IEEE Transactions on Power Deliveq, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1993.

393
O N THE HARMONIC COMPENSATION IN NONSINUSOIDAL SYSTEMS

Alexander Eigeles E m a n u e l Minghao Yang

Worcester Polytechnic Institute Beijing Agricultural Engineering University
Worcester, Massachusetts 01609 Beijing, 100083, P.R. China

Abstract
This paper analyzes six methods for power factor correction
in nonsinusoidal systems. The conventional methods based on
shunt capacitance and LC tuned filters are compared with tech-
niques relying on the use of solid-state compensators or active
n NONSINUSOIDAL
POWER
SYSTEM

filters. It is proved that the best strategy, which minimizes volt-

age distortion, power system losses and the interference to com-
municate systems, is not necessarily obtained when the power

e*
factor is unity. A

K e y words: Power System Harmonics, Power Factor Correc-

tion
,V ,
iA

INTRODUCTION
0
Electrical engineers interested in reducing power system losses,
as well as the negative effects of harmonic pollution on equip-
ment, have longed for the time when active power line condi-
tioners would become available. Line conditioners are referred ut
-L

to as active filters, harmonic cancellation devices or simply, com-

pensators. In 1963 H.F. Storm [l]indicated that by forcing the
extinction of the thyristor prior to the end of the half-cycle,
the fundamental current can be made to lead the fundamental
voltage and, by adjusting the firing and the extinction angles
correctly, it is possible to operate with a displacement factor
of unity. In 1968 MS.Erlicki [2] presented the basic theory of /'

power factor compensation in nonsinusoidal situations, proving

that nonlinear or time varying (switched) loads can be used to ,'C

generate harmonic currents 180"out of phase with the harmonic

currents produced by the nonlinear loads to be compensated.
Probably the most noteworthy technical accomplishment in
this field in the 70's was the thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR)
with a fixed capacitor, known also as static VAr compensator
[3]. This device provides controlled and variable amount of 60
Hz reactive power. Due to the discontinuity of the reactor cur-
rent the TCR also generates unwanted karmonic currents and
requires installation of filters.
In the past, large switching losses, limited di/dt and volt-
age blocking capability of the power transistors available in the
60's and 70's mdde nearly impossible industrial implementation
of sophisticated harmonic compensators. New developments in
circuit theory led to more effective designs of 60 Hz reactive
power compensators capable of providing almost sinusoidal cur-
rents [4]. The development of power field-effect transistors and
metal-oxide semiconductor controlled thyristors (MCTs) started Fig. 1 Basic Method of Compensation
to open the door for the practical implementation of harmonic (a) Principle
(b) 80 H z Reactive Power Compensation Only
(c) Sinusoidal Line Current In Phase with the
92 WM 280-8 PWRD A paper recommended and approved by Fundamental Voltage
the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee of . (d) Unity Power Factor
the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation
at the IEEE/PES 1992 Winter Meeting, New York, New
York, January 26 -
30, 1992. Manuscript submitted
August 22, 1991; made available for printing compensators. A comprehensive literature search over the pe-
November 27, 1991. riod 1973-1988 of thirty-seven key publications [5] proves that
a lot of successful research and development of small scale com-
pensators has taken place in the last fifteen years. It is our con-
394

