Cast Steel Repleacable Links

Structures Congress 2017 202
Cast Steel Replaceable Modular Links for Eccentrically Braced Frames
J. Binder1; M. Gray2; C. Christopoulos3; and C. de Oliveira4

1
Cast Connex Corporation, 366 Adelaide St. E. Suite 425, Toronto, ON, Canada M5A
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by University of Illinois At Urbana on 04/10/18. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
3X9. E-mail: j.binder@castconnex.com

2
3X9. E-mail: m.gray@castconnex.com
3
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON,
Canada M5S 1A4. E-mail: c.christopoulos@utoronto.ca
4
3X9. E-mail: carlos@castconnex.com
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation into the use of cast steel replaceable links for
eccentrically braced frames (EBFs). While conventional EBFs can be designed with a
large response modification factor, and are thus very economical seismic-force-
resisting systems (SFRS) in high-seismic regions, they can also be prone to damage
states such as fracture at stiffener welds, local buckling, and lateral torsional
buckling. They are also difficult to repair after an earthquake event since the EBF
links are integrated into the floor beam of the seismic force-resisting frame. It is
proposed that these drawbacks of conventional EBFs could be mitigated by using
replaceable cast steel yielding links, since demand critical welds are avoided and
damaged links can be replaced after an earthquake. Additionally, the cast steel EBF
links are uncoupled from the beam sections and thus the most economical beam and
link can both be specified. This paper presents sample building designs for a variety
of building locations, using a newly developed cast steel EBF link concept that can be
used to achieve more economical designs while also improving the performance of
EBF frames.
INTRODUCTION
Eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) are well-regarded seismic force resisting

systems because of their combination of large ductility and high stiffness. They can
be designed using the largest allowable force reduction factors in both the American
and Canadian building codes (R=8 (ASCE 2010), RdRo=6 (NRCC 2010)). They offer
greater stiffness than moment resisting frames (MRFs), while also providing greater
architectural versatility for window and door openings than concentric braced frames
(CBFs) or buckling restrained braced frames (BRBFs).
However, conventional EBFs, in which the yielding link is a part of the floor
beam, have a number of drawbacks related to their design and performance. The
beam outside the link must be capable of resisting the capacity-design derived axial
forces and bending moments. When the link and the surrounding floor beam consist
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Structures Congress 2017

of the
t same secction, determ mining a sattisfactory deesign can bee an iterativee procedure
whiich can resullt in inefficieent designs.
Convenntional EBFss are also diifficult to reppair after ann earthquakee. Since the
dam
maged link is integral wiith floor beaam either thee entire beam m has to be removed or
the link portionn of the beam has to be b cut fromm the beam, both of whhich can be
chaallenging annd expensive. Figure 1 depicts coonventional EBF linkss that were
dam
maged after the
t 2010 and d 2011 Chrisstchurch eartthquake seriies (Clifton eet al. 2011).
Fig
gure 1a and Figure 1b show s fracturred links annd Figure 1cc shows a yyielded link
exh
hibiting resid
dual deformaations.
Figure 1: Damaged d convention nal EBF linnks after thee 2010 and 22011
Christchurch
C h earthquakke series (a)) fractured llink from thhe Pacific Tower; (b)
fra
actured and
d (c) yielded
d conventionnal EBF link k from a paarking garagge (Clifton
ett al. 2011)
CO
ONVENTIO
ONALLY FA
ABRICATE
ED REPLAC
CEABLE L
LINKS FOR
R EBFS
In order to addresss some of th he issues asssociated wiith conventiional EBFs,

