International Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES)

ISSN: 2230-9784
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Current Source Inverter fed Induction Motor

Drives: A Survey
A. K. Srivastava*, S. M. Tripathi**
*M.Tech. Student
Department of Electrical Engineering
Kamla ehru Institute of Technology Sultanpur-228118(U.P.), India
e-mail: aankit.srivastava32@gmail.com
**Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Kamla ehru Institute of Technology Sultanpur-228118(U.P.), India
e-mail: mani_excel@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of the current source

inverter (CSI)-fed induction motor (IM) drives. It also reviews various
control methodologies, selective harmonic elimination techniques and
methods for reduction in switching losses in CSI fed IM drives. Authors
strongly believe that this survey article shall be very much helpful to the
researchers working in the field of CSI fed IM drives for finding out the
relevant references.

Keywords: Current source inverter, Direct torque control, Field-oriented control

Selective harmonics elimination, Switching losses.

1. Introduction where fast dynamic response is not needed

because of the following advantages [2-4]:
Power electronics has changed rapidly
• Simple converter topology,
during the last thirty years and the number
• Inherent four quadrant operation,
of applications has been increasing, mainly
due to the developments of the • Reliability,
semiconductor devices and the • Motor friendly waveforms with
microprocessor technology. An overview low dv/dt.
of different power devices and the areas
where the development is still going on is
presented in Fig. 1 [1].
The voltage source inverter (VSI) fed
drives are most widely used in low and
medium power applications, but not used
widely in high power applications. Now a
days, current source inverter (CSI) fed
motor drives are increasingly used for Fig. 1 Development of power semiconductor
medium-voltage high-power applications devices since 1950 [1]

Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011

15
Fig. 2 shows the functional block
diagram of the conventional CSI drive.
The present day CSI drives employ self
commutating devices such as gate turn-off
thyristors (GTOs) instead of SCRs as in
the past. Pulse width modulation (PWM)
techniques [5-25] can be used to get
improved output currents and voltages.
Even though a relatively high switching
frequency PWM will result in near
sinusoidal output voltages and currents, at
higher power levels the CSI is switched at
low frequency (200 Hz), to reduce
switching losses.
Fig. 2 Functional block diagram of the
conventional CSI drive
2. An Outline to Current
Source Inverter fed Induction
Motor Drives
Literatures on CSI-fed induction motor
drives employing different control
methodologies, selective harmonic
elimination techniques and methods to
reduce switching losses are outlined in this
section.
Hatua et al. [26] presented a new
configuration for high power induction
motor drive in which induction machine is
provided with two three-phase stator
windings, one is excitation winding
powered by an IGBT based voltage source
inverter (VSI) with an output filter and
second is power winding fed by a load
commutated current source inverter (LCI).
The commutation of the thyristors in the
LCI is achieved by injecting the required
leading reactive power from the excitation
inverter. The m.m.f. harmonics due to the
LCI current are also cancelled out by
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Current Source Inverter fed Induction ….
injecting suitable compensating
component from the excitation inverter, so
that the electromagnetic torque of the
machine is smooth. Filsecker et al. [27]
presented a complete design procedure for
a current source converter (CSC) that
consists of a PWM current source rectifier
(CSR) and inverter (CSI) feeding an
induction motor. The converter design is
made so that the switches in the inverter
operate at their maximum specified
junction temperature. Raj et al. [28]
proposed a new control strategy for
induction motor drives fed by current
source inverter in which a multivariable
state feedback as well as feed forward
control is applied for fast regulation and
stability of the drive system. The design of
the state feedback controller was based on
the application of the pole assignment
technique of industrial regulation theory to
a d-q axes state space linearised model of
the drive and includes a reduced order
observer to obtain faster dynamic response.
Basu et al. [29] proposed hybrid PWM
technique to reduce the torque ripple
considerably over conventional space
vector PWM (CSVPWM) along with a
marginal reduction in current ripple.