viction that in the next few years the electronic compensation of

harmonics will start emerging from the laboratory. Prototypes
will be tested in pilot stations soon to be followed by industrial
production.
The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effect of power fac-
tor correction, implemented by different types of reactive power
compensators and compensation strategies, on the power system
losses and voltage distortion.
BACKGROUND
A large customer A which contains nonlinear loads is sup- Fig. 2 Elementary Power Network
plied from the bus (B), Fig. 1. A compensator C is connected
at the same bus (B). The bus voltage is distorted and has the Minimization of power loss in the power network. This
expression case is explained with the help of Fig. 2. Two nonlinear
v=-jy5Vhsin(hwt+Oh) (1) loads are located at the buses (B2) and (B3). the har-
The current delivered to the load A is nonsinusoidal with a monic current sources la&, IB&& as well as the sys-
60 Hz component tem resistances RI, Rz and R3 are known. The problem is
to determine the compensating harmonic current IC&
iA1 =f i r A 1 sin(wt +a ) (2) which yields minimum system power losses. This example
is presented for a certain harmonic order. The procedure
and harmonics
is identical for all harmonic orders. For convenience the
iAh = f i I A h sin(hut + bh) (3) index h is omitted.
The compensator current ic waveform and magnitude can The power loss of the system at a given harmonic order is
be adjusted according to the following strategies: AP = R i l h &+ + &Iz + +
R z I h &I' +
R3lbI' (8)
Compensation of the 60 Hz reactive power, Fig. lb. In The study of function (8), (see Appendix I) yields for the
this case the compensation current is sinusoidal. optimum compensating current phasor

ic = ( f i I A 1 sin 01) sin(wt + + a/2)

cy1
where
81 = 0 1 - P I
The line current i however, will remain nonsinusoidal. This
method has the advantage that the compensator does not
generate additional harmonics like the TCRs do, neither
may cause resonances as the shunt capacitances sometimes
will do.
Provide a sinusoidal line-current i in phase with the fun-
damental voltage, Fig. IC, hence
ic = (&I,, sin 01) sin(wt + + ./2)
a1 - iAh
If a sufficient number of dominant nonlinear loads in a
power network will be equipped with such compensators
the harmonic power flow can be reduced to inconsequential
levels.
Produce unity power factor at the bus (B). This condi-
tion requires the line current i and the bus voltage v to
have identical waveforms, Fig. Id. This means that the
instantaneous current i is proportional with the voltage v ,
(4)
For the elementary case when P A = PB results that ,& =
PA and the optimum compensator harmonic current is not
just i c h = - i A h r as shown in case b, but ideally
I c h = -1Ah - I B h RI/(Ri+ Rz)
Thus the compensator C acts like a filter; it stops the
harmonic current i A h to flow in the network and "sinks" a
part of the harmonic currents i g h to reduce the power loss
in the resistance R1.
(5)
Minimization of voltage distortion at the user's end or at
a large customer bus. The analysis (see Appendix 11) of
the network shown in Fig. 2 yields a nil harmonic voltage
at bus (B2) if the harmonic phasor injected by the com-
pensator C has the following rms value and phase angle:
IC = -oZi/(RIZcosPC -X12sin&) (11)

i = zi'v = ~i'
h=l
h ~ , + Oh)
sin(hwt (6)

and the proportionality constant is

(7)
If the network impedances have the property Rl/XI =
where Rz/Xz (this is quite often true) and we refer again to the
elementary case PA = PB, results Pc = PA and
PA,PC = Load A and Compensator C'active powers.
The compensator C can be a nonlinear load designed as
a wattless system PC = 0, or may be incorporated in an
energy converter operating as a generator or load, Pcz 0. This is exactly the same result as in case d and is a most
 395