Maansour et al (2011)
( propo
osed a meth hod for desiggning EBF fframes with replaceable
link
ks (Figure 2).2 In this configuration
c n, the link section cann be differennt from the
surrrounding flo oor beam. Decoupling
D th
hese two coomponents enables a moore efficient
dessign. Figure 2a depicts an a end-platee connected replaceable EBF link. R Replaceable
link
ks have thee added ben nefit of rap pid inspectioon and repllacement foollowing an
eartthquake therreby mitigatting costs asssociated witth expensivee repairs or demolition.
Add ditionally, the use off EBF link ks with boolted conneections allow ws for an
impprovement in n the construuctability off EBF framees, as it is ppossible to ppre-fabricate
the column-braace-beam asssemblies forr multiple flooors at a tim me with the replaceable
link
k installed beetween the twwo half-fram mes.
Replaceeable links thhat are createed using widde-flange secctions or buiilt-up steel
sections are pro one to the sam
me failure modes
m as connventional E
EBF links, inccluding
web b buckling and
a subsequeent fracture at a stiffener w
welds, and fllange fracturre. The
varriable material propertiess at the k-line of wide-flaange sectionns can lead too web
fraccture.
Mansou ur et al (20111) tested link
ks with both bolted end-pplate and weeb-bolted
connnection con nfigurations. While the web-bolted-c
w onnected linnks were dessirable for
theiir ease of construction annd reparability, they dem monstrated a pinched hyysteresis due
to slipping
s of th
he connectinng bolts and localized beearing deform mations arouund the bolt
holes if the connnection wass not reinforcced to achievve a strongerr and stiffer bolted
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con
nnection. Thee end-plate-cconnected links, howeveer, achieved a consistentt full
hyssteretic respo
onse up to γp=0.104 rad. The testing program connsisted of booth a
sub
bassembly test of the link hear (Figure 2b), and a fuull-frame connfiguration
ks in pure sh
thatt applied a combined sheear and axiall force to thee links (Figuure 2c).
Figure
F 2: Replaceable EBF
E links (ffrom Mansoour et al. (22011)): (a) en
nd-plate
con
nnected link
k fabricatedd from W-seection; (c) frractured lin nk during su ubassembly
testing; (d)) yielded lin
nk during fu
ull-scale fram me test
While thhe replaceab

ble EBF link ks developedd by Mansourr et al. (20111) offer
impprovements over
o conven
ntional EBF designs,
d theyy are still sub
ubject to som
me of the
drawbacks of conventional EBFs. Link ks that are fabbricated fromm wide flangge sections
must be laterallly braced, ass prescribed by
b AISC-3441-10 (AISC C 2010a) clauuse F3-4a
andd S16-14 (CS SA 2014) claause 27.7.9.33. As well, thhe welds at bboth the flannge ends
andd at stiffener connectionss were the prrimary causee of fracture.. As such, ann improved
dessign over theese links wouuld maintainn the bolted eend-plate connnection, buut would
also
o feature a tuubular designn, thereby mitigating
m thee need for laateral supporrts (as was
investigated by y Berman and d Bruneau (2 2007)), and w would eliminnate any welding
within the yieldding portion of the link.
CA
AST STEEL
L REPLACE
EABLE EBF
F LINKS
Steel caastings allow