Shahalami et al. [30] presented, a novel
control approach of a CSI drive system
using an induction motor in which a
variant of hysteresis-band current control
adapted to the current source inverter
circuit topology is proposed. The current
control strategy is based on the correction
of the two out of three larger errors of the
instantaneous real currents of motor with
respect to their references. In order to
suppress the inherent instability of current
fed induction motor, a coefficient of
derivative of real motor’s currents is added
to the reference ones. Morawiec et al. [31]
presented a control system for the
induction motor fed by current source
converter based on a multiscalar model, a
new approach to the control of induction
motor based on DC-link current and rotor
flux vector in which speed observer system
is applied to receive sensorless drive. Li
Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011
A. K. Srivastava and S. M. Tripathi
et al. [32] proposed a loss reduction and
DC-link current minimization strategy for
a high-power current-source inverter (CSI)
fed drive. The proposed strategy consists
of an inverter maximum modulation index
control scheme and a flux optimization
algorithm. With the proposed DC current
minimization strategy, the losses in the
semiconductor devices and the DC-link
can be reduced, and the drive current
rating could be lowered. Bierk et al. [33]
showed that in high power applications the
inverter of a motor drive should have a
switching frequency as low as possible in
order to reduce the switching and snubber
losses. An effective pulse width
modulation (PWM) approach that can be
utilized successfully with high control
accuracy is combination of selective
harmonic elimination and pulse width
modulation (SHEPWM). SHEPWM can
optimize PWM output waveforms for
selected harmonic elimination or to
minimize total harmonic distortion (THD).
This technique is used with voltage source
inverters (VSI) and current source
inverters (CSI) as well. Banerjee et al. [34]
proposed a CSI-fed induction motor drive
scheme where GTOs are replaced by
thyristors in the CSI without any external
circuit to assist the turning off of the
thyristors. The current-controlled VSI,
connected in shunt, is designed to supply
the volt ampere reactive requirement of the
induction motor and the CSI is made to
operate in leading power factor mode such
that the thyristors in the CSI are auto
sequentially turned off. The resulting drive
will be able to feed medium-voltage, high-
power induction motors directly. Li et al.
[35] presented a novel flux adjustment
power-factor (PF) control strategy for a
high-power pulse width-modulated
current-source inverter-fed motor drive
system. Unlike all the other PF
compensation techniques, the proposed
flux adjustment approach does not require
online modulation index control of the
rectifier and the inverter, and therefore,
offline selective harmonic elimination
International Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES)
16
modulation can be implemented on both
the rectifier and the inverter to minimize
the line-side and motor side waveform
distortions. The proposed PF regulation
method, together with a properly designed
input line capacitor, can ensure a unity PF
throughout the whole speed range
(including flux-weakening range). Beig
et al. [36] presented a novel CSI drive in
which two identical multilevel inverters
are used as active filters, one at the input
end and another at the motor terminals
with common DC bus. The active filter at
input end provides necessary active current
to maintain DC bus. Such an arrangement
will ensure sinusoidal input currents,
sinusoidal motor currents and motor
voltages. The proposed configuration
promises a better alternative compared to
other conventional methods like use of
passive filters or multi pulse rectifiers at
the input stages in terms of cost and
performance. Payam et al. [37] designed a
nonlinear controller for doubly-fed
induction machine (DFIM) drives based on
adaptive input-output feedback
linearization control technique using the
fifth order model of induction machine in
fixed stator d-q axes reference frames with
stator currents and rotor flux components
as state variables. The nonlinear controller
can perfectly track the torque and flux
reference signals in spite of stator and
rotor resistance variations. Two level
SVM-PWM back-to-back voltage source
inverters are employed in the rotor circuit
in order to make the drive system capable
of operating in the motoring and
generating modes below and above
synchronous speed. Mukherjee et al. [38]
presented feed-forward control strategy for
the LC filter to have a good bandwidth for
the filter output voltage. This filter control
strategy is introduced along with a
sensorless vector control strategy for the
SQIM drive. This complete strategy retains
the high dynamic performance of the drive
even with the LC filter. Qiu et al. [39]
described the minimization of the line and
motor-side harmonics in a high power
ISSN: 2230-9784
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current source drive system. The proposed
control achieves speed regulation over the
entire speed range with enhanced transient
performance and minimal harmonic
distortion of the line and motor currents
while limiting the switching frequency of
current source converters to a maximum of
540 Hz. To minimize the motor current
harmonic distortion, space vector
modulation (SVM) and selective harmonic
