ML 2. 5. For natural numbers a and b, define a ~ b if and only ‘ta! +b is even. Prove bat ~ does an equivalence ‘elton on NV and find the qsint set determined by ~ (BB) Fora.b € R, define a ~ Bian ealy ifa—b 2. (a) Prove that ~ detnes an equivalence relation on Z (b) What isthe equivalence class of 5? What is the quivaleace clas of 5}? (©) What is te quotient st determined by tis equva- lence relation? . BB] For integers a,b, define @~ b if and only if 2a+ 3b = 5m for some integer. Show that ~ defines fan equivalence relation on 2 Define ~ on Z ty a ~ b if and only if 3445 8 a rmuiple of 4. (a) Prove that ~ defines an equivalence relation. b) Find the equivalence class of 0. (6) Find the equivalence class of 2 (4) Make a guess about the quotient st. For integers a and b, define a ~ b if 30-445 = Tn for some integer. (a) Prove that ~ defines an equivalence relation, (b) Find the equivalence class of 0. BB) For a,b € Z\ 0), deine a ~ D if and only if ab>0. (a) Prove that ~ defines an equivalence relation on Z 4b) What is the equivalence class of 5? What's the equivalence class of ~5? (©) What isthe partition of Z\ (0) determined by this equivalence relation? For a,b € 7, define a ~ b if and only if a? — aivisible by 3. (8) [BB) Prove that ~ defines an equivalence relation onZ. (b) What is 0? What is 7? (€) What is the partition of 2 determined by this equiv- lence relation? Determine, with reasons. whether or not each of the following defines an equivalence relation on the set A (4) [8B] A isthe so of ll ranges in the plane; a ~ 5 if and only iP and are congruent (b) A isthe set of al circles in the planes a ~ b if and only ifa and b have the same center. (©) Ais the set ofall staight lines inthe plane; « ~ if and only if ais parallel to. (2) A is the se of all lines inthe plane; a ~ b i and only ifa is perpendicular to b, 13, List the pairs inthe equivalence relation associated with ‘each of the following partitions of 4 = (1.2, 3,45}. 4a) {BB} (1.2). (3.4.5)) by 4(0, (2.13.4), 1511 ©) (234,35) 14, (a) Listall the equivalence relations onthe set a]. How ‘many are there altogether? ) Repeat (a fr the se a,b). 4) (GB) Repeat () forthe set (a. boc]. (€) Repeat (a) for the st lab, 4) (Remark: The numberof pattons ofa set of elements ‘grows rather rapidly. There are 52 panition ofa set of five clements, 203 panitions of a Sot of six elements, and 877 partons of a set of seven elements) 15, Define ~ on & by (x,y) ~ (u,v) ifand only if x= y = (8) [BB) Cetcize and then comet the following “proof” that ~ i reflesve WC) ~ Uy), then ey == y wich iste () What is wrong with the following interpretation of symmetry i this station? AWE YY ER, thon (2) ER” Write correct statement ofthe symmetic property (as it applies tothe relation ~ inthis exerise) (6) Ctcize and then comet he following “proot that ~ is symmetic "sy ~(au) ey ume, Then w— = ¥. So 0) ~ (a, 9)" (4) Criticize and correct the following “proot” of tan- sitiviy, Cr) ~ (a, 0) and (a, 0) ~ 0,2 Then u— <2 sifx—y=u-v, then x — y= wz, $0 68.9) ~ Gry (©) Why does ~ define an equivalence relation on (8) Determine the equivalence classes of (0,0) and (2,3) and describe these geometrically. 16, [BB] For (x.y) and (u,v) RP define (x, 9) ~ (u,v) it and only if x? ~ y? =u? — v2. Prove that ~ defines fan equivalence relation on R°. Describe geometrically the eqpivalence class of (0,0). Deseibe geomeieally the esuivalence class of (1,0)17, Determine which of the following deine euivalence relatons in RE For thse which do, give geometrical imerpretaton of the elements of the quotient (a) (a,b) ~ (€.4) if and only ia + 2b = 424, (b) (a,b) ~ (ed) if and only if ab = ed, (6) (a,b) ~ (@.d) if and only if a + (@) (4,6) ~ (€.d) if and only ita (©) (a,6) ~ (ed) i and only ta +e. 18, Let~ denote an equivalence relation on aset A, Assume abcd ¢ A ae such that a € 5, ¢ © d, and d ¢ Prove that 2 19, (BB) Lot A = |1,2,3,4.5,6,7,8,9). For a,b © A, define @ ~ b if snd only if ab isa perfeet square (thai Js the square ofan integer) (2) What ae the ordered pairs in this relation? () Forewhae A, find 7 ire A |x ~al (© Expin why ~ dws an equine reson oe 20 [83 ln xe 19 A eho l nara ber and a gt Show tht ~ otro ie Seon net 24 eg Ene 19 fr A= [2.245 6.7 a9 te rin co A eed by a ~ 8 an ony HE power of2t in =2! for womens post, cai aca 22. eee 2, et be he tf al ual nantes tod~ teste Show ta cea n ovate a 23. 2 bean equine ron on st ant {SiSn ob ecton of aa ofS wih he propery tht mb) © RH al ony oo Eleni of he sae st 5 for some Supes hat foetath'o 5, € Up Sy Prove ta (SSeS tpn a 8 "he symbol [88] means that an answer con be found in the Back ofthe Book. 1. Lot A be the set ofall citizens of New York City. For a,b € A, define a ~ if and only if () neither @ aoe b have a cell phone, oF () both a and b have cell phones in the same exchange that isthe fist three digits of each phone umber are the sae). Show that ~ defines an equivalence relation on A. and find the eoresponding equivalence chsses. 2. Explain why each of the following binary relations on 1,23) is not an equivalence reation on 5. (2) [BB]R = ((1,1).(1,2).(3,2 G3) 2,3). D) ©) Re (11,228,392, D.11,2)2.9. 80s a3) @_|1 23 T)x x « atx x 3 ‘38. (BB) The sets (1), (2), (3). (4). (S) are the equivalence classes for a well-known equivalence relation on the set 5 = (1.2.3.4, 5. What isthe usual name for this equivalence relation? 4. [BB) For a,b € R\ 0}, define @ ~ b if and only if a) (@) Prove that ~ isan equivalence (b) Find the equivalence elas of (6) Show that ¥3 = V12.