w for freedom m of geometrry and materrial propertiees that
mak ke them an ideal
i choice for the appliication to repplaceable linnks for eccenntrically
braced frames. Steel casting gs have prev viously beenn used as yiellding fuses ffor
eartthquake eng gineering app plications. Foor example, when used aat the brace end in a
con
ncentric bracced frame, Cast Connex’s yielding coonnector (YC C) offers a large
ducctility and im
mproved postt-yield stiffn ness over connventionallyy designed C CBFs and
bucckling restraiined braced frames (BRB BFs). The YYC connectorr uses speciaally
dessigned trianggular yieldingg fingers to achieve
a a duuctile responnse. The finggers are
tapeered to matcch the bendin ng moment diagram
d of a cantilever, and thus theey distribute
plasticity alongg the full leng
gth of the finngers therebyy delaying thhe onset of ffracture.
Tan and d Christopouulos (2016) in nvestigated the use of stteel castings to develop
EBF links, and studied geom metries that allow for diistributed fleexural yieldinng. While
the YC connecttor used a reectangular crross-section tto achieve thhe desired reesult, Tan
and
d Christopou ulos (2016) developed
d a distributed
d yyielding holllow box. Finnite element
anaalyses demon nstrated that the tapered hollow box distributed tthe plastic sttrains along
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a large portion of the link, while having a higher stiffness and smaller shape factor
than a solid rectangular section.
For this paper, the idea of a cast steel distributed flexural yielding replaceable
EBF link was modified in order to better accommodate the axial forces that develop
during seismic loading in an EBF frame. While Tan and Christopoulos (2016) tapered
only the width of the box shape, the proposed design tapers both the width, height,
and wall thickness of the box in order to maintain a constant cross-sectional area
throughout the flexural yielding portion of the link while allowing for distributed
flexural yielding. In this way, it is proposed that the strains in the flexural yielding
portion remain evenly distributed even in the presence of large axial loads. As well,
the aspect ratio of the tapered yielding portion was established such that Ix/Iy=0.67,
where Ix and Iy are the moment of inertia in the weak and strong axis, respectively -
this ratio is recommended in Tan and Christopoulos (2016) as the limit for tubular
shaped links above which no lateral supports are required to mitigate lateral torsional
buckling. Figure 3 shows an overview of the modified cast steel replaceable EBF
link, which is referred to as the Cast Steel (CS) link in this paper. Figure 3a shows the
tapered wall thickness, constant cross-sectional area, distributed yielding portion, and
Figure 3b depicts a schematic of how such a replaceable link would look in an EBF
frame, and also notes how portions of the frame can be prefabricated in order to
simplify construction. Figure 3c and Figure 3d show the results of finite element
analyses on an example link. These results are described in more detail below.
PROPOSED PROTOTYPE CS-EBF SERIES
Following the design approach that was outlined above, a series of links were
developed at a variety of strengths to enable their use through the height of a
multistory building. This series is intended to form an off-the-shelf product line from
which engineers can select the link with the required strength and stiffness for their
designs.
Table 1 shows an overview of the preliminary CS link product series. Vp is the
nominal link shear strength. These values were chosen to have roughly 30% increases
in strength from one link to the next in order to maintain a reasonable balance
between limiting the number of unique EBF links, and limiting the strength difference
between products. The length between the ends of the active yielding portion of the
link, e, was chosen as 700 mm. The designs subsequently presented in this paper
confirm that this link length is associated with reasonable plastic link rotations, as
required by building codes. The shear stiffness of the links, K, were estimated by
considering elastic flexural deformations. It is noted that this is a simplifying
assumption as elastic deformations and connection flexibility could affect the
stiffness of the links. The cross-sectional area, A, is constant along the yielding
portion of the links. The width, b, height, d, and wall thickness, t, of the hollow box at
the end of the yielding portion are also given in Table 1.
During the design of these links, the ductility of the links was estimated by
considering a prediction of plastic strain, εprediction, at a link rotation of 0.08 rad. This
strain prediction was determined with a number of simplifying assumptions. Firstly, it
was assumed that all of the link rotation was contributed by plastic deformations
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occcurring in thee yielding poortion of the links. This aassumption is reasonable for large
link
k rotations, as
a the elasticc strains accoount for a smmall portion oof total defoormations.
As well, it was assumed thaat the curvatture diagram m followed a parabolic prrofile
betwween the end ds of the yieelding portions of the linnk, which waas shown to bbe a
reasonable assu umption baseed on nonlin near finite eleement analysis studies nnot shown
in this
t paper. These assump ptions alloweed for a clossed-form straain predictioon to be
mad de based on the nominall dimensionss of the link. Previous nuumerical andd
expperimental innvestigationss of the YC connector

c shhowed that a plastic straiin value of
0.075 at the dessign level deeformation yielded
y a suff
fficiently ducctile device uunder
cycclic loading. As can be seeen in Tablee 1, the strainn predictionss are less thaan 0.075 for
the entire produuct series. In
n order ensurre that flangee local bucklling does noot occur, the
widdth to thickness of the deevice, bf/tf was
w limited too 5.0. This vvalue was dettermined to
be an
a effective limit based on finite elem ment analysses that are nnot presentedd here.
Figure 3: Overview
O of proposed cast steel rep
placeable lin nk for eccen
ntrically
brraced framee: (a) drawiings of the 334
3 kN link from Tablee 1; (b) preffabricated
fra
ame construction (adap pted from Mansour
M (20 11)); (c) finite element analysis of
334 kN link at 0.08
8 radians of rotation; (d
d) force-defoformation cuurve
Figure 3 shows an overview