elimination (SHE) schemes are optimally
implemented according to different drive
operating conditions. Beig et al. [40]
proposed a novel CSI drive which
overcomes the drawbacks of conventional
CSI drives such as harmonic resonance,
unstable operation at low speed ranges,
and torque pulsation and results in
sinusoidal motor voltage and current even
with CSI switching at fundamental
frequency. A sensorless vector controlled
CSI drive based on proposed configuration
is developed. Rees et al. [41] presented a
new DC-link current set value assignment
and a method to improve the models for
magnetizing current and field angle by
using steady-state stator voltages. Imecs
et al. [42] presented a tandem converter
arrangement of two inverters connected in
parallel: a high-power pulse-amplitude
modulated current-source inverter and a
low-power pulse-width modulated voltage-
source inverter. Kwak et al. [43] presented
a hybrid converter system employing a
combination of a load-commutated
inverter (LCI), a DC-DC buck converter,
and a voltage-source inverter (VSI) for the
large induction motor drives. The buck
converter enables both the VSI and the
LCI to be fed from the single-diode
rectifier. As a result, the DC-link inductor
size can be reduced and the LCI is
operated without the controlled rectifier. In
addition, faster dynamic response can be
obtained through the VSI and the buck
converter operation. Bojoi et al. [44]
introduced a new multi-source fed drive
topology based on a multi-phase induction
machine. The reference application is the
hybrid fuel cell (FC) traction system (fuel
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Current Source Inverter fed Induction ….
cell and battery). The FC power and the
battery power are directly added at the
machine level, without any additional DC-
DC converters. The proposed drive
topology uses two three-phase inverters
having different DC link voltages provided
by the FC and the battery, respectively. In
this drive topology, the machine can
operate asymmetrically and the control
system must be able to cope with different
power levels in the two sections of the
drive. A rotor field oriented control
strategy has been implemented using a
stationary frame current control scheme.
Nikolic et al. [45] presented a speed
sensorless direct torque control (DTC)
implementation in a current source inverter
(CSI) fed induction motor drive. DTC of a
CSI fed induction motor drive involves the
direct control of the rotor flux linkage and
the electromagnetic torque by applying the
optimum current switching vectors. For
sensorless control of the drive, an
improved estimator is applied using stator
voltages and currents. The stator current,
voltage and resistance are not measured,
but determined by a reconstruction from
DC link measurements and the inverter
switches states. Mohapatra et al. [46]
presented a harmonic elimination and
suppression scheme for a dual-inverter-fed
open-end winding induction motor drive.
Two isolated DC-link sources with voltage
ratio of approximately 1:0.366 are required
for the presented drive. These two isolated
DC-links feeding two inverters to drive the
open end winding induction motor
eliminate the triplen harmonic currents
from the motor phase. Kwak et al. [47]
presented a novel, hybrid solution
employing a combination of a load-
commutated inverter and a voltage-source
inverter for the induction motor drives. By
avoiding the use of output capacitors and a
forced DC-commutation circuit, this
solution can eliminate all disadvantages
related with these circuits in the
conventional load commutated inverter
based induction motor drives. In addition,
improved quality of output current
Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011
A. K. Srivastava and S. M. Tripathi
waveforms and faster dynamic response
can be achieved. Kwak et al. [48]
presented a current-source based rectifier /
inverter topologies used in medium and
high power AC drive applications.
Reference [48] also presents the theoretical
analysis and mathematical derivations for
the two topologies - one with a PWM
current source rectifier (PWM-CSR) and
the other using a thyristor rectifier in
parallel with an active filter in order to
achieve unity power factor in the utility
lines. The two drive systems are
systematically compared. Bojoi et al. [49]
presented a direct rotor-field-oriented
control of a dual-three phase induction
motor drive. The stator windings are fed
by a current-controlled pulse width-
modulation (PWM) six-phase voltage-
source inverter. Three key issues are
discussed: (a) the machine dynamic model
is based on the vector space decomposition
theory; (b) the PWM strategy uses the
double zero-sequence injection modulation
technique which gives good results with
low computational and hardware
requirements; and (c) to eliminate the
inherent asymmetries of the drive power
section, a new current control scheme is
proposed. Salo et al. [50] presented vector
controlled current-source PWM inverter
fed induction motor drive. The vector
control system of the induction motor is
realized in a rotor flux oriented reference
frame, where only the measured angular
rotor speed and the DC-link current are
needed for motor control. Methods to
damp the stator current oscillations and to
compensate the capacitive currents drawn
by the load filter are presented. The
proposed methods operate in an open-loop
manner and can be realized without
measurement of any electrical variable.
