TRANSCRIPTION: THE PATH AND

CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION

GROUP 3 BIOINFO: 3A BC
Ingan, Irinco, Kiong, Lalog, Lao, Lopez, Lumayag
 SCOPE OF DISCUSSION
I. Transcription: An Overview
II. Comparison of Transcription between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
III. Transcriptional Process
IV. Post-transcriptional Modifications
V. Post-transcriptional Control
VI. Bioinformatics in Transcription
 TRANSCRIPTION: AN OVERVIEW
▪ First step of GENE EXPRESSION
▪ A process where information in DNA is assembled
into mRNA using complementarity similar to that
used in making double-stranded DNA
▪ Synthesis of mRNA is from 5’ to 3’ direction
▪ Does not need a primer to start the process and it
uses base pairing to create RNA copy containing
URACIL instead of THYMINE
TRANSCRIPTION: OVERVIEW
 TRANSCRIPTION: OVERVIEW

▪ Involvement of DNA strands in transcriptional process

1. TEMPLATE (ANTISENSE/NEGATIVE) STRAND – serves as
template for RNA synthesis
- Where RNA pol binds to and transcribes
2. CODING (NONTEMPLATE/SENSE/POSITIVE) STRAND-
identical to RNA transcribed from the gene, with U in
RNA in place of T in DNA
 COMPARISON
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
▪ Synthesized immediately on ▪ Nucleus then cytoplasm
nucleoid region in direct contact
with cytosol ▪ Different PROMOTER ELEMENTS:
▪ Contains 3 DIFF. PROMOTER (TATA box, initiator elements,
ELEMENTS: -10 (Pribnow Box), -35 downstream core promoter
promoters (consensus sequence), element, CAAT box, GC box)
upstream elements ▪ 3 types of RNA pol ( I,II,III) for
▪ 1 type of RNA polymerase (α2ββ’ω transcription of r-,m- and t-RNAs
+ σ factor) respectively
▪ Polycistronic ▪ Monocistronic
▪ TERMINATION: rho- ▪ Termination: POLY(A) Signal and
dependent/independent
Downstream terminator seq
mechanism
COMPARISON
 TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
▪ Requirements: DNA dependent RNA
polymerase, 4 NTPs, Mg2+ , General
Transcription factors II (D,A,B,F,E,H)
▪ Phases
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS: INITIATION
▪ On a PROKARYOTIC POINT OF VIEW
1. Recognition of promoter region by σ factor
(closed promoter complex)
2. RNA polymerase bind to DNA
3. Unwinding of DNA (open promoter complex)
▪ On a EUKARYOTIC POINT OF VIEW
1. Assembly of PRE-INITIATION COMPLEX before
RNA polymerase bind to DNA
TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS: INITIATION
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
 TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS: ELONGATION
▪ On a PROKARYOTIC POINT OF VIEW
1. RNA pol MELT and MOVE along double helix
2. Adds NTPs @ 3’ end of the growing RNA
molecule
3. Noncoding LEADER and TRAILER sequence of
nascent RNA transcript is added
4. Polyribosomes can happen
▪ On a EUKARYOTIC POINT OF VIEW
1. Needs RNA pol I,II,III, IV, V which transcribe
specific protein and RNA-encoding genes
TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESS: ELONGATION
TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS: ELONGATION
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS: TERMINATION
▪ Occurs when RNA polymerase is stalled to the
point that it is release from the DNA
▪ Termination sequence may be Rho-dependent
Mechanism or Rho-independent Mechanism
▪ Terminator sequence tend to form hairpin
loops called PALINDROMES
TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS: TERMINATION
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSING
1. Addition of 5’ Capping – GMP addition by
GUANYLYL TRANSFERASE; Methylation of C7
at G by GUANINE METHYLTRANSFERASE
2. Splicing of Introns- Cleavage of INTRONS and
Fusion of EXONS
3. Polyadenylation of 3’-tail- Addition of atleast
200 nucleotides long of POLYADENYLATE tail
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS
5’ CAPPING SPLICING OF INTRONS POLY-A TAIL at 3’ END
 POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL
1. Transcriptional Repression- use of SILENCERS
- Trp Operon
- DNA Methylation
- Histone Deacetylation
- Alternative Splicing: Exonic/Intronic
Splicing Silencer
2. Transcriptional Activation- use of ENHANCERS
- Lac Operon
- Histone Acetylation via Chromatin
Remodeling Complexes
- Alternative Splicing: Exonic/Intronic Splicing
Enhancer
3. Riboswitches
4. Transcription Factors and their Motifs
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL
BIOINFORMATICS IN TRANSCRIPTION
BIOINFORMATICS IN TRANSCRIPTION
BIOINFORMATICS IN TRANSCRIPTION
BIOINFORMATICS IN TRANSCRIPTION
 REFERENCES
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and-eukaryotes-with-diagram/15546
[3] Process of Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cells. (2015, September 29). Retrieved
January 20, 2018, from http://www.biologydiscussion.com/cell/process-of-transcription-in-
prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes-cells/9759
[4] Author. Transcription: Termination. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2018, from
http://utminers.utep.edu/rwebb/html/transcription__termination.html
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online.org/dictionary/Transcription
[6] Karp, G. (2014) Cell Biology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
[7] Poulet, A. et al. (2017). Bioinformatics Analysis of Phylogeny and Transcription of TAA/YUC Auxin
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ijms18081791