o of the 334 kN llink. The yieelding portioon of the
link
k is noted, allong with thee constant crross-sectionaal area throuugh the holloow box.
Wh hile the lengtth between th he yielding pportions is 700 mm, the actual
he ends of th
lenggth betweenn the end plattes is 800 mm m. This is thhe length thaat must be ussed during
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modeling and detailing of the structural frame, while the value of e from Table 1, 700
mm, is used to predict inelastic link rotations. The link in Figure 3 includes a bolted
end-plate connection that consists of twelve 3/4 inch bolts.
Figure 3c shows the results of a nonlinear finite element analysis on the 334
kN link that was performed using commercially available software. The link was
modelled using second-order tetrahedral elements and a combined kinematic and
isotropic material with a yield stress of 300 MPa and an elastic modulus of 200,000
MPa. In order to reduce analysis time, half the link was modelled and a symmetry
condition was applied. These material values are consistent with the ductile cast steel
material used in the YC Gray et al. (2013). Boundary conditions were consistent with
those used by Tan and Christopoulos (2016). Figure 3c shows the equivalent plastic
strain contour at an applied link rotation of 0.08 radians. The distributed plasticity is
evident along the yielding portions of the link. The closed-form strain prediction for
this 334 kN link was 0.052, and the analysis in Figure 3c determined a maximum
equivalent plastic strain of 0.0451. This result demonstrates that the strain prediction
used during design is somewhat conservative. Figure 3d shows the corresponding
force-deformation curve for the 334 kN link.
SAMPLE CS-EBF DESIGNS
Three five-story EBF frames were designed to demonstrate how the CS link
series from Table 1 can be used in conjunction with modern building codes in typical
strength based designs. The floor and frame geometry is shown in Figure 4, along
with the assumed gravity loads. This frame layout and geometry is the same as that
used in Mansour (2010).
The sample designs were carried out for Montreal (MTL), Vancouver (VAN),
and Los Angeles (LA). The MTL and VAN designs were performed in accordance
with NBCC (NRCC 2010) and steel members were designed based on the provisions
of S16-14 (CSA 2014). The LA design was carried out in accordance with ASCE 7-
10 (ASCE 2010) and AISC 341-10 (AISC 2010a) and steel members were designed
based on the provisions of AISC 360-10 (AISC 2010b). For the Canadian designs
(MTL and VAN) a soil profile type of class C was assumed. For the LA design, site
class D was assumed. For the MTL and VAN designs, a ductility factor, Rd=4.0 and
an over strength factor, Ro=1.5 were used. For the LA design, a response modification
factor of R=8 was used along with a displacement amplification factor of Cd=4.
Figure 5 shows the design spectra for the three designs.
For all the designs, a response spectrum analysis (RSA) procedure was used
that considered a square root sum of squares combination of results from the first five
modes of each frame. The designs were initialized by performing a preliminary
design using the equivalent lateral force method. For the MTL and VAN designs, the
maximum allowable period, 2.0Ta, and minimum allowable base shear, 0.8V, were
used to begin the designs. For the LA design, the maximum allowable period,
CuTa=1.4Ta, and the minimum allowable base shear, 0.85V, were used. These values
were justified by the subsequent RSA. Design iterations were then performed using
the link forces from the RSA until the designs converged. Member sizes and link
strengths for the final designs are given in Table 2.
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Ta
able 1: Overrview of preeliminary ca
ast steel replaceable EBBF link prodduct series
2
Vp e K A (m
mm ) εprediiction b d t ((mm)
(kN) (mm) (kN N/mm) (mm) (mm)
155.7 700 22.3 48
850 0.0441 92.6 117 13.2
200 700 31.1 57
730 0.0444 101 127 14.4
258 700 43.7 67
790 0.0448 110 139 15.7
334 700 61.5 80
060 0.0 52 119 151 17.1
436 700 87.9 96

630 0.0 57 130 165 18.6
569 700 1225.4 11500 0.0662 143 181 220.4
756 700 1883.1 13900 0.0668 157 198 222.4
979 700 258
2 16510 0.0774 171 216 224.4
Figure 4: Sa
ample build
ding design overview (aadapted from
m Mansourr (2010))
Figure 5: Design
D spectrra for samp
ple building designs
In orderr to perform the RSA, twwo-dimensional numericcal models w were created

