CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL

PROVINCIAL JAIL AND OZAMIZ

CITY JAIL

A Thesis

Presented to
The Faculty, College of Arts and Sciences
La Salle University
Ozamiz City

By

JAPANA, JAZEL A.
 Acknowledgements

The researcher would like to express her heartily gratitude to those who share their
guidance and motivation in this study. I would be able to do this if not with their patience and
their extensive support and assistance for this study.

First, the researcher is so thankful to the almighty God for all the blessings,and the
knowledge and wisdom and the strength he has shower to the researcher. To his undying love
and care and for guiding the path of the researcher in conducting some study regarding in the
research. His blessings are manifested through the undying support of a number of people whose
contributions of this endeavor success.

To her parents Mr. and Mrs. Jaime C. Japana, Jr. and family for consistently giving and
sharing their endless love, support through financial and moral and for their encouragement
while doing this research.

To the fellow classmates, for sharing their knowledge and idea in helping the researchers
in the construction of the project.

The Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, this piece of work was heartily offered.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION PAGE

Background of the Study 1

Conceptual Framework 2-3
Research Paradigm 4-5
Statement of the Problem 6
Hypothesis 7
Significance of the Study 8-9
Scope and Limitation 10
Problem 11
Locale of the study
Time frame
Definition of Terms 12

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Related Literature and Studies 13
III METHODOLOGY Research Design 23
Sampling Procedure 23
Research Instrument 23
Research Procedure 24
Statistical Tools/ Treatments 24

IV RESULTSAND DISCUSSION
Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 30-32
the respondents in PPCJ
Cases filed to the respondents 33-37
Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 38
the respondents in PPJ
Level of perception of the respondents 34
Difference between PPCJ and PPJ 48
Correlation of data in terms of demographic and Socio-economic- 50
Profile of the respondents with regards to the factors cited

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

* Summary 53

* Conclusions 55

*Recommendations 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY 57

APPENDICES

Letter of Request for the Warden 60

Letter of Request for the Respondents 61
Survey Questionnaire 62

DOCUMENTATION 63
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 30

the respondents in OCJ and MORJ

2. Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 40

t he respondents in OCJ and MOPJ

3. Level of perception on the factors that motivate the youth to 34

commit an offense in OCJ and MOPJ

4. Difference between OCJ and MORJ paired samples correlation 48

5. Correlation among the Demographic and Socio-economic 49

profile in regards with the factors cited.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. The Research Paradigm of the study 5

2. Location Map showing the area of the study 11
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

a. Letter of Request for the Warden 59

b. Letter of Request for the Respondents 60

c. Letter for the Respondents 61

d. Survey Questionnaire 62

e. Documentation 68
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

This paper examines the delinquent’s acts among the adolescents. The acts are associated
with the anti-social activities, including the deviance behavior in the society; it does not conform
to the set of rules and norms. Youth are likely to adopt such behavior when they are exposed
during childhood; some of delinquents are from delinquent peers, parental criminality, exposed
to criminal activities, hyper activities and beliefs to the attitudes favorable to deviant activities.
The juvenile delinquency is an abundant area for the construction of sociological theory.
Delinquency is defined as the action; course or conduct that deviates from the acts approved by
the majority of people. It is a description of those acts that do not conform to the accepted rules,
norms, and mores of the society. Delinquency, therefore, is a general term for any misconduct
or misbehavior that is tantamount to felony or offense. It is, however distinct from crime in the
sense that the former may be in the form of violation of law, ordinance or rule but it is
punishable only by a small fine or short term imprisonment or both. Legally speaking
delinquency means the failure to perform an act required by law, or the non-existing law or rule
(Mendoza, 2002).The problems of juvenile delinquents are much related to social problems. To
survive in life you almost have to become delinquent. Exposed to criminal elements these
children are vulnerable to prostitution, drug addiction pushing and most street children have
become juvenile delinquents either out of necessity because they are poor or through the force
called modos operande.

Ozamiz City Jail has now a large number of youth that is not productive in our
community. Some of them are engaged in many anti-social activities; an anti-social activity that
is not conform by the prevailing norms, as the sociology student I had a lot of bad experienced
with this so called juvenile offenders and yet I felt bad about the situation that they were, some
of the youth are member of gangs, this groups might have a great influence pertaining to
youth behavior, this gangs exist in the selected barangays of Ozamiz City , it is much likely can
be explained as the deviance act, it is not an aggressive offenses but sometimes it will trigger
them to level up and became like an adult criminal.

