4.

10 Unbalanced fault analysis using Z̄BUS matrix:

In the previous section, it is observed that, for fault calculations the Thevenin’s equivalent networks,
at the fault point, are needed for the three sequence networks. Since the three sequence networks are
independent, the Z̄BUS matrices of these sequence networks can be found seperately. The diagonal
elements of the three sequence Z̄BUS matrices infact, are the Thevenin’s equivalent impedances
of the sequence networks as seen from the various buses. Let, the three sequence bus impedance
matrices for zero sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence networks be represented as
[Z̄(0) (1) (2)
BUS ], [Z̄BUS ] and [Z̄BUS ] respectively. If the fault is at the k
th bus, then Z(0) , Z(1) and Z(2)
kk kk kk
of the sequence bus impedance matrices are the zero, positive and negative Thevenin’s equivalent
impedances, respectively, as seen from the faulted bus. Hence, the first step in the fault analysis
using Z̄BUS matrix is the determination of the three sequence networks and subsequently, finding
the bus impedance matrix for each sequence network.
To illustrate this step, consider the single line diagram of the power system shown in Fig. 4.60.

Figure 4.60: Single line diagram of Power System

The positive sequence equivalent network for the system is shown in Fig. 4.61. In this figure all
the elements of the system have been represented by their positive sequence equivalents.
Similarly by representing all elements by their negative sequence impedances, the negative se-
quence equivalent network can be obtained. The negative sequence network is shown in Fig. 4.62.
For the zero sequence equivalent network, the generator neutral connections and transformer con-
nections have to be considered. The zero sequence equivalent network is shown in Fig. 4.63. In
the next step, the [Z̄Bus ] matrix for the three sequence networks is found using [Z̄Bus ] building
(0) (1) (2)
algorithm. Once [Z̄Bus ], [Z̄Bus ] and [Z̄Bus ] matrices are known, the following procedure is followed
for the fault analysis of the given network.

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 Figure 4.61: The positive sequence equivalent network

Figure 4.62: The negative sequence equivalent network

(a) LG fault: Let the fault be on phase ‘a’ of bus ‘k’ with a fault impedance Z̄f as shown in Fig.
4.64.
From equations (4.98) and (4.101), it can be seen that the three equivalent sequence networks
are in series for calculating the sequence components of the fault currents. Hence, generalizing
equation (4.101) for fault at kth bus, the expression for sequence component of fault current can
be written as:

V̄k (0)
I¯k(0) (F ) = I¯k(1) (F ) = I¯k(2) (F ) = (1) (2) (0)
(4.121)
Z̄(kk) + Z̄(kk) + Z̄(kk) + 3Z̄f

(0) (1) (2) (0) (1) (2)

• Z̄kk , Z̄kk and Z̄kk are the kth diagonal elements of [Z̄Bus ], [Z̄Bus ] and [Z̄Bus ] matrices
respectively.

• V̄k (0) is the prefault voltage of kth bus, usually taken as 1∠0○ pu.

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 Figure 4.63: The zero sequence equivalent network

Figure 4.64: LG fault on phase ‘a’ of k th bus

The fault current is given by:

[Ī(abc)
k (F)] = [Ā] [Īk(012) (F)] (4.122)

(b) LL fault: Let the fault be between phases phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of bus ‘k’ through an
impedance Z̄f as shown in Fig. 4.65. From equation (4.109) and Fig. 4.57 it is observed that the
positive sequence and negative sequence equivalent networks are connected in phase opposition.
Thus, the expression of equation (4.109) for the sequence components of fault current at bus k
can be generalized as:

I¯k(0) (F ) = 0

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 Figure 4.65: LL fault between phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of k th bus

and
V̄k (0)
I¯k(1) (F ) = (0) (1) (2)
= −I¯k(2) (F ) (4.123)
Z̄ kk + Z̄ kk + Z̄kk

The phase components of fault current is the calculated from equation (4.122)

Ik (F ) = Ik(b) (F ) = −Ik(c) (F ) (4.124)

(c) LLG fault: Fig. 4.66 shows an LLG fault involving phases phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of bus ‘k’
through an impedance Z̄f . Referring to equation (4.119) and Fig.4.66, the generalized expression

Figure 4.66: LLG fault involving phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’ of k th bus

for sequence components of fault current at bus k can be written as

V̄k (0)
I¯k(1) (F ) = (2) (0)
(1) Z̄kk (Zkk + 3Z̄f )
Z̄ kk + (2) (0)
Z̄kk + Z̄kk + 3Z̄f

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 (1) ¯(1)
(2) V̄k (0) − Z̄kk Ik (F )
Ik (F ) = −
¯
(2)
(4.125)
Z̄kk
(1) ¯(1)
(0) V̄k (0) − Z̄kk Ik (F )
Ik (F ) = −
¯
(0)
Z̄kk + 3Z̄f
The phase currents can be obtained from equation (4.122), the fault current is then calculated
as

Ik (F ) = Ik(b) (F ) + Ik(c) (F ) (4.126)

4.10.1 Calculation of Bus voltages and Line currents during fault:

To calculate the voltages of buses during fault equation (4.94) can be generalized as:

V̄i(0) (F ) = −Z̄ik(0) I¯k(0) (F )

V̄i(1) (F ) = V̄i(1) (0) − Z̄ik(1) I¯k(1) (F ) (4.127)

V̄i(2) (F ) = −Z̄ik(2) I¯k(2) (F )

The pre fault voltage Vi1 (0)is usually set as 1.0 ∠00 pu.
The bus phase voltage during fault is calculated from the following relation.

V̄i(abc) (F ) = [Ā] [V̄i(012) (F )] (4.128)

where [Ā] is the symmetrical component transformation matrix.

To calculate the symmetrical components of line currents in the line from bus i to bus j the
following relation is used:
(0) V̄i(0) (F ) − V̄j(0) (F )
I¯ (F ) =
z̄ij(0)
ij

V̄i(1) (F ) − V̄j(1) (F )
I¯ij(1) (F ) = (4.129)
z̄ij(1)

(2) V̄i(2) (F ) − V̄j(2) (F )

I¯ (F ) =
z̄ij(2)
ij

(0) (1) (2)

where z̄ij , z̄ij and z̄ij are the zero, positive and negative sequence impedance respectively of
the line between bus i and bus j. The phase currents for the line can be calculated from the
symmetrical components using the relation:

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 [I¯ijabc (F )] = [Ā][I¯ij012 (F )] (4.130)

The process of fault analysis of a power system network is illustrated in the next lecture with
the help of an example.

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