CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING

VADE MECUM

11.UNIT CONVERSION

Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 11 – UNIT CONVERSION
VADE-MECUM

Time:
The fundamental unit of time t is the second [s ] whose definition is based on an invariant property of cesium
133.
Mass:
International System of Unit ISU : [kg]. 1 kg is the mass of a cylinder of platinum alloy kept at Sèvres, France.
To Obtain
troy hundred sh hundred
Multiply By kg g t lb sht grain ounce
ounce weight weight
kg 1 1000 0.001 2.2046 1.102E-03 15432 32.151 35.274 0.0197 0.022
g 0.0001 1 1E-06 0.0022 1.1E-06 15.4323 0.0322 0.0353 1.97E-05 2.20E-05
t 1000 1E+06 1 2204.6 1.10231 1.5E+07 32151 3.5274 19.684 22.046
lb 0.4536 453.59 0.0005 1 0.0005 7000 14.583 16 0.0089 001
sht 907.19 907185 0.9072 2000 1 1.40E+07 29167 32000 17.857 20
grain 6.48E-05 0.0648 6E-08 0.0001 171E-08 1 0.0021 0.0023 1.28E-06 1.43E-06
troy ounce 0.0311 31.104 3E-05 0.0686 3.4E-05 480.00 1 1.0971 0.0006 0.0007
ounce 0.0283 28.35 3E-05 0.0625 3.1E-05 437.499 0.9115 1 0.0006 0.0006
hundred weight 50.802 50802 0.0508 112 0.056 783994 1633.3 1792 1 1.12
sh hundred weight 45.359 45359 0.0454 100 0.05 699996 1458.3 1600 0.8929 1

Length
(ISU : [m] ; 1 meter = wavelength of orange-red light)
To Obtain
miles miles
Multiply By m m km in ft yd
(stat) (naut)
m 1 100 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621 0.00054
cm 0.01 1 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 6.21E-06 5.4E-06
km 1.00E+03 100000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 0.539665
in 0.0254 2.54 2.54E-05 1 0.83333 0.027778 1.58E-05 1.37E-05
ft 0.3048 30.48 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 0.000164
yd 0.9144 91.44 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568 0.000493
miles (stat) 1609.344 160934.4 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1 0.868507
miles (naut) 1853 185300 1.853 72952.76 6079.396 2026.465 1.151401 1

Area
(ISU : [m 2 ] )
To Obtain
Multiply By m2 cm2 km2 hectare in2 ft2 yd2 miles2 acre (US)
m2 1 10000 1E-06 0.0001 1550.003 10.7639 1.19603 3.86E-07 0.00025
cm2 0.0001 1 1E-10 1E-08 0.155 0.00108 0.00012 386E-11 2.47E-08
km2 1.00E+06 1.00E+10 1 100 1.55E+09 1.1E+07 1196029 0.3861 247.105
hectare 1.00E+04 1.00E+08 0.01 1 1.55E+07 107639 11960.3 0.00386 2.47105
in2 0.00065 6.4516 6.5E-10 6.5E-08 1 0.00694 0.00077 2.49E-10 1.59E-07
ft2 0.0929 929.03 9.3E-08 9.3E-06 143.9999 1 0.11111 3.59E-08 2.30E-05
yd2 0.8361 8361 8.4E-07 8.4E-05 1295.958 8.99971 1 3.23E-07 0.00021
miles2 2590000 2.59E+10 2.59 259 4.015E+09 2.79E+07 3097716 1 640.003
acre (US) 4046.85 4.05E+07 0.00405 0.40469 6272637 43560 4840 0/00156 1

11.1
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 11 – UNIT CONVERSION
VADE-MECUM