encouraging fact; it indicates that minimum voltage dis- CASE I: A three-phase capacitor bank of 1050 kVA is installed
tortion at a large customer bus in a network may also yield at bus (B2). The 60 Hz power loss is reduced by 21% to 158.68
minimum harmonic power loss in the system. kW, the harmonic power loss increases 8.81 times to 32.21 kW.
What is gained at 60 Hz is lost at the harmonic frequencies
POWER FACTOR STUDY due to near-resonance conditions. The total harmonic voltage
The examined subdistribution system is sketched in Fig. 3. distribution a t bus (B2) is THD = 15.8%, and at the buses
The loads, induction motors, fluorescent and incandescent lights (Bl) and (B3) 8.3% and 9.2%. The voltage and current waves
and adjustable speed drives (six-pulse converters) are concen- at (B2) are given in Fig. 5b. This example demonstrates that
trated at the three buses, (Bl), (B2) and (B3). The mean co- even in systems with a history of acceptable voltage distortion,
incident demand and power factor a t each bus, for each type of (THD = 5.74% for the basic case is a moderate distortion quite
load, is given in Table I. The harmonic current spectrum of the harmless to the equipment) the connectihn of shunt capacitances
nonlinear loads is shown in Fig. 4. can sometimes be disadvantageous. In certain situations the
capacitors are already connected and operating satisfactorily;
Table I - Power Factor and Mean Coincident Demand however when a new large nonlinear load is added in the system
of the Loads the power quality at the user’s end becomes compromised by
the objectionable levels of voltage distortion.
Fluoresc. Incand. 6-pulse Total
Motors
CASE II:The capacitor bank is modified; Two LC filters tuned
Lights Lights Conv. (kVA)
for the 5th and 7th harmonics are used to correct the power
Bus 1 500 170 100 310 1080 factor at bus (B2). The filter components, 60 Hz values, are
Power Bus2 I 625 I 330 I 100 I 1040 11 2095 given in Table 111.
(kVAI Bus3
. I
I 500 I 165 I 70 II 205 11 940
.~

Total(kVA) 1625 665 270 I

1555 4115 I Table I11 - Filters Values at 60 Hz
Power Factor 0.80 0.84 1.0 I
0.866

420 672 13.4 .27 117

The waveforms are greatly improved, Fig. 5c. The power

Table.11 - Base Case. Harmonic Voltages (Vrms) and % THD
Harmonic Order
The voltage and current waveforms at the bus (B2) are shown
in Fig. 5a. To reduce the system power loss a power factor
compensator is installed at (B2). Different strategies will be
assumed and the voltage distortion and system power loss will
be compared. The values computed for the base case (uncom-
pensated system) will be used as a “yardstick” to evaluate the
effectiveness of different compensators. Six methods, starting
with the common shunt capacitance and ending with a sophisti-
cated compensator for .minimum harmonic losses are presented
below. Calculations were based on the method of fixed harmonic
current injection.
T.: 50 l4kV x, 5%
Ti,Tz,Ts: 2 MVA. 14 kV H- 5 kV X, 5%
T.:5OMVA,g0kVA-l4kV x, 5%
1S.8 kV OVERHEAQS-PHASE,4-WIRE LINE, ACSR 4/0
T.
9.0 mi 0.s mi
system loss at 60 Hz is decreased to 159.05 kW, the harmonic
power loss decreased to 1.522 kW. Total active losses in the fil-
ters are 0.844 kW. Filter losses can be arguably viewed as har-
monic losses. The bus (B2) voltage distortion improves to 3.57%.
This method is frequently used in today’s low and medium volt-
age systems. It has the economic advantage that the existing
capacitors can be used and the reactances connected in series
with the capacitors are not a major capital investment. The
disadvantage of this method is that the system impedances may
change at a later time (for example due to addition of capacitors
at other buses) and the existing filters may produce Unexpected
resonance with some branches of the network. A more im-
portant drawback is the fact that during the 24-hour cycle the
system loads change but the 60 Hz reactive power provided by
these filters remains constant not following Optimum value.
CASE 111: Static compensator producing a sinusoidal current
meant to compensa,e only the 60 Hz reactive power. In this case
the compensator is expected to provide the same advantages
as the capacitor bank in case I. The two benefits gained from
using such a compensator are: First, the capability to adjust the
amounts of reactive power generated to an optimum value which
I
I FLUORESCENT LIGHT
MAG CURRENT OF TRANSFORMER
I CONVERTER
0.1 mi

I
M - Moton
IL - Incandescent Lights 0.9 mi
FL - Fluorsscent Lights
VS - Adjustable Speed Drives
(S-puln converter)
T1 M U P L V S M U P L V S

H U FL VS * 6 7 11 1s 16

Fig. 3 T h e Subdistribution System Studied Fig. 4 Harmonic Currents Spectra

7
 ................. ....... ....... .." .. ...........
" .......... .........,.. ....."...........
^ ......
.... .... ..... ..... .....
imm ............ ........... 2u.m , .

