the linear d e s i g n
w a s s u p p o r t e d w i t h a n u m b e r of case w a l l moment e n v e l o p e s r e s t r i c t e d
s t u d i e s ^ , 1 1 , in w h i c h w a l l s made a s i g n i f i - s i g n i f i c a n t inelastic w a l l d e f o r m a t i o n s ,
c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n to the resistance o f e v e n d u r i n g the e x t r e m e P a c o i m a Dam e v e n t ,
design base shear. to the b a s e .
s t r e n g t h , and in p a r t i c u l a r the p r e d i c t e d
The q u e s t i o n a r i s e s as to the m i n i m u m v a l u e very short duration of these s h e a r f o r c e s ,
of the w a l l shear r a t i o , , r e l e v a n t to a it w a s felt that this a n a l y t i c a l l y p r e d i c t e d
h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e , for the d e s i g n of w h i c h p h e n o m e n o n should not be v i e w e d w i t h c o n c e r n .
the p r o p o s e d p r o c e d u r e in Section 3 is still
applicable. A s the v a l u e of diminishes, (8) The p r o p o s e d e n v e l o p e s for d e s i g n
i n d i c a t i n g that l a t e r a l load r e s i s t a n c e w a l l shear forces a d e q u a t e l y e s t i m a t e d
m u s t b e a s s i g n e d p r i m a r i l y to f r a m e s , p a r a - u p p e r level shear d e m a n d s .
m e t e r s of the d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e m u s t a p p r o a c h
v a l u e s a p p l i c a b l e t o framed b u i l d i n g s . 1
At (9) It is b e l i e v e d t h a t the m e t h o d o l o g y
a s u f f i c i e n t l y low v a l u e of t h i s r a t i o , say p r o p o s e d is l o g i c a l and s t r a i g h t -
$ < 0.1, a d e s i g n e r may decide to ignore forward. It should p r o v i d e b u i l d i n g s so
the c o n t r i b u t i o n o f w a l l s . W a l l s could t h e n d e s i g n e d , and carefully d e t a i l e d , w i t h
1
b e t r e a t e d as s e c o n d a r y e l e m e n t s w h i c h w o u l d e x c e l l e n t seismic p e r f o r m a n c e c a p a b i l i t y .
n e e d to f o l l o w , w i t h o u t d i s t r e s s , d i s p l a c e -
m e n t s d i c t a t e d by the b e h a v i o u r of d u c t i l e (10) U s i n g e n g i n e e r i n g j u d g e m e n t , the
frames. approach is capable of b e i n g e x t e n d e d
to o t h e r structural c o n f i g u r a t i o n s not
The m i n i m u m v a l u e o f for w h i c h the p r o - c o v e r e d in this p a p e r , b u t o n l y b y c o n s i s t -
c e d u r e in S e c t i o n 3 is a p p l i c a b l e h a s n o t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n of c a p a c i t y d e s i g n p r i n c i p l e s .
16
1^ = l e n g t h of w a l l , o v e r a l l depth of
Zealand N a t i o n a l Society for E a r t h -
w a l l section
q u a k e E n g i n e e r i n g , V o l . 16 , N o . 3,
Lr ~ r e d u c e d live load
Sept. 1983, pp.185-200.
Mg = flexural o v e r s t r e n g t h of b e a m
e a m
m e a s u r e d at c o l u m n centre line
4. G o o d s i r , W . J . , "The R e s p o n s e o f M
code = m o m e n t due to code s p e c i f i e d
C o u p l e d Shear W a l l s and F r a m e s " ,
lateral load
Research Report No. 82-10, Department M
c o d e top °l m o m e n t at the top of a
= c u m n
of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y of
' column d e r i v e d f r o m lateral code
Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,
loading
1982, 155pp.
^col ~ design m o m e n t for a column at ideal
strength
5. N Z S 4 2 0 3 : 1 9 8 4 , "Code o f P r a c t i c e for M
col ~ f l o v e r s t r e n g t h at a c o l u m n
e x u r a l
G e n e r a l S t r u c t u r a l Design and D e s i g n
section
L o a d i n g s for B u i l d i n g s " , S t a n d a r d s
M° = m o m e n t d e v e l o p e d at f l e x u r a l o v e r -
A s s o c i a t i o n of N e w Z e a l a n d ,
strength
Wellington, 80pp.
M u = m o m e n t due to f a c t o r e d loads
6. K h a n , F.R. and S b a r o u n i s , J.A., n = n u m b e r of s t o r e y s above a g i v e n
"Interaction o f Shear W a l l s w i t h level
F r a m e s in C o n c r e t e S t r u c t u r e s u n d e r P D = a x i a l load on c o l u m n due to dead
L a t e r a l L o a d s , J o u r n a l of t h e
M
load
Structural Division, ASCE, V o l . 9 0 , P ,P
e f m ^ a = d e s i g n a x i a l load on c o l u m n
x e m
' a t its b a s e
w a l l , c o d e ~ shear force for a w a l l d e r i v e d
v
wall
<j>3 - global overstrength factor
<j> = ultimate curvature
u
= w a l l shear r a t i o
co = d y n a m i c m a g n i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r in
general
u) c = d y n a m i c shear m a g n i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r
for a c o l u m n
oj = d y n a m i c shear m a g n i f i c a t i o n f a c t o r
co* = d y n a m i c shear m a g n i f i c a t i o n for
w a l l s in h y b r i d s t r u c t u r e s
- a x i a l load r e d u c t i o n factor
S = s t r u c t u r a l type factor
s
code =^dependable strength required by
code s p e c i f i e d l a t e r a l load only
= ideal strength
S Q = m a x i m u m or o v e r s t r e n g t h t h a t m a y b e
developed
v c = i d e a l shear s t r e s s p r o v i d e d b y
c o n c r e t e (MPa)
X = superscript indicating direction
o f e a r t h q u a k e attack