Volume
(ISU : [m 3 ] )
To Obtain
m3 cm3 inch3 ft3 US UK yd3 fION
Multiply By l US gallon barrel gallon
m3 1 1000000 1000 61024 35.3147 264.171 6.28978 219.974 1.30794 33783.8
cm3 1E-06 1 0.001 0.06102 3.53E-05 0.00026 6.29E-06 0.00022 1.31E-06 0.03378
l 0.001 1000 1 61.024 0.03531 0.26417 0.00629 0.21997 0.00131 33.7838
inch3 1.6E-05 16.387 0.01639 1 0.00058 0.00433 0.0001 0.0036 2.14E-05 0.55361
ft3 0.02832 28316.8 28.3168 1728 1 7.48047 0.17811 6.22895 0.03704 956.649
US gallon 0.00379 3785.43 3.78543 231.002 0.13368 1 0.02381 0.83269 0.00495 127.886
US barrel 0.15899 158988 158.988 9702.08 5.61462 42 1 34.9732 0.20795 5371.22
UK gallon 0.00455 4546 4.546 277.415 0.16054 1.20092 0.02859 1 0.00595 153.581
yd3 0.76456 764560 764.56 46656.5 27.0002 201.974 4.80892 168.183 1 25829.7
fION 2.96E-05 29.6 0.0296 1.80631 0.00105 0.00782 0.00019 0.00651 3.87E-05 1

Speeds
(ISU : [m 3 .s −1 ] )
To Obtain
Multiply By m/s m/s km/h ft/min miles/h knots ft/s
m/s 1 60 3.6 196.8504 2.237136 1.942795 3.2808
m/min 0.016667 1 0.06 3.28084 0.037286 0.03238 0.05468
km/h 0.277778 16.66667 1 54.68066 0.621427 0.539665 0.911333
ft/min 0.00508 0.3048 0.018288 1 0.011365 0.009869 0.016666
miles/h 0.447 26.82 1.6092 88 1 0.86843 1.466518
knots 0.514722 30.88333 1.853 101.3233 1.151504 1 1.688701
ft/s 0.304804 18.28822 1.097293 60.00073 0.681887 0.592171 1

Flow Rates
(ISU : [m 3 .s −1 ] )
To Obtain
Multiply By m3/s m3/min m3/h l/m ft3/s ft3/m gal US/min
m3/s 1 60 3600 60000 35.31472 2118.883 15850.25
m3/min 0.016667 1 60 1000 0.588579 35.31472 264.1708
3
m /h 0.000278 0.016667 1 16.66667 0.00981 0.588579 4.402846
l/m 1.67E-05 0.001 0.06 1 0.000589 0.035315 0.264171
ft3/s 0.028317 1.699008 101.9405 1699.008 1 60 448.8283
3
ft /m 0.000472 0.028317 1.699008 28.3168 0.016667 1 7.480471
gal US/min 6.31E-05 0.003785 0.227126 3.78543 0.002228 0.133681 1
European standard conditions: dry gas @ 273K, 101 kPa, 10%O2

11.2
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 11 – UNIT CONVERSION
VADE-MECUM

Concentration
(ISU : [kg .m −3 ] )
To Obtain
Multiply By kg/m3 g/cm3 g/m3 mg/l grain/UKgal grain/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/UKgal
kg/m3 1 0.001 1000 1000 0.07015673 436.9961 0.062428 0.010022
g/cm3 1000 1 1000000 1000028 70.15673 436996.09 62.42782 10.02241
g/m3 0.001 0.000001 1 1.000028 0.070157 0.4369961 6.24E-05 1E-05
mg/l 0.001 1E-06 0.999972 1 0.070155 0.4369839 6.24E-05 1E-05
grain/UKgal 14.254 0.0143 14.2538 14.2542 1 6.228855 8.9E-4 0.000143
grain/ft3 2.29E-3 2.29E-06 2.2884 2.2884 0.1605 1 1.43E-04 2.29E-05
lb/ft3 16.0185 0.016019 16018.5 16018.95 1123.806 7000.022 1 0.160544
lb/UKgal 99.7764 0.099776 99776.4 99779.19 6999.986 43601.90 6.228823 1

