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• 8 Test billets with various defects
• Rolled into 3” rounds
– Popular for forging
• The location of the defects were noted on
each billet.
• Elongations are used to identify the defect on
the product.
Casting Originated Defects
• Billet defects consisted of the following
1. Severe surface pinholes
2. Less severe surface pinholes
3. Transverse depressions with severe cracks
4. Transverse depressions with bleeds
5. Transverse depressions with fewer bleeds
6. Transverse corner cracks
7. Longitudinal depressions with heavy bleeds
8. Rhomboids with off corner depressions and
internal cracks
Casting Defects
• Longitudinal Corner Cracks (LCC)
– A crack like defect on the corner of a billet
running in the longitudinal direction.
– May be only 3” or 4” long or run the full length.
– May be on or below the surface of the billet.
• Longitudinal Off‐Corner Cracks (LOCC)
– A longitudinal crack or depression (with
associated surface crack known as a hinge
crack) just off the corner of the billet.
Casting Defects
• Rhomboids
o
– The billet does not have 90 corners and
assumes a rhomboid shaped cross section.
• Transverse Cracks (TFC on the face and TCC on
the corners)
– A crack in the transverse direction either across
a face (TFC) or across a billet corner (TCC).
Casting Defects
• Surface Slag
– Produced as a result of oxidation.
– Forms in the tundish or the mold and becomes
trapped between the mold and the billet skin.
• Bleed
– A surface defect in either the transverse or
longitudinal direction.
– Usually raised above the surface of the billet.
– Consisting of a remelted surface.
Casting Defects
• Teeming Arrest or Restart
– A transverse surface defect running for the full
circumference of the billet.
• Pipe
– A central cavity or looseness at the center of a billet
(seen from the end).
• Pin Holes
– Small holes in the surface of the billet about the
diameter of a pin.
• Internal Cracks (IC)
– Any crack within the body of the billet usually normal
to the billet surface.
Severe surface pinholes
Severe surface pinholes
Seams on Forgings
Less severe surface pinholes
Transverse depressions with
severe cracks
• Sometimes scratches,
laps, scabs and other
rolling defects are
mistaken for cracks
or seams.
• In the actual rolling
of the product at the
rolling mill, cracks
cannot be caused
Transverse depressions with bleeds
Transverse depressions with bleeds
Piping:
• Pipe defects are defined as shrinkage cavities at the
center of the billet that are inherent to the end of
casting. As the last steel solidifies, it shrinks and tends
to leave a void at the center of the section
Transverse corner cracks (TCC)
Transverse corner cracks (TCC)
Transverse corner cracks (TCC)
Longitudinal depressions with severe bleeds
Longitudinal depressions with severe bleeds
Transverse Corner Cracks (TCC)
• Cracks may look different
and vary in size and length.
• The cracks may start in the
middle of the billet or from
the outside inward.
• Needless to say, the billet
will split open during the
rolling process.
• Pieces of the billet may
even break off and cause
rolling problems and
serious product defects.
• Even if the billet goes
through the mill without
damaging equipment, it will
result in scrap anyway.
Rolled in Slag
Mold Lube
Rhomboid Billets
• Rhomboids
o
– The billet does not have 90 corners and
assumes a rhomboid shaped cross section.
• Why does the bar twist in the pass?
– Other operational problems with
rhomboids
The first two passes in the mill
BILLET
At the top we can see the
shape of the first pass and the
image of the square billet
overlaid. The vertical lines at
the gap show the expected
spread as a result of the draft
taken in the rolling process. SPREAD
PASS
The image at the bottom is
FORM
the second pass in the rolling
sequence with the shape of
the first pass overlaid. The
lines at the gap represent the
expected spread as a result of
the draft.
Separating the rolls to show the point of contact with the entering cross section.
POINT OF
At the top image it can be seen CONTACT
that the corners of the billet are
captured in the center of the large
radius at the bottom of the pass.
The work is distributed evenly
spreading the bar in a symmetrical
shape.
The image below shows that shape
as it contacts the bottom of the
pass and the spread is contained
by the collars as it is worked in the
pass.
A critical aspect of pass design is
“pass fitting” which as shown is
done to control or limit
undesirable movement in the pass.
The same two passes now with a rhomboid billet
The top image now shows the first pass
with a slight (<.400”) rhomboid. It is
shown that the spread of the bar now
takes the angle of the rhomboid.
The second pass then takes that angled
surface and tips the bar in the pass so
the rhomboid surface is now shifted to
the top of the bar. This continuously
shifting shape is why it appears to
“walk” through the mill.
This alternating rhomboid shape
continues throughout the rolling
process resulting, at the least, in an off
square dimension in the finished
product.
Separating the rolls to show the point of contact with the rhomboid.
It is now shown that the point of
NO
contact is no longer centered and CONTACT
in the bottom of the radius but is CONTACT
now further up the collar of the
roll on one side while no contact
at the other. (The worse the
rhomboid the higher up on the
collar the contact.)
This contact with the collar is
what begins to rotate the bar in
the pass.
At the extreme, material from the
affected corner can be smeared
down the side of the bar which is
subsequently rolled in as a lap.
It is said that rhomboid is a billet defect that never goes away.
It will manifest itself in the finished bar either as an off square
dimension or as a lap. Neither of which is desirable for our
customers.