A large problem arose from the treatment accorded to the juveniles when they were
placed in jails. Most juvenile delinquents were not segregated from the hardened adult criminals
in the biggest jails in the Philippines, such as in the Muntinlupa jail outside Manila, so that after
their release they went back in the street with more knowledge of crime. This severely hampered
the social integration of the youth offenders after they left prison. Chances were high that these young
offenders would become chronic delinquents and eventually hardened criminals (Manwong, wt al, 2002).

Three major sociological traditions have the best way to explain to this matter including
the structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory. This 3 major theory in
the field of sociology contribute its explanation of delinquency. Much of the work in this area
seeks to explain why officially recorded delinquency is intense in the lower class, or in what is
today more often called the underclass. Given the fact that most of the offenders are coming
from the lower class or poor, it is because they are not well informed in many ways (Conrad, et
al, 2002)

Current research into this difficult and pressing issue reflects a vast range of theories
about, and predictors of delinquency as well as a multitude of strategies to control and reduce
overall delinquency. The consensus among practitioners and researchers however maintains that
juvenile delinquency is a dynamic, multifaceted problem with numerous potentially causal
factors. Subsequently, investigators and professionals suggest that treatment procedures must
focus on not only the immediate issue of the offender’s deviant behavior but on every element
within the context of that behavior as well, including for example, family relations and social
support services/networks. Conventional practice has long associated early preventive measures
with positive delinquency reduction results. In particular, timely recognition of at-risk youth and
correction of ineffective or minimally effective parenting techniques are critical to the prevention
of future delinquency (Lundman, 1993).
 Numerous risk factors have been identified as indicators or predictors of juvenile
delinquency and those factors represent dysfunction at several levels, specifically within the
structure of the offender’s family. Some of this factor includes conflict within the family, a lack
of adequate supervision and/or rules, distinct lack of parent-child attachment, instability, poor
home life quality, parental expectations, out-of-home placements and inconsistent discipline.
Social
Service professionals who frequently come into contact with children must be especially vigilant
in order to detect the presence of any of the possibly contributory conditions mentioned above
and to refer families to appropriate sources of assistance as early as possible. Generally speaking,
the relationship between family conflict and delinquency is significant (Shumaker, 2000).

Conceptual Framework

The primary objective of this study is to determine the case filed to the juvenile
delinquents in Ozamiz City.

Literature acquaints that socio-economic characteristics such as present age and age
during commission of crimes, gender, civil status, educational attainment, ethnic affiliation,
parents income and monthly income of adolescents who engaged in crime may show a
discrepancy.

The conceptual framework shows independent variables which include the socio-
economic profile of the delinquents. On the other hand intervening variables which include the
factors that motivate the youth to commit crimes.
The dependent variables are the level of significance.
Statement of the Problem

The study aims to answer the following questions regarding the cases filed against the Juvenile
Delinquent at the Ozamiz City Jail. Specifically, it will attempt to answer the following research
questions.
1. What are the demographic and socio economic profile of the juvenile delinquent sat the
Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail and Ozamiz City Jail in terms of:
a. Present age
b. Age during the commission of crime
c. Civil status
d. Gender
e. Educational attainment
f. Ethnic group
g. Religion
h. Parents occupation
i. Monthly family income
2. What are the cases filed against the juvenile delinquents?

3. What is the level of motivation on the factors cited among respondents in:
a. Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail
b. Ozamiz City Jail
4. Is there a significant relationship between the respondent’s demographic and socio-economic
profile and the factors cited in Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail and Ozamiz City Jail.
a. Individual factors
b. Family factors
c. Social factors
d. Peer-related factors
e. Community factor

5. Is there a significant difference between the factors cited among the respondents in
a. Ozamiz City Jail b. Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail
Significance of the study

This study has a great significance to our local government officials, as well as to the
students, faculty and administrators of LASALLE UNIVERSITY,OZAMIZ CITY.

The results of this study would like to show design interventions and motivational
instruments that are responsive to the youth related cases in Ozamiz City Jail and Misamis
Occidental Provincial Jail

The law enforcers of Ozamiz City expect a tremendous rate of crimes coming from the
youth or so called the juvenile delinquents, this might happen because of the rapid population
growth in the society.

This study will also be useful to the parents who are responsible in playing the positive
role for their children. The role of parents is to emphasized to their children the importance of
education but the questions which always remain, does the involvement of parents will have a
positive impact on the children’s achievement, or do they push their children too hard? This will
inform them to be aware on every possible outcomes and involvement of their children in crimes.

