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by Whitney Quesenbery
Just what do we mean by usability? I’m going to use the word “usabil-
Before we can set out to achieve it, ity” as the quality or characteristic The formal definition of
we need to understand what it is of a product (that is, software, usability from the ISO 9241-
we are trying to achieve. It’s not Web application, or any other 11 standards is: “The extent
enough to declare that from here development project you create) to which a product can be
on, our software will be more user that meets the needs of the people
used by specified users to
friendly or that we will now be cus- who use it, allowing them to work
tomer focused. — or play — with it for their own achieve specified goals with
purposes and in a way that is effectiveness, efficiency, and
Functional requirements answer
appropriate for them. satisfaction in a specified
the question, “What does this pro-
gram have to do?” Usability require- Although there are as many context of use” [1].
ments answer different questions: methodologies and variations in
How do users approach this work? usability as in any other relatively
How do they think about the tasks? new practice, there are some com- models, tasks, and requirements,
How do they judge a successful mon threads: the entire process shifts from “mak-
experience? ing it work” to “making it work
A focus on understanding the
Some of the confusion is caused by entire context of use. It is not right.” As Kim Goodwin points out
the elasticity of language. It can be enough for someone to be able to in the next article, usability testing
hard to find a single word to cover navigate through the software; they and iterative refinement can take
a large concept, and usability is a must be able to complete their an existing product and “make it
large concept. The truth is that the tasks, meet their goals, and do so right.” User-centered design takes
word “usability” has become a in a way that makes sense in their this one step further — it can help
catch-phrase for a set of ideas environment. you make the “right product.”1
about the relationships between Designing for specific audiences.
Evaluation and iteration as part
users, designers, developers, and Usability means more than just
of the process. Most practitioners
the software. In any specific sen- “ease of use.” People and software
rely on user feedback through
tence, it might be used to mean: are both complex, and usability is
research or evaluation rather than
n A quality of the final product simply trusting the experience and just as multifaceted. It requires a
expertise of the designer to get it balance of many different aspects
n A process for creating usable of user interaction.
software right the first time. This also means
using what you learn to improve the So aren’t there any simple stan-
n The specific techniques used
product before it is released. dards for usability? Why can’t we
to achieve that result
n A philosophy of designing A user-centered approach to
with people in mind design. When product develop- 1SeeKim Goodwin, “Are You Making the
ment has been focused on under- Product Right or Making the Right
standing users’ goals, mental Product?” pp. 12-15 in this issue.
Effective
Effective
Effective Effective
Efficient
Easy to Learn Efficient
Engaging
Easy to Efficient
Learn Efficient
Error Tolerant
Engaging Engaging
Error Tolerant
Engaging
Error Tolerant
Easy to Learn Error
Tolerant Easy to Learn
Specify requirements
Evaluate designs Program meets What are the business and
Test the design with users business and user goals for this program?
to ensure that it meets usability goals
business and usability goals
analysis and compare that to actual that were spurred by a changed general office software from
errors reported or logged. Using the image of the users. For example, Microsoft or any other vendor, and
different aspects of usability as a I once worked on a payroll and they did not use e-mail at work
tool for selecting research tech- employee-management program (although many had personal
niques can help ensure that you get for small businesses. As we began accounts). Most importantly, they
the answers to your questions and work on the design, we were told were interested in learning just
information that will help you make that the typical users worked with enough to get by; they wanted to
good design choices. many different programs, were get their payroll done, not change
familiar with Microsoft Office pro- the way they did business.
When the user research and
grams, used e-mail regularly, and
analysis are complete, you have an In this project, we started our user
were eager to learn to use the pro-
opportunity to compare your new research focusing on speed and
gram to improve their business.
understanding of users with the accuracy and trying to learn how
The product development team
team’s initial view. This is a chance users completed the specific task
suggested that the users’ most
to update the picture and correct of creating their payroll, but we
pressing usability need was effi-
any assumptions that have proved found that this was the wrong
ciency, so they could process their
to be incorrect. approach. Instead, we changed
payroll quickly; effectiveness, or
our techniques to focus on ease of
The usability literature is full of accuracy, was the second most
learning and error tolerance. We
examples of product innovations important need.
wanted to know, for example, what
When we began working with aspects of the process the software
users, we quickly discovered how needed to teach and what kinds of
The usability literature is inaccurate this portrait was. These problems most often led to mis-
full of examples of product small business office managers takes in the payroll.
innovations that were worked with just one or two pro-
grams, usually software specifically Creating Usability Goals
spurred by a changed and Requirements
designed for their industry —
image of the users. Each of the 5Es can be the
and they thought of this as “a lot
basis for a usability goal. A user
of different tools.” They rarely used
statement like “How do I know vision that emerged from it. This to handle more than one database
whether everyone will receive the can also help reveal any differences record at a time? Or do infrequent
correct bonus on their next pay- in needs, or emphasis, among dif- users need built-in assistance to
check?” might lead to a require- ferent users. For example, a man- “remind” them how to use the
ment that the user be able to see ager may care that the work is done interface? Each of the 5Es suggests
and confirm all choices before tak- efficiently and see it as a “time on some possible design requirements
ing a final action. Or a program with task” problem, while workers may (see Table 2).
many infrequently used tasks might see it as a problem of error toler-
have a usability goal that it be possi- ance and how well the application Planning Usability Testing
ble for a (typical, trained) user to supports them as they work. What kind of usability evaluation is
complete such tasks without addi- needed to ensure that the design
tional training or the use of an Forming a Design Approach has met usability goals? What kinds
external manual. A focus on the wrong aspects of of prototypes are needed to get
usability is a frequent cause of useful results? As with user
Whether the statement leads to unusable products. Therefore, the research, the answers depend on
a functional requirement or a design approach should always the dimensions you are most con-
usability goal, tying each of them start from and be tailored to usabil- cerned about (see Table 3). For
to one of the usability dimensions ity requirements. For example, do example, an application that needs
connects the statement to that ini- some users need shortcuts or ways to support very efficient operation
tial conversation and the shared
probably needs to be tested with a design is a practical issue. How can n Customers or business ana-
high-fidelity prototype or an early all this extra work fit into schedules lysts who don’t understand
version of the program, with some that are already crammed to the what you can — and can’t —
initial training and a realistic set of breaking point? Let’s flip this ques- do with software
tasks matching typical working tion around and ask a different one: n Building something, only to
conditions. To test how well a prod- how can usability help cure what be told that it’s not really
uct engages users in a complex ails your software development what users (or marketing)
task, however, working with early process? wanted after all
conceptual prototypes will help
It’s not as though the process of The funny thing is that these are all
focus on the overall process rather
creating software has been pain part and parcel of what the
than the specific details.
free. In fact, when you ask develop- Standish Group said in its CHAOS
ers what they hate the most about Report back in 1994: 34% of proj-
FITTING USABILITY INTO their job, they’ll tell you: ects are cancelled outright before
THE SCHEDULE they are completed, 50% are an
n Requirements that change,
impaired version of the original
One of the most frequent objec- and change, and change
vision, and 16% succeed [4]. And
tions to usability or user-centered
the ones that fail have their source