usinng commerccially availabble structurall analysis sooftware. Centterline geom metry was
useed. The cast steel
s modulaar links weree modelled uusing two-noode link elem ments that
werre assigned a shear and axial
a stiffnesss. The shearr stiffness vaalues are givven in Table
1, and
a the axiall stiffness waas assigned asa EA/L, sinnce the cross-sectional arrea is
connstant along most of the link length. These links were modellled with rigiid moment
connnections, whhich was a reasonable asssumption baased on the ttest results oof bolted
endd-plate conneected replaceeable EBF liinks (Mansoour et al. 2011). While thhe active
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yielding portion of these links was 700 mm, the length between brace-beam-link
work points in the numerical model was specified as 800 mm in order to
accommodate the connection region of the links. Column sections were assumed to
be continuous between floors. Except for the link-beam connections and continuous
columns, all connections were modelled as pinned. Accidental in-plane torsion of the
building was considered in the designs by amplifying the link forces by 10 percent.
Once the required link forces were determined, capacity design principles
were used in order to size the beams, columns, and braces. Forces were determined
using the free-body diagrams outlined in Brunea et al. (2011). For the Canadian
designs (MTL and VAN), these forces were determined by applying an over strength
factor of 1.3 to the nominal link shear force along with a material over strength factor,
Ry=1.1. For the LA design, an over strength factor of 1.25 was used along with
Ry=1.1. These values are consistent with the requirements for wide-flange shear links
in S16-14 (CSA 2014) and AISC 341-10 (AISC 2010a) respectively.
Table 2: Summary of Sample Building Designs

Story Floor Beam Column Brace Nominal Link Strength
(kN)
MTL 5 W12X26 W10X39 W6X20 155
4 W12X26 W6X20 155
3 W12X26 W6X20 155
2 W12X26 W14X68 W6X20 155
1 W14X30 W8X24 200
VAN 5 W12X26 W12X45 W6X20 155
4 W16X36 W8X28 258
3 W14X43 W8X35 334
2 W14X53 W12X79 W8X35 436
1 W14X48 W8x35 436
LA 5 W10X39 W10X68 W8X40 200
4 W14X68 W12X72 569
3 W18X86 W12X72 756
2 W18X86 W14X132 W12X87 756
1 W18X86 W12X96 979
For the MTL and VAN designs, the beams, columns, and braces were selected
to satisfy the width-to-thickness limitations of class 1 or class 2 sections. For the LA
design, the beams and braces were selected to satisfy the width-to-thickness
limitations for moderately ductile members, and the columns were selected to satisfy
the width-to-thickness limitations for highly ductile members. The beams were
assumed to be unbraced between the end of the links and the column. The beams
were designed to satisfy the combined effects of the capacity design axial forces and
bending moments, including the effects of lateral-torsional buckling and weak axis
buckling. Beam sections were also selected to have a minimum depth greater than the
link depth, in order to accommodate the bolted end plate connection. The braces were
considered to be pinned and thus designed to resist the axial forces associated with
the links. As a simplifying assumption, gravity forces were not considered for the
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design of the beams and braces since this is a perimeter frame and thus the gravity
forces were small compared to seismic loads. For the columns, however, loads were
determined based on appropriate load combinations including seismic and gravity
load effects.
SUMMARY OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS RESULTS

Table 3 compares the design period and base shear values to those obtained
from the response spectrum analyses. For the MTL design, the RSA base shear, VRSA
was significantly lower than the design base shear V, and thus link design forces were
amplified by a scaling factor of 0.8V/VRSA. Similarly, the link forces from the VAN
analyses were amplified by a scaling factor, although the difference in base shears
was much smaller for this design. Finally, for the LA design the RSA base shear was
very similar to the design base shear, and no scaling factor was used on the link
forces from the RSA.
Table 3: Fundamental period and base shears

Structure Design period Design RSA RSA Base Scaling
Base Shear period Shear (VRSA) factor
(V) (kN) (s) (kN)
MTL 2Ta=0.95 s 395 1.62 218 1.45
VAN 2Ts=0.95 s 1020 1.16 750 1.09
LA CuTa=1.4Ta=0.93 s 1652 0.77 1655 1.0
Table 4 gives the interstory drift, ID, and plastic link rotation results from the
RSA. For the Canadian structures, ID is defined as ΔeRdRo/h, whereas for the
American structure, ID= ΔeCd/h. where Δe are the elastic interstory deformations from
the RSA, and h is the story height. For all three building designs, the ID values did
not exceed the code-prescribed limits, which are 2.5% for the Canadian designs and
2.0% for the American design. For the MTL and VAN designs, plastic link rotations
were defined as (Rd-1)Δe/h*(L/e) where L is the bay width, and e is the length of the
yielding link (700 mm). For the LA design, γp=(Cd-1)Δe/h*(L/e).
S16-14 (CSA 2014) and AISC 341-10 (AISC 2010a) prescribe a limit of 0.08
radians for shear yielding links, and 0.02 radians for flexural yielding links. It is
proposed that the cast steel links in this paper are capable of undergoing inelastic
rotations similar or exceeding that of short shear links, even though they are designed
to undergo flexural yielding, since the CS links distribute the flexural yielding over a
length of the link, whereas conventional flexural links have concentrated plastic
hinges. As well, the CS links do not have any welds or stiffeners, and thus it is
proposed that they are not prone to the stress and strain concentrations that can cause
premature fracture in conventional links. Considering these characteristics of the cast
steel links, the values of plastic link rotation were limited to 0.08 radians during the
design of the frames.
For the MTL and VAN designs, the link rotations were all below the 0.08
threshold for shear yielding links from the code. For the LA design, link plastic
rotations controlled the design of the fourth story link, and the link strength was
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increased from the 436 kN link to the 569 kN link. The associated increase in
stiffness from both the stronger link and larger beam and brace, which were increased
at that story due to an increase in capacity design forces, caused an inelastic link
rotation value of less than 0.08 radians.
Table 4: Summary of Response Spectrum Analysis Drift and

