Association of energy intake

and physical activity

with overweight among Indonesia
n children 6-12 years of age.
Harahap H1,2, Sandjaja S2,3, Soekatri M2,4, Khouw I5, Deurenberg P6.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Indonesia is currently facing double burden malnutrition in children.
As overweight and obesity are due to a disturbed energy balance, this study aimed to
assess the association of total energy intake and physical activity with the prevalence
of overweight among Indonesian children.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN:

The data used for this analysis were from 1143 children, 6-12 years old, that
participated in the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS). Physical activity
(PA) was measured using pedometers for 2 consecutive days and was categorized low,
moderate and high. Child nutritional status was categorized based on body mass index
for age z-scores (BAZ) into normal weight (-2 SD ≤BAZ≤1 SD) or overweight (BAZ
>1 SD). Energy intake was calculated from a one day 24 hour recall and compared to
the Indonesian recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for energy.

RESULTS:
Children with low PA had higher risk (ODDs 3.4, 95% CI: 2.0, 6.0) of
being overweight compared to children who had high PA. Children with moderate PA
and energy take >100% RDA had higher risk (ODDs 4.2, 95% CI 1.9, 9.3) of
being overweight than children with high PA and energy intakes ≤100% RDA.

CONCLUSIONS:
Low physical activity independently or moderate physical activity and high energy
intake are risk factors for Indonesian children to get overweight. Program intervention
such as increasing physical activity at school and home is needed to
reduce overweight among children.
Childhood overweight
and obesity amongst primary sch
ool children in Hai Phong City,
Vietnam.
Ngan HTD1, Tuyen LD2, Phu PV3, Nambiar S4.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Childhood obesity is a rising health concern in Vietnam, however, research in this
area is not extensive. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence
of childhood overweight and obesity, and to study associations between weight status
and selected lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity levels,
among children aged 6-10 years in HaiPhong City, Vietnam.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN:

Two hundred and seventy-six children from an urban and a
rural primary school participated in this cross-sectional study. Data on weight, height
and waist circumference were used to calculate BMI, and waist-height ratio to
determine the proportion of children who were overweight, obese and had high
central adiposity. Information on diet, physical activity and socioeconomic status of
families was collected using questionnaires.

RESULTS:
Prevalences of overweight, obesity and high abdominal adiposity were 11.2%, 10.1%
and 19.9%, respectively. Children who completed >=60 minutes of physical activity
daily were 50% and 80% less likely to be overweight and have high abdominal
adiposity, respectively. Computer usage increased the odds of overweight and high
abdominal adiposity by 4.5 and 3.9 times, respectively. Mothers with higher education
and income levels increased the risk of their children being overweight (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:
Physical inactivity and high maternal education and income levels increased the risk
of childhood overweight and obesity in this cohort. Future interventions should target
parents and their children by providing both with educational modules centred on
healthy eating habits, parental feeding practices and strategies for increasing physical
activity.
Overweight and obesity in Indon
esia: prevalence and risk
factors-a literature review.
Rachmi CN1, Li M2, Alison Baur L3.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
Overweight/obesity is a problem faced by both high- and low- and middle-income
countries. This review aimed to report published data on
the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Indonesian children, adolescents, and
adults, along with the associated risk factors.

STUDY DESIGN:
Literature review.

METHODS:
We conducted a literature search for articles published in English (through Medline
via OvidSP, Scopus, Global Health via OvidSP and Web of Science electronic
databases) and Indonesian languages (several websites, direct contact with Indonesian
public health researchers, practitioners and Ministry of Health staff) from earliest to
March 2016. We screened the results and ensured the quality of included studies with
Loney's tools for critically appraising prevalence or incidence studies.

RESULTS:
We included 17 papers on the topic which were available in full text and passed the
critical appraisal process. The prevalence of overweight/obesity has increased over the
past two decades in Indonesian children, adolescents and adults. Prevalencerates are
higher in boys than girls among children, but higher in females in the adolescent and
adult age groups. The prevalence of overweight/obesity is also higher in those living
in urban areas and with higher income or education.

CONCLUSIONS:
Overweight/obesity is a serious public health problem in Indonesia with a continuing
increase in its prevalence. Interventions at the household level and beyond are needed
to successfully lower the prevalence of overweight/obesity in the country.
Copyright © 2017 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:
Adolescent; Adults; Children; Indonesia; Obesity; Prevalence