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Abstract- This paper describes the load frequency control obtaining the optimum settling time of previously said
(LFC) of two area interconnected hydro-thermal system using controller is mitigated by using FLC. Simulation results
conventional proportional – integral (PI) controller and fuzzy confirm that the fuzzy logic controller greatly reduces the
logic controller (FLC). The thermal system is incorporated with
governor dead band, generation rate constraint and boiler overshoots. The settling time is also reduced considerably.
dynamics. The hydro system is incorporated with generation
rate constraint. The conventional PI controller does not yield
adequate control performance with the consideration of non- II. SYSTEM INVESTIGATION
linearities and boiler dynamics. To overcome this drawback
FLC has been employed in the system. The aim of FLC is to
The detailed block diagram of two area hydro-thermal
restore the frequency and tie line power in very smooth way to power system investigated in this study is shown in Fig.1 [1],
its nominal value in the shortest possible time. Time domain [17]. Area 1 comprising a reheat thermal system with
simulations are used to study the performance of the power governor dead band, generation rate constraint non-linearities
system. System performance is examined considering 1% step and boiler dynamics also area 2 comprising a hydro system
load perturbation in either area of the system.
with generation rate constraint. The nominal parameters of
I. INTRODUCTION the system are given in Appendix. Matlab version 7.3 has
been used to obtain dynamic response such as ΔF1, ΔF2, and
Load Frequency Control is a very important issue in power ΔPtie for 1% step load perturbation in either area of the
system operation and control for supplying sufficient and system.
reliable electric power with good quality. With an increasing
demand, the electric power system becomes more and more A. Governor Dead Band
complicated. For a successful operation of power system Governor Dead Band is defined as the total magnitude of a
under abnormal conditions, mismatches have to be corrected
via supplementary control. For satisfactory operation of a sustained speed change within which there is no resulting
power system the frequency should remain nearly constant. change in valve position. The Backlash non-linearity tends to
The various areas or power pools are interconnected through produce a continuous sinusoidal oscillation with a natural
tie lines. These tie lines are utilized for contractual energy period of about 2s [3], [8]. The speed governor dead band has
exchange between power pools and also inter-area support in significant effect on the dynamic performance of load
case of abnormal conditions. The power system is subjected frequency control system. Describing function approach is
to local variations of random magnitude and duration. As the
load varies at any area in the system considered, the used to incorporate the governor dead band non-linearity. The
frequency related with this area affected and then the other hysteresis type of non-linearities are expressed as,
areas are also affected through tie lines. Frequency transients •
must be eliminated as soon as possible. Mostly the boiler y = F ( x, x) rather than as y = F (x) (1)
system effects and its control, governor dead band effects and To solve the non-linear problem, it is necessary to make
generation rate constraint are neglected in the Load frequency the basic assumption that the variable x, appearing in the
control studies for simplicity [1]. But for the realistic analysis
of system performance, these should be incorporated as they above equation is sufficiently close to a sinusoidal equation
have considerable effects on the amplitude and settling time that is,
of oscillations.
The conventional proportional plus integral control
x ≈ A Sin ω 0 t (2)
strategy, which is mostly used in power industry, take the where, A is amplitude of oscillation
error signal as ACE. The conventional PI controller does not ω0 is frequency of oscillations
provide adequate control performance with the consideration
of boiler dynamics and non-linearities such as governor dead
ω 0 = 2πf 0 = π
band and generation rate constraint. The difficulty in
As the variable function is complex and periodic function Drum type boiler is otherwise known as recirculation
of time, it can be developed in a Fourier series as follows, [3] boiler which relies on natural or forced circulation of drum
• N2 • liquid to absorb energy from the hot furnace walls, called
F ( x, x) = F 0 + N1 x + x + ....... (3) water walls for generating steam.
ω0 The boiler receives feed water which has been preheated in
As the backlash nonlinearity is symmetrical about the the economizer and provides saturated steam outflow.
0
origin, F is zero. For the analysis in this paper, backlash of Recirculation boiler make use of a drum to separate steam
approximately 0.05% is chosen [1]. From the above equation, flow from the recirculation water so that it can proceed to the
for simplification neglect higher order, the Fourier co- super heater as a heatable vapour; hence recirculation boiler
efficients are derived as N1=0.8 & N2=-0.2. By substituting are referred to as drum type boiler.
the values in Eq.(3) the transfer function for GDB is For boiler control strategies or modes of operations, here
expressed as follows, boiler-leading mode of control is considered. With this
operation the MW demand signal is applied to combustion
• 0 .2 •
F ( x , x ) = 0 .8 x − x (4) controls. Steam flow and MW output closely follow steam
π production in the boiler [11], [16].
B. Generation Rate Constraint
In practice, there exists a maximum limit on the rate of
change in the generating power. For thermal system a
generating rate limitation of 0.1 p.u per minute is considered,
[6], [18] i.e.
•
Δ P g ≤ 0.1 p.u. MW / min = 0.0017 p.u.MW / s (5)
For hydro system the rate of generation 4.5%/s is
considered [4].
C. Boiler Dynamics
Fig.2 shows the model to represent the boiler dynamics
[1], [4], [9]. Boiler is a device meant for producing steam
under pressure. The model is basically for a drum type boiler.
An oil/gas fired boiler system has been employed in this
study, since such boilers respond to load demand changes
more quickly than coal-fired units [10], [12].
where,
∆F = change in frequency and
∆Ptie= change in tie line power
1 1
+ (10)
K p i Ri
TABLE I
FUZZY RULES
ACE
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
NB PB PB PB PB PM PM PS
NM PB PM PM PM PS PS PS
NS PM PM PS PS PS PS ZO
ACĖ ZO NS NS NS ZO PS PS PS
PS ZO NS NS NS NS NM NM Fig. 5(b) Frequency deviation in area 2
PM NS NS NM NM NM NB NB
PB NS NM NB NB NB NB NB
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
REFERENCES