" <... ..:.... ......................................

11.1)
"
. . . .
-11,1) ...!......... ....-.........i..........i......... i..,..; -11.1 -#.I ..........
. . .
............................................
.. .. .. . . ... .. . .
-Iy,l) . (;j szsEbcAi$;Ei' .......i ........ ....r...;
t""'. ........
. . . . .. . . . .. . . . ., .... ......? ......
. . , ...,.,..
......,..... (...
, .
. ..
.I
.. .
:...........:........ :..........:....... .;.. ........
:.........i..........;.........i..... ..,........
-(sl 1) ........ I I.........."..........i................. i............... ,.I
......*........
; i
' E
le ALE ,,.'f 2s e I' ,'!ME ("3 TIME ("1s)

. . at B u s (B2)
Fig. 5 Voltage and Current Waveforms ~ ~~

(a) Base Case (b) Case I ( c ) Case .II

.............................. .....

1a.1) .........

-11.1) .......

-'
km (b) CASE IV SINUSOIDAL CURRENT

* o r . . . .V . . . . .
......" ........

Ll.1)

......... .... ...................

......... ,......... . . . . I:
. . .......,
v. ......................
I
i ,i , :. ..
.. i.....;............i.......... ...........i..........*..........i.........."........i........:
I

I 5 11 1s n IS 1 S IO I5 21 25
TIME ("is) TIME (ms)

Fig. 6 Voltage and Current Waveforms at Bus (B2)

with Solid-state Power Factor Compensators
(a) Case I11 (b) Case IV (c) Case V
(d) Case V: Voltage (e) Case V: Current
(f) Case VI: Minimum Loss
will vary with the amount and the distribution of the reactive distortion, THD = 0.26% at (B2), confirming that minimum
power among the loads. Second, no resonance problems are voltage distortion may give, for all practical purposes the same
created by the compensator, Fig. 6a. The computations run for results as the minimum loss requirement. The waveforms for
this hypothetical situation yield 143.4 kW, 60 Hz losses, and this case are given in Fig. 6f.
harmonic losses practically equal to the losses from the base DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
case. The voltage distortion at the three buses are almost equal
The results obtained from the analysis of the subdistribution
to the levels calculated for the base case. system are summarized in Figs. 7 and 8. The voltage distortions
CASE IV The compensator is designed to correct the line cur- at the user's end for the uncompensated bus (B2), (the base
rent to a sinusoidal waveform in phase with the fundamental case) are barely acceptable, 4%<THD<G%, Fig. 7a. These lev-
voltage, Fig. 6b. The voltage waveform at (B2) is slightly dis- els of voltage distortion are representative of a feeder supplying
torted, THD = 1.97%. The GO Hz losses remain the same as in large customers with large nonlinear loads. In this feeder 54% of
case 111, the harmonic losses however, are dramatically reduced the total apparent power is drawn by converters and fluorescent
to 0.723 kW. This is less than 20% of the base case losses. lights. In practice such a power system will definitely require
CASE V: Unity Power Factor. For this condition the active harmonic compensation not only for the sake of reducing volt-
and apparent powers at bus (B2) are equal. The current and age distortion, but also to reduce the harmonic currents injected
voltage waveforms are alike, Fig. 6c, d and e. This method in the 3.0 mi segment (Fig. 3). The major contributor to har-
succeeds in dropping the distortion at bus (B2) even more, THD monic pollution is the 6-pulse converter with a current distortion
= 1.78%. The harmonic losses are further suppressed to 0.645 in excess of 15%. According to the new IEEE std. 519, [6], such
kW. The 60 Hz power loss is practically equal to the case I11 current distortion is acceptable only when the short-circuit cur-
value. rent Z,, > 1000 ZL,where 1, is the maximum load fundamental
current at the point of common coupling. Computations show
CASE VI: The solid-state compensator is adjusted to draw a that the actual Is, < 50 I L , therefore an experienced engineer
current which minimizes the power system 60 Hz and harmonic will feel compelled to recommend harmonic compensation at bus
losses. This optimum condition yields 128.22 kW for the 60 Hz
loss, 0.357 kW for harmonic loss and an insignificant voltage (W.
The total harmonic losses in this system represent only 1.8%
 397
w5