This study would be helpful also to the Filipino family, for them to be aware, to know
exactly the role of family inside the home and the acts of discipline to the children; we all know
that family is responsible for the primary nurturing and rearing of children which is in critical
delinquency prevention. Would serve as a primary motivational element for the establishments
of God fearing family.

The study would be specifically useful to the administration of Ozamiz City Jail and
Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail that serves as the correctional institution in Ozamiz city and
Misamis Occidental.
This study would bring an impact to our educational system; educational institutions shall
work together with families, community organizations and agencies in the preventions of
juvenile delinquency and in the rehabilitation Andre integration of child in conflict in the sets of
prevailing norms and mores. Schools shall provide adequate necessary and individualized
educational schemes for children manifesting difficult behavior.

On the other hand, the mass media should play an active role in the promotion of child
rights, and delinquency preventions by only relaying on consistent messages through balanced
sending of information.

It would be functional if local council should serve as the primary agency to coordinate with and
assist the LGU concerned for the adoption of comprehensive plan on delinquency preventions.

Scope and limitation Problem

The study aims to answer the following questions regarding the cases on juvenile
delinquency in Ozamiz City Jail and Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail Problem
This study was conducted problem at the Ozamiz City Jail and Misamis Occidental
Provincial Jail
a. Locale of the study
This study was conducted at the Ozamiz City Jai, and Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail
b.Time Frame
This research pointed out only the delinquents that are detained at the Ozamiz City Jail
and Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail.
The focused of the study was the factors that motivate the youth to commit an offense
and be called as the delinquent. The study was in the month of January.
Operational Definition of Terms

To facilitate the understanding of ideas in this study, the terms are defined operationally.

Age- these terms refer to the length of time a person lived

Crime-these refer to the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via
mechanisms such as police power) may ultimately prescribe conviction.

Delinquent acts-Anti social behavior performed by the delinquent people

Demographic profile-These is refer to the age, civil status, educational attainment, ethnic group
and religion.

Educational attainment- These terms refer to the level of education finished on currently
enrolled by the respondents.

Ethnic affiliation-these is refer to the ethnic groups and tribes

Juvenile delinquency-these is refer to the youth that involved in many anti social activities
against the law.

Respondent-These is refer to a group of people that is being asked for the research study.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign literature and studies

Children were viewed as non-persons until 1700s. They did not receive special treatment or
recognition. Discipline then is what we now call abuse.

There were some major assumptions about life before the 1700¶s. The first assumption about life was
hard, and you had to be hard to survive, the people of that time in history did not have the
conveniences that we take for granted. The second assumption was that infant and child mortality were
high. It did not make sense to the parents in those days to create emotional bond with children. There
was a strong chance that the children would not survive until adulthood (Manwong 2000).

At the end of the 18th century, ³The Enlightenment´ appeared as the new cultural transition. This period
of history is sometimes known as the beginning of reason and humanism. People began to see children
as flower that needed nurturing in order to bloom. It was the beatings to stay in line (Gramskie, et al,
2005).

Prior to the 20th century, juvenile offenders were often treated as adults. The first development
contrary to this in United Kingdom was establishment of borstal training center in place normal
imprisonment, which was intended to build up the offender’s character (Cohen, et al, 2004).

Delinquency through path Analysis

Juvenile delinquency has become an increasing concern to society; aggressive behaviors are
particularly harmful. This study examined parent and youth behaviors and personality types that may
influence delinquent and aggressive behaviors. Youths were referred by the court to an
intervention program; ratings of delinquency and aggression were derived from parent reports, self-
report, and court referral data. Results showed that high parent ratings of youth aggressiveness were
related to high turmoil in the home and to youths' positive opinions of delinquent peers, while high
aggressiveness of the youths' referring offenses was related to lax punishment. Developmentally, this
suggests that in adolescence both the peer group and home influences are important in shaping
different aspects of the youths' aggressive and delinquent behaviors(Erdwin, et al., 2002).
Relationships between father's occupation, delinquent peer association, tendency to neutralize, and
self-reported delinquency are explored in a path model. Self-reported delinquencies are categorized into
Minor, Predatory, and Aggressive delinquency. The effect of this division is analyzed among Mexican
Americans and Anglo college students (N =694).The structure of the resulting path models remained
similar across these sub samples, although there was some variation in the strength of the relationships.
The effect of father's occupation was minimal. The strongest relationships were between neutralization
and delinquency, controlling for delinquent peers and for father's occupation, which decreased as the
seriousness of the delinquency increased. Additionally neutralization was more strongly related to
delinquency among Anglos tha namong Mexican Americans, explaining 39% of the variation in
delinquency among Anglos, but only 28% among Mexican Americans. Association with delinquent peers,
however, was more strongly related to delinquency among Mexican Americans (Farrington, et, .al 2000).