Salo et al. [51] presented a high
performance vector controlled PWM
current source inverter (PWM-CSI) fed
induction motor drive where only the
measured rotor angular speed and the DC-
link current are needed for motor control.
Novel methods for compensating the
International Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES)
18
capacitive currents of the motor filter and
damping the motor current oscillations in
the transient conditions are presented.
Espinoza et al. [52] analyzes the existing
motor drives based on current-source
topologies and proposes a control strategy
that addresses some of the drawbacks of
this approach compared to the voltage-
source approach. The proposed strategy
features the following: (a) an on-line
operated PWM inverter using
instantaneous output capacitor voltage
control based on space-vector modulation
and (b) an additional inverter modulation
index control loop ensuring constant
inverter modulation index and minimum
DC-link current operation. The resulting
additional advantages include the
following: (i) fixed and reduced motor
voltage distortion; (ii) minimized DC-bus
inductor losses; (iii) minimized switch
conduction losses; and (iv) elimination of
motor circuit resonances. Mohamed et al.
[53] utilized the H∞ loop shaping design
procedure (LSDP) with µ-analysis (µ
LSDP) to design a controller for a CSI-fed
induction motor drive system in order to
achieve robust stability and robust
performance against various model
uncertainties. Lee et al. [54] presented a
novel control strategy for induction motor
drives fed by PWM current source
converter and inverter system. A
multivariable state feedback control with
feed-forward control is applied for the
improved control of both the converter
input and inverter output currents, which
gives fast transient responses. Dakir et al.
[55] presented a control system for PWM
current source inverter (CSI) fed induction
motor which has an estimator whose
principal function is to perform
contemporary calculations of rotor flux
magnitude and induction machine load
angle. Machine rotor flux observation-
error was checked at static and dynamic
states of the entire drive system, taking
into consideration: the changes in stator
and rotor resistances the stator current
frequency and various estimator sampling
ISSN: 2230-9784
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periods. Jamshidi et al. [56] suggested a
simpler speed controller to eliminate the
steady state error due to load changes in
speed response of closed-loop control of
currents source inverter fed induction
motor drive. This simple controller makes
use of normal PI controller with the
concept of reduction of disturbance by
prediction. The change of load torque of
the motor itself is considered as
disturbance and the linear relation between
slip and torque has been utilized in the
design of the controller to improve the
performance. Jamshidi et al. [57]
presented a self organizing fuzzy
controller applied in closed loop speed
control system of an induction motor fed
from auto sequential current source
inverter. The induction motor is controlled
to operate in constant flux mode. Ide et al.
[58] presented a simple adaptive control
(SAC) with exact linearization for the
current source inverter (CSI) fed induction
motor drive. SAC has the robust
characteristics concerning disturbance and
the effects of un-modeled dynamics. The
proposed system can improve the fast
tracking of set command change without
overshoot and the recovering time of speed
at the sudden-load variations. Mok et al.
[59] presented a load-commutated current
source inverter (LCCSI) induction motor
drive system employing a novel DC-side
forced commutation circuit for machine
start-up. To avoid the adverse effects of
harmonic resonance between the output
capacitor and the inductance of the
induction motor, a solution is proposed
using a special type of one-notch current
PWM, fully utilizing the proposed
commutation circuit. A direct vector
controller, which refers to the fixed
reference frame of the rotor flux without
using a speed sensor, is applied. In
addition to compensating for the capacitive
current, this controller is applied to
decouple the torque and flux generating
currents and to overcome the instability
caused by the output capacitor. Kleinhans
et al. [60] developed a model of the
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Current Source Inverter fed Induction ….
current source inverter (CSI)-fed induction
motor drive using a new variable speed
drive simulation package CASED. This
model includes rectifier, inverter and
induction motor dynamics. The drive
speed control is based upon indirect field
oriented control (FOC).