:i
LllDI

10TOTAL
hsI RATED (6OH.7)
IHARMONICS
1-7‘~’~

-
E
20-
162 (b)
x
15’
T .
0
BUS I
BSS 2

d
10-

01 0
00

-
0 60HZ . (c)
Fig. 8 Comparison Among the Seven Cases

1
(a) Power Factor
HARMONICS
(b) Total Apparent Power Supplied
t o t h e Compensator
00 8
a the total power loss, Fig. 7c,d. There is not a strong economic
741 726 728
incentive to compensate harmonic currents for the sake of reduc-
ing harmonic losses. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that
harmonic losses are a powerful indicator of the degree of cur-
rent distortion and, in certain situations, harmonic currents can
contribute significantly to the equipment loss of life.
Due to the near-resonance conditions at bus (B2) it is impos-
sible to correct the power factor by means of simple capacitors,
101 (case I). Tuned LC filters proved to be an effective means of cor-
rection, yielding 20% reduction in the power system losses and
lowering the voltage distortions to reasonable levels < 3.5%.
HARMONIC LOSSES Nevertheless, the current distortion a t bus (B2) is still large,
FILTER LOSSES lO.l%, and when compared with the base case a slight increase
, (FUNDAMENTAL in current distortion is observed at (Bl) and (B3), Fig. 7b. These
INCLUDED)
results are due to the “harmonic sinking effect” at the LC filter.
An effective power factor correction device is equipped with
instrumentation which keeps track of the reactive power flow in
the system, (or at least at the point of common coupling) and
adjusts the compensator output to deliver an optimum amount
of reactive power. Tuned LC filters lack the flexibility required
from adaptively controlled compensators. Solid-state compen-
sators and some power conditioners are known to be able to vary
the amount of 60 Hz reactive power generated or absorbed, as
well as the harmonic currents injected. In case I11 a solid-state
compensator generates only 60 Hz reactive power, injecting a
purely sinusoidal current, leading the fundamental with 90 de-
grees. The effect of such a compensator on voltage distortion,
Fig. 7 Comparison Among the Seven Cases
Fig. 7a, is insignificant. The total system losses are, however,
(a) Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion a t Buses
slightly improved, Fig. 7c, and considering that such a compen-
(BI), (B2), and (B3)
(b) Total Harmonic Current Distortion at Buses sator can be continuously adjusted, it means that such a device
( B l ) , (B2) and (B3) is ideal for 60 Hz reactive power control.
(c) Power System Losses (60 H z a n d Harmonic) Many publications on the subject of power factor correction
(d) Harmonic Power System Loss in nonsinusoidal systems [7] advocate the need for unity power
398
factor, case V, or for a nearly sinusoidal line current, case IV. APPENDIX I: OPTIMUM COMPENSATING CURRENT
The values of the power factor at bus (B2) are given in Fig. Sa.
Neither the case when the line current is sinusoidal, nor the case The harmonic voltages in a N-bus power system are governed
when PF=1, provides minimum power system loss or minimum by the equation
voltage distortion. Both cases, IV and V, demonstrate a great Vbus = ZbusIbur
improvement in voltage and current distortion at bus (B2), nev-
ertheless, we believe that case VI offers a better compensating or in expanded form
strategy: The voltage distortion at all the consumers is less than
1.5%, and the system power losses are reaching the lowest value.
This is important since it indicates that harmonic rms current
flow in the feeder and the 0.3 mi sections has reached a mini-
mum and will have the least effect on communication systems
sharing the same right of way with the overhead lines. We wish
to stress that the power factor for case VI is significantly dif-
ferent than unity. Part of the reason is that the fundamental
current is leading the voltage, (see Fig. 6f), and part is due to
the harmonic currents still injected through the transformer T2, where Vbus,Ibrr = Bus voltage and current vectors
and meant to cancel the harmonics generated at (Bl) and (B3). Zbur =Bus impedance matrix
The engineering economics of the problem presented in this The equation (A-1) is used to relate the voltage and cur-
paper cannot b e tackled without knowing the unit cost, $/kVA rent for a given harmonic or order h. The harmonic current
for the solid-state compensators. At this time this information sources 11,I z . . . , are generated by the nonlinear loads. The
is not available, making it impossible to compare LC filters and compensator is connected at the bus IC and draws the current
compensator costs. The apparent powers demanded by each IC = k(ms pc 3 sin pc). +
case are presented in Fig. Sb. This bar graph is given to assist The power loss due to the harmonic of order h is
in forming an idea about the size of the compensators. Based
on the actual experience with TCRs one can figure that such 1
units will be considered major investments. Fortunately the new
AP=-C CrmnIvm-vnlZ/~~,
2 m = 1 n=l
(A-2 )
m#n n#m
generation of power conditioners and converters can control not
only the active power but also the reactive and distortion powers where V,, V, are the phasor’s harmonic voltage at the buses
(harmonic current phasors) as well. By creating the economic m and n respectively. The actual impedance between m and n
incentive for customers to prefer converters able to operate with
optimum power factors, i.e. t o inject desirable harmonic currents
1s Zmn = f m n 3xmn. +
From (A-1) results
and generate 60 Hz reactive power, it will be possible in the
next decades to keep abreast with the proliferation of power
electronics equipment at all levels of power and voltages.
V m = ZmKIc
1
Zmtt+ (A-3 1

