Matter

What is matter?
• MATTER is anything that makes up the
universe. It occupies space and has mass. It
occurs in four forms: solid, liquid, or gas and
plasma.
• mass-particle in space
PHASES OF MATTER
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
 Fourth state –Plasma
 Bose Ieinstein Condensate
SOLID –closely pack particle with
definite shape ,unexpandable and visible
LIQUID-it has indefinite shape and it
takes the shape of the container,particles
are not widely separated.

Particle arrangement
GAS- particles are widely separated it
fits the container ,invisible and low
density.
PLASMA-is a matter at extremely high temperature and
pressure and at these conditions the matter breaks into
positive ions and unbound electrons maintaining
neutrality of charges.
Application of plasma
Difference between a gas and a
plasma
examples
 Plasma
• Are made up of free electrons and charge
particles called IONS. Plasma has no
fixed volume and shape. Plasma can
conduct electricity and respond to
magnetism. It glows with light and
occurs at extremely high temperatures.
• 99% in the universe exist as plasma
• SUPER-UNEXCITED AND SUPER-
COLD ATOMS.
• THEY EXEIST AT – 273 ◦C or -459.67
◦F or 0k(absolute zero)
• SIZE TOO SMALL
• USES SMALLEST ENERGY
• NO PRACTICAL USE
 Matter can be transformed from
one physical state to another is
called PHASE TRANSITION

• Phase transition is determine by existing

temperature and pressure.
Vaporization- ex: evaporation
 Condensation

Condensation

evaporation

Formation of water droplets

Melting and freezing
sublimation deposition
 The Chemical
Classification of
Matter
matter
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

• Pure Substance-is a homogenous matter of

fixed composition that cannot be decomposed
by physical means.
• Pure Substance can be classified as ELEMENT
and COMPOUND
 ELEMENTS

• Elemental substances are collections of atoms

with the same proton number. Most elements
consist of a mixture of isotopes. It may seem
strange to say there are "about 116 elements",
but the number does change. An element is
made up of only one kind of ATOM.(smallest
particle of an element)
 Classification of ELEMENTS
• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids
 Metals

• Most elements are metals. They are typically shiny,

good conductors of heat and electricity, have a high
density, and only melt at high temperatures. Metals
are ductile and malleable, so their shape can be
easily changed into thin wires or sheets. Metals will
corrode, gradually wearing away like rusting iron
 NONMETALS
• Nonmetals, on the right side of the periodic
table, are very different from metals. Their
surface is dull and they are poor conductor of
heat and electricity. As compared to metals,
they have low density and will melt at low
temperatures. The shape of a nonmetal cannot
be changed easily as they tend to be brittle and
will break
 METALLOIDS
• Elements that have properties of both
metals and nonmetals are called
metalloids. They can be shiny or dull and
their shape is easily changed. Metalloids
typically conduct heat and electricity better
than nonmetals but not as well as metals.
• Ex. B, Si, Ge, As, Te,Sb,Po and At.
 COMPOUND
Compound are pure substances formed
from the chemical combination of two or
more different elements in definite
proportion by mass .It consist of just two
elements or more elements can be organic
or inorganic.
INORGANIC –can be an acid, base and salts
ORGANIC- all substances that contains carbon
except CO2, CO3, CN
 Example of Compound

• NaCl – sodium chloride

• H2O – water
• CO2 - carbon dioxide
• SO2 - sulfur dioxide
• HCl - hydrochloric acid
CHEMICAL FORMULA - Is use to represent a
compound
 MOLECULE

• Is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite

arrangement held together by chemical bonds. A
molecule may contain atoms of the same element
or atoms of two or more elements joined together
in a fixed ratio in accordance with the law of
definite proportion.
• Ex: H2- hydrogen gas (diatomic molecules)
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• Extensive properties of substance depend on

the quantity of sample and include the
measurements of mass and volume. It depends
on the amount of substance present.
• Example of intensive properties;
• Weight, mass, volume,
• Intensive properties does not depend on the
amount of substances .
• Example:
• Hardness, melting point, boiling point, density,
odor ,color, taste.
 Two types of changes in Matter
• A physical change is a change in matter that
involves no chemical reaction. When a substance
undergoes a physical change, the composition of its
molecules remains unchanged, and the substance
does not lose its chemical identity. Melting,
evaporating, and freezing are three types of physical
change. For example, water (H2O) is a liquid that
freezes to form the solid ice, which may again be
melted into water.
 Chemical Change
• When a substance undergoes a chemical
change, the composition of its molecules
changes. The properties of the original
substance are lost, and new substances with
new properties are produced. An example of a
chemical change is the production of rust (iron
oxide) when oxygen in the air reacts with iron.
Chemical Change - produces a new substance (e.g.,
burning, rusting, photosynthesis)

Burning of wood
Basic Techniques of
Separating Mixtures
• Decantation : process of separating
a mixture of insoluble solid from a
liquid by allowing the solid particles
to settle down and then carefully
pouring liquid, called the decantate,
so as not to disturb the residue.
Filtration; select components by particle size.
Filtration is done by
passing a mixture
through a filter. The
residue is the
substance that
remains on the
filter paper. The
filtrate is the
substance that
flows through the
filter paper.
• Evaporation : process of
separating a mixture of soluble
solid from a liquid by heating
the solution to dryness. The
liquid evaporates while the
solid particles remain as
residue.
• Sublimation : process of
separating a mixture of solids
which greatly differ in their
vapor pressures. When the
mixture is heated the solid with
low vapor pressure will remain
as residue.
 Distillation: select
components by boiling
point by heating to high
enough temperatures.
.
As the mixture boils, vapor rises
up the column. The vapor
condenses on the glass
platforms inside the column, and
runs back down into the liquid
below, refluxing distillate. Only
the most volatile of the vapors
stays in gaseous form all the way
to the top.
• Chromatography-Select components by
affinity for a “stationary phase”. The
procedure of separating component
substances in a mixture by differential
adsorptions on a given substance
(adsorbent). The method involves passing a
solution through a column of an adsorbent,
such as apiece of filter paper. As the liquid
moves up the paper, the substances in the
mixture are separated because of their
different affinities to the paper.
 FLOATATION
• Is a method where some solids of a
suspension of a mixture are
allowed to settle. The less dense
material is then poured off. An
example of this is the panning of
gold, which is practiced in the
southern part of the Philippines.
 MECHANICAL SEPARATION
• Involves the use of forceps,
sieve, and other similar tool.
Picking the gravel or passing
mixture into a wire screen
separates gravel and sand.
 CENTRIFUGATION
• Speeds up the settling of the
precipitate. A centrifuge machine is a
motor-driven apparatus.