3. Control Methodologies used
in CSI fed IM Drives
DTC is the latest AC motor control
method [61] developed with the goal of
combining the implementation of the V/f
based induction motor drives with the
performance of those based on vector
control. The literature related to AC drives
covering scalar control, field-oriented
control, and direct-torque control (DTC)
has been well documented in [62]. So far,
the vector control (VC) and direct torque
control (DTC) methods have been applied
to the squirrel cage induction machine
drives [63].
Field oriented control is one of the most
used control methods of modern AC drives
systems. The basic idea behind this control
method is to transform the three phase
quantities in the AC machine in an
orthogonal d-q system aligned to one of
the fluxes in the machine. Thus, a
decoupling in controlling the flux and
electromagnetic torque of the machine is
achieved. Two methods of field oriented
control for induction machines are used
namely: indirect and direct vector control.
Each of these methods has advantages and
drawbacks. The indirect vector control can
operate in four-quadrants and it is widely
used in both motor drives and generator
applications. Typically the orthogonal
synchronous reference frame is aligned on
the rotor flux. However, this control is
highly dependent on machine parameters.
The direct vector control oriented along
the stator flux does not need information
about the rotor speed and is less sensitive
to the machine parameters. However, it
presents low performances for low speeds
near to standstill. A general control
Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011
A. K. Srivastava and S. M. Tripathi
structure for field oriented control in
synchronous reference frame for induction
machines is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3 General structure of a field oriented control
in synchronous reference frame for an induction
machine.
The electromagnetic torque is controlled
in q-axis while the d-axis controls the flux
of the machine. The actual flux and torque
as well as the flux angle are determined
based on the machine equations using the
currents. In rotor field-oriented control of
CSI fed induction machines, the current
control is the inner loop of the system. It
receives the flux-producing and the torque-
producing reference values from the outer
loops (flux loop and torque / speed loop)
in (d, q) rotor flux synchronous reference
frame. The current control can be
implemented either in synchronous (d, q)
[64-65] or in (α, β) stationary reference
frame. The synchronous (d, q) current
control scheme developed in [64-66] relies
on the DTP modeling approach and
employs a set of four PI (d, q) current
controllers (two for d and two for q axes
current components). Each of the two
(d, q) current controller pairs produces
stator voltage references for one of the two
three-phase windings. This solution has
the advantage of zero-steady state error
obtained with PI regulators, but there are
multiple speed dependent (d, q) coupling
terms; at high speed these coupling terms
must be compensated with quite
complicated decoupling networks to obtain
International Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES)
20
satisfactory performance and stability [64].
Field-oriented control (FOC) schemes are
widely employed to achieve improved
system dynamics and reliability by
controlling the flux and torque
independently. To further improve the
system performance and / or reduce the
costs, research efforts have been recently
put on new current source drive topologies
[2-4], [67]; advanced modulation scheme
development [68-73]; control performance
improvement [74-77], etc.
Direct torque control of induction motor
was proposed around two decades ago.
The direct torque control (DTC) is one of
the actively researched control schemes of
induction machines that provide a very
quick and precise torque response without
the complex field-orientation block and the
inner current regulation loop [78-79]. The
scheme presented in [78] was implemented
for high power applications using an
induction motor having open-end winding
configuration [80].
However, the DTC technique presented
in [80] results in:
• Torque and speed fluctuations
which lead to acoustic noise and
vibrations.
• Higher ripple in the stator current
that can cause power loss and
hence heating of the machine.
• Use of a three-phase reactor to
reduce the zero sequence current,
make the system bulky.
Fig. 4 General structure of the direct torque control
for AC machines.
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The direct torque control proposed by
Depenbrock eliminates the inner current
loops and the needs of transformations
between different references frames. It
controls directly the magnitude of the
stator flux and the electromagnetic torque
of the machine by using hysteresis
comparators as shown in Figure 4. The
outputs of the hysteresis comparators as
well as the flux angle are used directly to
determine the switching states of the
converter. The control strategies of
conventional DTC scheme are given in
[78-79], [89]. There are also another DTC-
based strategies, presented in [79], [81-82].
High performance induction motor drives
employing DTC strategies with various
variables have been reported [78-79], [83].