using the notations

REFERENCES Z m p = & n p + 3 X m p and I, = I , ( c o s ~ , , + ~ s i n ~ , )(A-4)

H.F. Storm, “Turn-off Silicon Controlled Rectifiers”, Electro- the expression IV, - Vn1’ is conveniently calculated in the fol-
Technology pp. 62-67, Oct. 1963 lowing way:
M.S. Erlicki, A.E. Emanuel, “New Aspects of Power Factor
Improvement, Part I - Theoretical Basis, Part I1 - Practical IV, - VnIz= ( R e Vm- R e v , ) ’ + ( Z m V, - Im V,)*(A-5 )
Circuits”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. and Gen. Appl., Vol. IGA- where
4, NO. 4, July/Aug. 1968, pp. 441-55
T.J.E. Miller, “Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems” Rev, = rmcIc+u,,,, (A-6 )
John Wiley 19S2. ImVm = LCIC y m i + (‘4-7 1
rmc = %K COS Pc - XmK sin ,&
E. Tironi, D. Zanineli, “Compensation of the Reactive
Power by means of a Current-Controlled Transistor In-
Fmc = R msin~ Pc XmK cos Pc +
cm1 = C(Rm, COS PI - Xm, sin Pl)I,
verter”, Second European Conference on Power Electron- I

ics and Applications, Grenoble, France, Sept. 19S7, pp. 7m1 = C ( R m i sin Pt + X,, COS P,)I,
1
1293-99
Substitution of (A-5,6,7) in (A-2) gives
W.M. Grady, M.J. Samotyj, A.H. Noyola, “Survey of Ac-
tive Power Line Conditioning Methodologies”, IEEE, PES
Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Feb. 1990, Paper WM 048-9 Ap=
m n
{ - on, + ( r m c - r n c ) ~ c ]+’
[om*
- Yn1 + ( F m c - F~c)Ic]’
[~ms } rmn