Pressure
(ISU : 1[Pa] = 1[N .m −2 ] )
To Obtain
mmHG
Multiply By kgf/cm2 mbar Pascal mmWG PSI hWG inHG ATA ATU
(torr)
kgf/cm2 1 980.66 98066 10000 735.56 14.223 393.7 28.959 0.96784 74.6269
mbar 0.001 1 100 10.197 0.7501 0.0145 0.4015 0.0295 0.00099 0.0761
Pascal 1.020E-05 0.01 1 0.102 0.0075 0.0001 0.004 0.0003 9.87E-06 0.00076
mmWG 1.00E-04 0.0981 9.8065 1 0.0736 0.0014 0.0394 0.0029 9.68E-05 0.00746
mmHG 0.0014 1.3332 133.32 13.595 1 0.0193 0.5352 0.0394 0.00132 0.10146
PSI 0.0703 68.947 6894.7 703.08 51.715 1 27.68 2.036 0.06805 5.24679
inWG 0.0025 2.4909 249.09 25.4 1.8683 0.0361 1 0.0736 0.00246 0.18955
inHG 0.0345 33.864 3386.4 345.32 25.4 0.4912 13.595 1 0.03342 2.57699
Atmosphere 1.0332 1013.2 101325 10332 760 14.696 406.78 29.921 1 77.1067
ATU 0.0134 13.141 1314.1 134 9.8566 0.1906 5.2756 0.3881 0.01297 1
1 Newton/m2 = .01 millibar = 10 A/cm2
1 Pieze = 10 millibar = 10000 dyne/cm2
1kgf/m2 = 1 mmWG

Heat, Work
(ISU : 1[J ] = 1[N .m]; 1 cal = 4 ,1868[J ]) used to be defined as the quantity of heat, which must be transferred
to one gram of water to raise its temperature one centrigrade).
To Obtain
Multiply By Joule Calorie kJ kcal BTU Thermie Therm kgfm ft-poundf kWh hph
Joule 1 0.2388 0.001 0.0002 0.0009 2.39E-07 9.48E-09 0.102 0.7376 2.78E-07 3.73E-07
Calorie 4.1868 1 0.0042 0.001 0.004 1.00E-06 3.97E-08 0.4269 3.088 1.16E-06 1.56E-06
kJ 1000 238.85 1 0.2388 0.9478 0.0002 948E-06 101.97 737.56 0.0003 0.0004
kcal 4186.8 1000 4.1868 1 3.9683 0.001 3.97E-05 426.93 3088 0.0012 0.0016
BTU 1055.1 252 1.0551 0.252 1 0.0003 1E-05 107.59 778.17 0.0003 0.0004
Thernie 419E+06 1.00E+06 4186.8 1000 3968.3 1 0.0397 426935 3.09E+06 1.163 1.5596
Therm 1.06E+08 2.52E+07 105506 25200 100000 25.2 1 1.08E+07 7.78E+07 29.307 39.302
kgfm 9.8067 2.3423 0.0098 0.0023 0.0093 2.34E-06 9.29E-08 1 7.233 2.72E-06 3.65E-06
ft-poundf 1.3558 0.3238 0.0014 0.0003 0.0013 3.24E-07 1.29E-08 0.1383 1 3.77E-07 5.05E-07
kWh 3.60E+06 859845 3600 859.85 3412.1 0.8598 0.0341 367098 2.66E+06 1 1.341
hph 2.68E+06 641187 2684.5 641.19 2544.4 0.6412 0.0254 273745 1.98E+06 0.7457 1
1 Joule = 1 Newton-metre

11.3
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 11 – UNIT CONVERSION
VADE-MECUM

Calorific Value (Gas Basis)