Social Factors, portrayals of violence among youths.

The motion picture industry began depicting delinquent youth in the 1903s, and the practice continues
to the present day. Since the 1950s,youth between the ages 12-20 have comprised about 40% of all
admissions to American movie theaters (Squire, 1983). Further ,the proliferation of videocassette
recorders has increased the ability of adolescents to view motion pictures . A large youth audience
exists for movies dealing with adolescent themes, such as juvenile delinquency. Given the high
incidence of juvenile delinquency and conduct disorder in the United States (Lewis,1991) ,It is logical to
conclude that a large number of delinquent youth are viewing contemporary films, especially those
dealing with topics relevant to them .

Due to the relative ease of access to videocassette recorders and cable television , there is increasing
evidence that the age at which youth are exposed to the movies is becoming lower. Current evidence
suggests that the use of aggression as a means of solving social problems usually develops early in life;
the more aggressive child is very likely to become the more aggressive adult. But the central question is
the degree to which such childhood aggression is predictive of adult criminality. Again research has
demonstrated a very significant correlation between aggression at age 8 with aggression at age 30
,especially for boys. Harmful lifelong consequences can result from aggressive habits learned
early in life (Herrenkohl,et., al 2000).
One of the main psychological processes through which excessive exposure to media violence
may produce aggressive behavior in delinquent you this known as observational learning. Youth
learn to behave aggressively by modeling violent actors in the media (Bandura, 2000). Although
research indicates that the period between 6 to 10 years is an especially sensitive one for learning
by observation, Hearold's (1996) review indicates that such imitation of violent behavior in the
media might also increase among adolescent boys. The theory of "resonance" is relevant to such
social learning of violence. This theory states that when what is viewed in the media is congruent
with real-life experiences of the audience, the result is a significant increase in the reality of the
media messages (Gerbner et al., 1996). For example, Frost and Stauffer (1997) found that
residents of an inner-city housing project were much more aroused by film depictions of rape
than were college students. Attitudes supportive of male tendencies to behave aggressively
toward women and to engage in rape are increased by exposing males to violent pornography,
according to most of the research available (Ellis, 1999). It is therefore important to know the
extent to which today's movies are reflective of actual factors associated with juvenile
delinquency. If film depictions of delinquency are consonant with delinquent youths' own
experience, a powerful interactive effect could occur in which the delinquent, or future
delinquent, may be even more desensitized and disinherited to engage in delinquent acts. Youths'
willingness to accept delinquent behavior in other children can be increased by even brief
viewing of violent movie scenes and such accepting attitudes make it more likely that the youths
will behave aggressively toward others, a process known as "desensitization." When a subject
sees violent acts in the media which are perceived as justified, the probability increases that the
subject will act aggressively, a process known as "disinheriting"(Huesmann, 1996). Feshbach
(1996) found that the observer of visual media stores for later retrieval only those scenes viewed
as likely solutions to real social problems. Delinquent acts perceived as unreal would not be
modeled as readily ( Kornhauser, et. ,al 2000).

Observational learning

Human learning is a continuous reciprocal interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental

factors. Sometimes called observational learning, social learning theory focuses on behavior modeling,
in which the child observes and then imitates the behavior of adults or other children around him or her.
On his study he emphasizes how violence portrayed in mass media can have tremendously negative
impact on the behavior of certain types of children watching violent television shows. What he noted
was that some children will observe and then imitate the behavior of the characters on the television
screen. From these observations, we can conclude that juvenile delinquency is the result of imitation of
aggressive actions. Bandura determined that certain types of children learn to perform violent and
aggressive actions by observing and then modeling their behavior after what they have seen. He
referred to this as direct learning through instantaneous matching of the observed behavior to the
modeled behavior (Erdwin, et. al 2000).
Social Factors of Juvenile Delinquency

There are many social factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency. One that has
risen to the forefront has been the role the family plays in delinquency. It has become
increasingly obvious that a child's family can have significant impact on the child's level of
deviance (Matherne &Thomas, 2001). In fact, research has shown that children with strong
parental ties are less likely than their peers without these ties to become aspects of their
children's lives. Parental supervision, effective communication, and simple closeness can all help
to reduce a juvenile's chance at becoming delinquent. Parents must work to see that these issues
are addressed. Community and law enforcement can also take up the mantel when a parent needs
additional help.