Plastic Link Rotation Results
MTL VAN LA
Story ID γp ID γp ID γp
(%) (rad) (%) (rad) (%) (rad)
5 0.58 0.018 0.9 0.056 0.78 0.076
4 0.56 0.036 1.1 0.073 0.79 0.076
3 0.60 0.039 1.1 0.073 0.76 0.073
2 0.66 0.043 1.1 0.070 0.75 0.073
1 0.58 0.037 1.2 0.074 0.63 0.061
CONCLUSION
This paper presented a brief overview of the use of replaceable links for
eccentrically braced frames, and proposed the use of a newly developed steel casting
link concept to address the performance and fabrication drawbacks associated with
conventionally designed EBF links.
A series of cast steel modular EBF links of increasing strength and stiffness
was presented. These links were designed to undergo distributed flexural yielding
during an earthquake and achieve a peak cyclic link rotation of 0.08 rad without
fracture or local buckling. The proposed link concepts do not feature any welds or
stiffeners that could lead to premature fracture. The proposed links were designed to
connect to the surrounding beam with a bolted end-plate connection that allows for
simplified construction and the ability for links to be replaced after an earthquake.
Three sample designs were presented that used the proposed cast steel EBF
link series. Five-story chevron-type EBF frames were designed for Montreal,
Vancouver, and Los Angeles. The designs, with the realistic strength and stiffness of
the designed cast steel links were shown to meet the requirements of the Canadian
(Montreal and Vanouver) and American (Los Angeles) building codes with respect to
strength, interstory drift, and inlelastic link rotations. It was shown that the inelastic
link rotations did not exceed the value of 0.08 radians that the links were designed to
sustain.
The ductility of the links was estimated for each link by using a first-
principles prediction of plastic strain under monotonic loading to 0.08 radians.
Advanced finite element analysis that considers cyclic loading and a fracture
prediction model, such as the cyclic void growth model (Kanvinde and Deierlein
2007), are currently being used to further confirm the available ductility of these links
as well as to confirm the appropriate over strength factors to be used in designs.
Finally, large scale full frame testing should be performed in order to demonstrate the
performance of these cast steel modular EBF links under a variety of loading
conditions and displacement protocols.
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Canada 13th ed. NRCC, Ottawa, ON.
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Links for Eccentrically Braced Frames.” Journal of Structural Engineering,
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© ASCE

Cast Steel Repleacable Links

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Structures Congress 2017 202

Cast Steel Replaceable Modular Links for Eccentrically Braced Frames

J. Binder1; M. Gray2; C. Christopoulos3; and C. de Oliveira4

3X9. E-mail: j.binder@castconnex.com

Eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) are well-regarded seismic force resisting

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In order to addresss some of th he issues asssociated wiith conventiional EBFs,

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While thhe replaceab

Steel caastings allow

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PROPOSED PROTOTYPE CS-EBF SERIES

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expperimental innvestigationss of the YC connector

Figure 3 shows an overview

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SAMPLE CS-EBF DESIGNS

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436 700 87.9 96

In orderr to perform the RSA, twwo-dimensional numericcal models w were created

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Table 2: Summary of Sample Building Designs

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SUMMARY OF RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS RESULTS

Table 3: Fundamental period and base shears

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Table 4: Summary of Response Spectrum Analysis Drift and

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AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). (2010). Specification for structural

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