[ ]
(ISU: J .m −3 at 273.15oK and 101375 Pa)
To Obtain
J/m3 kcal/m3 kcal/m3
Multiply By 0°C 0°C 15°C
760 mmHg 760 mm Hg 760 mmHg BTU/ft3
J/m3 1 0.238846 0.226406 0.025018
kcal/m3 4.1868 1 0.947917 0.104745
kcal/m3 4.416844 1.054945 1 0.1105
BTU/ft3 39.97138 9.547 9.04976 1

Liquid Calorific Value

[
(ISU: J .m −3 ) ]
To Obtain
Multiply By Joule/m3 Joule/1 kcal/1 Therm/UK gal BTU/US gal
Joule/m3 1 0.001 0.000239 4.31E-08 3.59E-06
Joule/1 1000 1 0.238846 4.31E-05 0.003588
kcal/1 4186.8 4.1868 1 0.00018 0.015022
Therm/UK gal 23208688 23208.69 5543.3 1 83.27002
BTU/US gal 278716 278.716 66.57018 0.012009 1

Calorific Value (Mass Basis)

[
(ISU: J .kg −1 ) ]
To Obtain
Multiply By J/kg J/g kcal/kg BTU/lb BTU/st Therm/t
J/kg 1 0.001 0.000239 0.00043 0.859158 9.63E-06
J/g 1000 1 0.238846 0.429923 859.1579 0.00963
kcal/kg 4186.8 4.1868 1 1.8 3597.122 0.04032
BTU/lb 2326 2.326 0.555556 1 1998.401 0.0224
BTU/st 1.16393 0.001164 0.000278 0.0005 1 1.12E-05
Therm/t 103839 103.839 24.80152 44.64273 89214.1 1

Specific Heat (Gas Basis)

[ ] [
(ISU: J /( m 3 .o K ) = J / m 3 .o C ]
To Obtain
Multiply By J/m3*°C kJ/m3*°C kcal/m3*°C BTU/ft3*°F
J/m3*°C 1 0.001 0.00023885 1.4911E-05
kJ/m3*°C 1000 1 0.2388459 0.01491066
kcal/m3*°C 4186.8 4.1868 1 0.06242796
BTU/ft3*°F 67066.1 67.0661 16.0184628 1

11.4
Rev. 2002
CEMENT PROCESS ENGINEERING SECTION 11 – UNIT CONVERSION
VADE-MECUM

Specific Heat (Mass Basis)

[ ][
(ISU: J /( kg .o K ) = J /( kg .o C )]
To Obtain
Multiply By J/kg*°C kJ/kg*°C kcal/kg*°C BTU/lb*°F
J/kg*°C 1 0.001 0.00023885 0.00023885
kJ/kg*°C 1000 1 0.2388459 0.2388459
kcal/kg*°C 4186.8 4.1868 1 1
BTU/lb*°F 4186.8 4.1868 1 1

Force
[ ]
(ISU : kg .m.s − 2 = 1 [N ] Newton )
1 Newton is the force which when applied to a one-kilogram mass will produce an acceleration of one meter per
second).
Newton dyne gf sthene poundal poundforce
Newton 1 100000 101.9716 1.00E-03 7.233011 0.224809
dyne 0.00001 1 0.00102 1E-08 7.23E-05 2.25E-06
gf 0.009807 980.665 1 9.81E-06 0.070932 0.002205
sthene 1000 1E+08 101971.6 1 7233.011 224.809
poundal 0.138255 13825.5 14.09809 0.000138 1 0.031081
poundforce 4.44822 444822 453.5922 0.004448 32.17403 1

Temperature
• The Celsius scale is defined as the ice point (freezing point of water salined with air at standard atmospheric
pressure = 1 atm = 101 325 Pa) is 0oC and the steam point (boiling point of pure water at 1 atm = 101325 Pa)
= 100oC.
• Fahrenheit: (oF)=32+1.8*( oC).
• Kelvin: (oK)=( oC)+273.15.
• Rankine: (oR)=( oF)+459.67.

11.5
Rev. 2002