4. Selective Harmonics
Elimination Techniques used
in CSI fed IM Drives
An interesting and suitable topology
called the open-end winding induction
motor drive is presently being studied for
high-power applications [84-87]. The
inverters are fed from DC-link sources of
half the magnitude, when compared to the
same in conventional two-level inverters
[84]. In order to avoid the flow of triplen
harmonic currents in the motor phase,
isolated DC-link power sources or
harmonic filters are required for these
drives [84-86]. These fundamental and
harmonics resonance problems have
seriously restricted the system
performance. Inherent instability in the
high-frequency region can be caused by
the output capacitor [88]. Active filters are
successfully used in utility applications to
filter out the harmonics from the supply
currents. Active filters result in better
performance compared to passive filters
[89-90]. An LC filter is normally required
at the input of a PWM CSR to mitigate the
converter switching harmonics. To avoid
the steady state LC resonance during the
drive operation, the input LC filter for a
PWM CSR need to be designed carefully
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Current Source Inverter fed Induction ….
[91]. A powerful vector space
decomposition approach has been
introduced in [92] to obtain the machine
model and to obtain a PWM technique
which considerably reduces the current
harmonics with some implementation
problems caused by the required
computational time. To reduce the
computational requirements, other PWM
techniques have been presented in [93-94].
The non sinusoidal motor current drawn
from the LCI can produce considerable
losses and harmonics, holding the LCI
drives back from high performance
[95-96]. Moreover, the square wave motor
current waveforms in low speed region,
rich in low order harmonics, can produce
voltage spikes in stator leakage inductance
of the motor, potentially hazardous for the
winding insulation [95].
Selective harmonic elimination PWM
is an optimizing algorithm that gives a
superior harmonic performance in high
power applications with the minimum
switching frequency [97-98].
The conventional PWM-CSI
applications are reported in many
literatures [99-101]. So far, almost all
progress in the performance of CSI-AC
machine drives are limited to the new
PWM techniques such as trapezoidal
PWM, selected harmonic elimination
PWM and so on [101]. Due to the advent
of a self-commutated device GTO, a PWM
CSI was developed by Hombu [101].
PWM switching strategy itself and control
techniques for PWM CSI fed induction
motor drives have been proposed to
improve the output current harmonics
[102-103]. Since then, a few methods to
apply the instantaneous PWM have been
issued [104-105]. This has resulted in the
widespread use of selective harmonic
elimination (SHE) stored patterns [102-
103], [106] usually with a fixed
modulation index.
On-line control of the CSI requires
complex control [102] and / or power
circuitry [107] which has led to two main
control approaches:
Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011
A. K. Srivastava and S. M. Tripathi
• Control schemes that use stored
patterns (such as SHE) and variable
DC-link current to control the
output current
• Control schemes that use fixed DC-
link current and a variable
modulation index of the PWM
generator at the CSI stage to
control the output current.
Fig. 5 Typical waveform for SHE-PWM technique
To eliminate 5th and 7th harmonics a set
of three nonlinear equations is required to
be solved in order to compute the three
switching angles α1, α2, and α3 as shown in
Fig. 5 which illustrates the three levels
SHEPWM that we use to eliminate 5th and
7th harmonics. It is well known that the
switching angles cannot be computed
directly. This heavy computational process
is considered as the main drawback of
SHE technique [108]. Numerical processes
may be employed to solve these equations
at different modulation indexes [109]. The
presence of capacitor at motor terminals
gives rise to two modes of resonance
namely fundamental frequency resonance
and harmonic frequency resonance
[110-111]. The fundamental frequency
resonance is avoided by selecting the
capacitor (C) such that fundamental
frequency resonance lies well above the
operating speed of the drive. Hence the
value of capacitor decides upper limit on
the motor speed. In order to avoid the
harmonic frequency resonance, the
selected harmonic PWM (SHPWM) is
generally employed [110-111]. Reference
[111] describes a conventional CSI drive,
which employs selective harmonic
elimination PWM technique that results in
acceptable waveform quality at low
International Journal of Electrical Systems (IJES)
22
switching frequency. Harmonic distortion
improvement of a current source drive
system is either focused on the motor side
[110] or on the line side [112]. In
Reference [110] a combination of off-line
selective harmonic elimination (SHE)
technique and the trapezoidal pulse width
modulation (TPWM) was proposed for the
CSI, where the TPWM was applied for
stator frequency lower than 20 Hz while
the SHE was used when the stator
frequency is higher than 20 Hz. However,
at very low stator frequencies, low order
harmonics produced by the TPWM
scheme may have a high magnitude. For
the line-side harmonic performance
improvement, an active damping method
based on virtual harmonic resistor concept
was proposed to reduce the line current
resonant harmonics caused by the line-side
LC filter [112]. Considering the low
switching frequency (normally around 500
Hz) for high-power converter applications,
without SHE modulation, the line current
distortion will be serious due to the
significant low-order harmonics (such as
the 5th, 7th, and 11th), especially when the
input LC resonance caused by the filter is
not properly dampened [113-114].