PWRD
The optimum harmonic current IC, which gives minimum
Project IEEE-419lD5, IEEE Recommended Practices and
A P is found from the equations aAP/apc = dAP/dIc = 0.
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Svstems,
The first partial derivative
April 6, 1990. (updated IEEE Std. 519).
W. Shepherd, P. Zand, Energv Flow and Power Factor in
Nonsinusoidal Circuits, Cambridge University Press, 1979.
 399
The real and the imaginary components of (A-13) give

i P, - XK: sin P,)Il

(RKKCOS Pc - XKKsin &)IC = - z ( R ~cos
I

(RKKsin Pc + X K Kcos P,)Ic = - ~ ( R Ksin, P, - XK:cos Pl)I,

I

From these last two equations results

cmni = gmi - uni ; 7 m n i = 7mi - 7ni

RnmK = RnK - &C XnmK = XnK - XmK

The second partial derivative gives

*mn

which can be put in the linear form

Z21c - Acospc - B s i n p c = 0 (A-11 )

where

z2= CC [ ( r m c - rnc)’ + ( F m c - ~ n c ) ’ ] rmn/zin

m n

and A, B are calculated from (A-10). BIOGRAPHIES

Finally the substitution of (A-10) in (A-11) gives
Alexander E. Emanuel (SM’71) received the B.Sc., M.Sc.
IC = (A2 + B2)’I2/Z2 (A-12 ) and D.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel in 1963, ’65 and ’69.
In the elemen,t?y network shown in Fig. 2 the power loss for a Fkom 1963 to 1969 he was on the staff of the Electrical Engineer-
given harmonic is ing Department at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, first as
AP =R~(IA +
COS PA IB COS PE +
I, COS ,b’c)2+ a Teaching Assistant and later as Lecturer. From 1969 to 1974 he
+ +
RI(IAsin PA IB sin PE I, sin P,)’+ worked for the High Voltage Power Corporation as Senior Research
+ + + and Developent Engineer. In 1974 he joined Worcester Polytechnic
R Z ( I A ~ ~ PI cAc o ~ P c ) ~R z ( I ~ s i n P a I ~ s i n p C ) ~ + Institute, Worcester, MA. Presently, he holds the rank of Professor,
R& and acts as a consultant to local industry. His expertise is in power
The minimum loss equations electronics, electromechanical energy conversion, and high-voltage
technology.
aAP Dr. Emanuel is a Registered Professional Engineer. He is a mem-
aic
-= 0 = I c ( R ~ + & ) + I A ( R ~ + RCOS(PC-PA)
~) ber of Sigma Xi, Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi, and the Societe Royale
-I& C O S ( ~ C - ~ A ) Belge des Electriciens. He is the 1982 recipient of the WPI Trustees’
Award for Outstanding Teaching, and the 1986 recipient of the WPI
aAP
--
aPC
- 0 = - [(RI &)IA + +
cos PA R1Ijg cos PE] tan PC Trustees’ Award for Outstanding Research.
+(RI + R z ) l ~ s i n P A+ R1IigsinP~
Yang Minghao was born in China in 1953. She received her
yield (9) and (10). B.S. degree from Wuhan Water Conservation and Electrical Power
Institute in 1982, and the M.S. degree from Beijing Agricultural En-
gineering University in 1986. From 1982 to 1983 she worked for
Hubei Electrical Power Design Institute as assistant engineer. Since
A p p e n d i x I1 - H a r m o n i c Voltage Cancellation 1986 she has worked for Beijing Agricultural Engineering.
From (A-3) results that the harmonic voltage VK is nil if Currently she is a visiting scholar at Worcester Polytechnic In-
stitute. Her research interests are Power Systems Harmonics, Distri-
ZKKIC + ZKib =0 (A-13 ) bution System Planning and Control.