Local Literature and Studies

Presidential Degree no. 603 otherwise known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code was signed into law
on December 10, 1974 and became effective six months after its approval. This code mentions in Chapter
3, articles 189-204, the care and treatment of youthful offenders from the time of apprehension up to the
termination of the case.

Before Marcos time the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts provided unique form of adjudication to
youthful offenders and disposal of family cases. It was effective in administering justice, because the
methods were not adversarial, but it was oriented to rehabilitation. It viewed the minor as a victim not as
an aggressor. It undertook the reformation of the youth with the purpose of integration of him or her into
mainstream society. However, on January 17, 1980 the Judiciary Reorganization Act or Batasang
Pambansa 129 abolished the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts. Section 23 of that law authorized
the Supreme Court to designate certain branches of the Regional and Municipal Courts to act exclusively
on juvenile and domestic creations cases.

However, these courts functioned also as courts of general jurisdiction which meant that separate
proceedings for youthful offenders were delinquent. However, this is only the beginning. Parents
obviously play the largest role in a child's development. Naturally, the more time parents can spend with
their children, the more of a positive influence the parents can have. One study has shown that children
who lack parental supervision after school hours run a higher risk of engaging in delinquent acts. Above
all of these, the best indicator seems to be family type and status (Matherne &Thomas, 2001). Status
refers to the makeup of the family. Children that come from single parent home are significantly more
likely to become delinquent. It has also been found that communication, cohesiveness, and adaptability
within the family can also impact delinquency. These fall under they family type category.
Unquestionably, the family can play a huge role either positive or negative on the delinquency of their
children. There are a few strategies that can be adopted to ensure that the family is a positive influence on
a child so that their risk of delinquency is reduced. It obviously starts with the family itself. Parents must
be willing to engage in all not possible. This in spite of the fact, that the Philippines had signed all the
International Treaties concerning the rights of children.

In the final years of the Marcos era, crime became hardened in the street. Between 1976 and 1983
murder, robbery, theft, rape and homicide rose from 37%to 58% of all crimes committed. Delinquent
youth doubled from 3,814 in 1987 to 6,778 in 1989. The majority (59.1 %) apprehended were between 17
and 21 years old, while another 31.8% were between 13 and 16 years old. Only 2.3 % were preteens. This
was the situation based on data given by the Department of Social Welfare (1).

Under Pilipino law; article 189 of Presidential Decree 1179, a youth full offender is over nine but under
eighteen years of age of the time the offence is committed. Children under the age of nine are exempt
from criminal responsibility and those between nine and fifteen are liable only if they are able to
demonstrate discernment, which is a level of intellectual maturity including the ability to distinguish right
from wrong.

There are seven penitentiaries in the Philippines. Two of them are in Metro Manila, two elsewhere in
Luzon, one in the Visayas and two in Mindanao. As of November 1992, these penitentiaries had a total of
14,007 inmates. More than half of them (or 7,717) were at the Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Metro
Manila, which is the most crowded. There were 72 provincial jails, one for every province, in the country.
There are 60 city jails and 1,506 municipal jails all over the country. The conditions in these jails and
rehabilitation centers were deplorable. The worst one was the rehabilitation Centre named the Molave
Youth Center. According to PAHRA (2), the Molave Youth Home suffered from a 67%rate of
congestion. Its ideal capacity was only 100 yet an average of 167 offenders was being housed there
(www.judgesandmagistrates .org).
Implementation on of Law for the juvenile offenders

UNICEF Philippine reported that from 1995 to 2000, a total of 52,576children were
monitored as having been deprived of their liberty in detention placement under the custodial
setting through suspended sentence according to the second country report on the
implementation if the convention on the rights of the child submitted by the government council
for the welfare of children.

The report is an official admission that an average of 10,515 children are being arrested
and detained every year about 28 children every day or more than one child every hour. The
report also established that more boys than girls were in jail.

