Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Civil Engineering
A.Y. 2016-2017
October 5, 2016
Examples of local
collapse mechanisms
A rigid body
equilibrium condition
Structural
details in
traditional
buildings
Seismic
resistant design:
details and
solutions
We can learn
the correct approach to design + what should be avoided.
Mainly, we get suggestions on the basic physical laws:
earthquake effects correspond to well defined rules.
In this society, designers and builders as well are responsible for the
earthquake induced collapse of structures.
(see, for instance, the opposite cases of earthquake effects in Haiti and Chile)
In the following examples: a review of typical damage patters and recurring
behaviour rules in structures
studying and understanding earthquake effects is really possible
In the case of a total distruction
it may be difficult to recognize
the causes of the structural
collapse and highlighting the real
effect of earthquake.
A general comment:
the earthquake is selective :
it will surely produce some
damage in the structure
weak points
In this case: collapse is serious but the structure is not destroyed
We can clearly see that the earthquake generated horizontal loads on the
building
From California
to Cina (2008):
structures
behave in
similar ways …
… damage is concentrated at
the column ends
LI
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Damage is typically
localized at the column
ends, where the bending
moment reaches maximum
values.
Collapse is due to:
• a not correct evaluation
of seismic loads on the
structure,
• not correct design of
details in the column
(stirrup spacing)
The earthquake has given evidence to:
• lacking of stirrups,
• insatbility of longitudinal bars under
compression,
• absence of concrete confinement.
Gloabal collapse: the same collapse modality occurred at all the interstories
Interaction of indipendent
structural units:
the ground motion has
generated hammering of
structures.
Hammering: an
extreme situation
The first store columns
revealed a serious mistake in
the detailing of reinforcing
bars
A typical damage pattern in
masonry buildings:
diagonal cracking, corresponding
to shear collapse
A classical damage situation in masonry buildings:
othogonal walls are poorly connected
Damage is serious, although not structural:
exterior masonry panels were not retained
… positive effect
of steel tendons
keeping walls
together
A basic concept in conceptual design:
building regularity both in plan and elevation
Lack of regularity
in elevation: a
classical case …
… consequences are unavoidable
Knowledge of the
procedures
and
glossary
understanding
(reading and
understandig building
codes !)
( II semester )
Special
problems – 1: Soil Local Effects
(Regione Lombardia specific design rules)
POSSIBLE
EFFETTI DIINSTABILITY
INSTABILITA ’
EFFETTI
SITE EFFECTS
DI SITO
Ground motion modification near the free surface
SPECIAL PROBLEMS – 2 :
Existing buildings
A new important
tool for the analysis
of existing masonry
buildings: verify
local collapse
mechanisms
(limit analysis:
check equilibrium in
the limit situation
when a mechanism is
activated)
SPECIAL PROBLEMS – 3 :
Base Isolation
Energy dissipation
The c.a.s.e. project (L’Aquila):
an application of the base
isolation technique
SPECIAL STRUCTURES :
A variety of typologies:
• large roof systems
• pipelines
• bridges
• siloses
• tanks
• underground structures
• chimneys
• towers and steel trusses
Using timber as a structural material in seismic design: why ?
Pipelines
Bridges
Friuli, 1976.
Udine-Tarcento Highway,
just completed.
Tanks
dmax
W, water h
weight
2l o 2R