5. Methods to Reduce
Switching Losses in CSI fed
IM Drives
In order to reduce inverter switching
losses and limit the ripple currents in the
motor phase multilevel inverters of the
type three-level, five-level, etc., [115-117]
are preferred to the conventional two-level
inverter for high-power drive applications.
System efficiency is one of the most
important factors to improve energy
savings and reduce the costs. Many studies
in the literature have been carried out to
improve the efficiency of a drive and
motor system [118-125]. However, most
of them focused on medium or low-power
applications with an emphasis on the
motor efficiency, while the drive system
losses are either omitted [118-123] or not
ISSN: 2230-9784
23
adequately considered [124-125]. Because
of hard-switching in conventional PWM
inverters, the switching losses in the
devices are high and the windings of
induction motor are subjected to high
switching stresses. To overcome these
problems, soft-switching strategies [126]
have been actively considered for the
inverter-fed induction motor drives.The
LCI-based drive employs converter grade
thyristors and utilizes soft switching by
natural commutation of the thyristors.
Therefore, it provides simplicity,
robustness, cost effectiveness, and very
low switching losses, resulting in a
favorable topology in high-power areas
[127]. Moreover, because it has the
current-source inverter (CSI) topology, it
has inherent advantages of CSI, such as
embedded short-circuit protection,
improved converter reliability, and
instantaneous regeneration ability [128].
Due to all of these features, much research
has been conducted in the last two decades
to control the LCI-based induction motor
drive and improve its performance,
especially in medium-to-high-power
applications [88], [127], [129-132].
6. Conclusions
The paper has attempted to give a
survey of the recent developments and
trends in the field of current source
inverter (CSI) fed induction motor (IM)
drives. The paper has focused on the
continuing researches on the different
control methodologies of the CSI drives. It
is concluded that the direct torque control
methodology provides a better dynamic
torque response whereas the vector (field-
oriented) control methodology provides
better steady-state behavior of the drive
systems. Various techniques for selective
harmonic elimination and methods to
reduce switching losses in CSI fed IM
drives have also been explored through
this survey. Selective harmonic elimination
PWM is an optimizing algorithm, which
with the minimum switching frequency,
Copyright © Mind Reader Publications
Current Source Inverter fed Induction ….
gives a superior harmonic performance in
high power applications. To overcome the
problems of hard-switching in
conventional PWM inverters, soft-
switching strategies have been actively
considered for the inverter-fed induction
motor drives. Much research has been
conducted in the last two decades to
control and improve the performance of
the LCI-based induction motor drives that
employ converter grade thyristors and
utilize soft switching by natural
commutation of the thyristors and hence,
minimize the switching losses.
Authors strongly believe that this
survey article will be handy to the
researchers in searching out the relevant
references as well as the previous work
done in the field of CSI drives,
encouraging them for their future works.
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Biographies
Ankit Kumar Srivastava received his
B.Tech Degree in Electrical Engineering in
2008 from the VBS Purvanchal University,
Jaunpur (U.P.), India. Currently, he is
pursuing M.Tech in Power Electronics and
Drives in Department of Electrical
Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute of
Technology, Sultanpur, (U.P.), India,
affiliated to G.B. Technical University Lucknow (U.P.), India.
His interests are in the area of Power Electronics and drive.
Saurabh Mani Tripathi is presently
working as Assistant Professor of
Electrical Engineering at Kamla Nehru
Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, (U.P.),
India. He obtained his B.Tech. degree in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering in
2006 and did his M.Tech. in Electrical
Engineering in 2009 from U.P. Technical
University, Lucknow. He has authored
several books on ‘Modern Control System’ and ‘Basic System
Analysis’. His areas of current interest include Electrical
Machines, Control Systems, Power Electronics and Electric
Drives.
Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 14~27, June 2011