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Electrodynamic fields
Maxwell’s Wave
Faraday’s law
equations equations
r r r
Bt Bs Bt
2
dl v r
I I v
1
Fig. 4.2 (a) Case I (b) Case II and (c) Case III
F m = qv × B
r r 2 r r
2 r
V21 = ∫ E • dl = ∫ (v × B) • dl
1 1
The line integral in the LHS is the emf induced in the moving
frame of reference
No.
ur ρ
1. ∇• E = v Gauss law for electric field
ε0
r
2. ∇•B = 0 Gauss law for magnetic field
ur r
3. ∇× B = µ0 J Ampere’s law
ur
ur
4. ∇× E = −
∂B Faraday’s law
∂t
∇ • (∇ × E ) = −
(
∂ ∇•B
=0
)
∂t
This is consistent
LHS is zero
since it is the divergence of curl of electric field vector
r r
( )
∇ • (∇ × B) = ∇ • µ 0 J = µ 0 ∇ • J ( )
r r ∂ r r ∂q
∫ D • ds = q ⇒∫ ∂t D • ds = ∂t ( )
ur
ur ∂B
4. ∇× E = −
∂t
∂ ∂2
≡ jω ; = jω × jω = −ω 2
∂t ∂t 2
1. ∇ × E% = − jω B%
~ ~ ~
2. ∇ × H = jωD + J
~
3. ∇ • D = ρυ
~
4. ∇•B = 0
1. Et1 = Et2 ~ ~
nˆ × ( E1 − E 2 ) = 0
~ ~ r
2. Ht1-Ht2=Js ˆn × ( H1 − H 2 ) = J s
~ ~
3. Bn1=Bn2 nˆ • ( B1 − B2 ) = 0
4. ~ ~ Dn1 − Dn 2 = ρ s
nˆ • ( D1 − D2 ) = ρ s
~ ~
5. Jn1=Jn2 nˆ • ( J1 − J 2 ) = 0
J t1 σ 1 J% σ
6. =
Jt 2 σ 2
ˆn × 1 = 1
%
J2 σ 2
r r r r r r
∇ × H = jωε E + J = jωε E + σ E = ( jωε + σ ) E
Hence,
r 2r
2
∇ E −γ E = 0
Similarly,
2
r 2
r
∇ H −γ H = 0
∂z
1− c
f
r ) E0 −γ r
E ( r ,θ , ϕ ) = Eθ ( r )θ = e
r
~ ~
nˆ × ( E1 − E 2 ) = 0
Lenz’s law Integral Differential Phasor r
~ ~
form form form nˆ × ( H1 − H 2 ) = J s
~ ~
r r nˆ • ( B1 − B2 ) = 0
∫ • ds = ∫ ρv dv
D
r ρ
~ ρ
∇•E = v
∇•E = v ε Dn1 − Dn 2 = ρ s
r r ε ~
∇•B = 0
∫ • ds =0
B
r
~ ~
nˆ • ( J1 − J 2 ) = 0
r ∇•B = 0 ~ r ~
r r r ∂D r ∇ × H = J + jωD
∫ H • dl = ∫ J + ∂t • ds r r ∂D
r
J%1 σ 1
∇× H = J + ~ ~
∇ × E = − jωB nˆ × =
%
r r
r
∂B r
∂t J2 σ 2
∫ E • dl = − ∫ ∂t • ds r
∇× E = −
r
∂B Fig. 4.6 Electrodynamics in a nutshell
∂t
57 Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum 2/16/2013