Republic Act No.8369 –the family courts Act of 1997

An act establishing family courts, granting them exclusive original jurisdiction over child and
family case, amending BP Blg. 129, as amended, otherwise known as Judiciary Reorganization
Act of 1980, appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes.

JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ± the law on the juvenile justice system in the Philippines is
Republic Act No. 9344 known as the juvenile justice and Welfare Act of 2006 which took effect
on May 20, 2006 (Manwong et al, 2008).

Juvenile Corrections in the Philippines

A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or
interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are conventionally institutions,
which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a
legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.

As cited by the Philippine Constitution, criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be
charged with a criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he or she is denied, refused or
unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable to post bail. This may also occur where the court
determines that the suspect is at risk of absconding before the trial, or is otherwise a risk to society. A
criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. If found guilty, a
defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment.
By 2002, Children in Jail in the Philippines were attracting International Media attention. The Australian
Government owned television network, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation run a documentary on
the issue in which it stated, Children as young as eight are being held in adult prisons in The Philippines
in contravention of international statutes and the country’s own laws. In September 2005, it was
estimated that over 4,000 children were in jails and detention centers all over the country many of them
mixed with adults. Another estimate states there are an estimate 20,000 children in prison in the
Philippines throughout a single year. By May 6, 2005, it was estimated there were 2,100children in jails
across the Philippines, 20 of them on death row
Getting information on children in jail is difficult, "No one knows what goes on inside of prisons because
no one is allowed in," Father Cullen said during an interview with the Western Catholic Reporter, the
official newspaper of the Archdiocese of Edmonton.

Children in Ozamiz City Jail are detained in a small (3 meters by 7 meters approx.) unventilated
concrete cell. There is no window in the cell, and the minors have no access to an electric fan which
many of the adult cells shave and which is necessary in the constant oppressive heat. The children's cell
is in a block containing over a hundred convicted adult prisoners. The same cell is always used to house
children regardless of the number in the jail. Reports from adult inmates indicate that the same cell was
used for up to 15 children at a time. There are no bedding or basic sanitary items supplied by the jail.
There is a separated concrete cubicle in the corner of the cell with a toilet. The children are not given
any change of clothes, and commonly wear rags. There have been reports of a Hepatitis and TB
epidemic in the Jail. The children have a maximum one-hour a day of exercise. They have to request this
each day. Children report being underfed and hungry. Conditions in the jail may amount to torture,
inhuman, degrading treatment of the children (http://www.bulalat.com/yc)
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents research design, sampling procedures, research instrument, research
procedure, and statistical tools.

Research Design

This study used descriptive research to identify the cases filed to the juvenile delinquents.
. Likewise, it also used illuminative research in explaining the demographic characteristics of the
respondents being investigated which in this case about the juvenile delinquents at the Ozamiz
City Jail and Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail.

Sampling Procedures

Total enumeration was used in this study. The main respondents of the study were the
selected Juveniles who are currently detained at Ozamiz City Jail and Misamis Occidental
Provincial Jail. The key informants were identified to provide the necessary information
pertaining to the cases of the juvenile delinquents.

Research Instrument

Questionnaire was prepared in a convenient manner providing check list for respondents to
answer the question to evaluate the level of factors that motivate youth to commit an offense; a
liker scale questionnaire was prepared. The researchers designed a questionnaire for the juvenile
delinquents of the Ozamiz City Jail and Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail as primary data
gathering instrument. The said questionnaire is consists of five (5) parts:

Part 1. To identify the demographic and socio economic characteristics of the respondents.

Part 2. To identify the cases filed against the juvenile delinquents.

Part 3. To identify the level of motivation on the factors cited among respondents.

Part 4. To determine the correlation between the demographic profile and the factors cited.

Part 5. To determine the correlation between the differences of the factors cited among the
respondents in Ozamiz City Jail and Misamis Occidental Provincial Jail.
Research Procedure
A survey questionnaire was used in gathering the needed data. It is written in English but
translated to Tagalog during the actual interview. The researcher personally administered the
questionnaire to the respondents in the study area. All respondents was given time to go over and
accomplish the questionnaires.

Letters of request was sent to the warden of Ozamiz City Jail and Misamis Occidental
Provincial Jail. To ask for permission in conducting the study.

Statistical tools/ treatments

The data gathered was presented in tabular form; it was interpreted and analyzed using
frequency distributions, percentages and means. Person product moment correlation (Person)
was used to analyze the relationship between the respondents Socio-demographic profile and the
factors cited such as Individual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and
Community factors.