Stimulus

1) Increased amino acid levels (blood) 2) Hypolipidemia 3) Hypoglycemia

1) High levels of estrogen (blood) 2) Breast feeding 3) Birth control pills
Tropic Hormones (Release controlled by negative feedback - also called feedback inhibition)
1) Low body temperature 2) Pregnancy *Controlled by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (T
1) Long-term stress 2) Fever 3) Hypoglycemia *Con
Negative Feedback Controls (Circulating levels of sex hormones) *Controlled by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormon
Stimulus
Stimulation of the Supraoptic Nucleus: 1) Dehydration 2) Low pl
Stimulation of the Paraventricular Nucleus: 1) Breast feeding 2)
Absence of light (input from the visual pathways)
Activation of the renin-angiotensin pathway by lowered blood pressure/blood volume, elevated K ion and lowered N
Stimulated by ACTH
Stimulated by ACTH
Stimulus
1) Short term stress ("Fight or flight response') 2) Extreme emotion
Stimulated by TSH (anterior pituitary)
Same as thyroxine stimuli
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Stimulus
Hyperglycemia
Secreted in response to food
Secreted in response to food, especially fats
Secreted in response to food
Secreted in response to food
Secreted in response to glucose in intestinal lumen
Gland
Anterior Pituitary (Somatotrope cells)
Anterior Pituitary (Lactotrope cells)

Anterior Pituitary (Thyrotrope cells)

Anterior Pituitary (Corticotrope cells)
Anterior Pituitary (Gonadotrope cells)
Gland
Posterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Pineal gland (pinealocytes)
Adrenal gland cortex (zona glomerulasa)
Adrenal gland cortex (zona fasiculata)
Adrenal gland cortex (zona reticularis)
Gland
Adrenal gland medulla (chromaffin cells)
Thyroid glands (follicle cells)
Thyroid glands (follicle cells)
Thyroid glands (parafollicular or C cells)
Parathyroid glands
Pancreas (a cells) - Islets of Langerhans
Gland
Pancreas (b cells) - Islets of Langerhans
Stomach
Duodenum
Duodenum
Duodenum
Ducodenum and other gut regions
Hormone
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)* *Interstitial cell-stimula
Hormone
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Melatonin
Aldosterone - "Mineralocorticoid"
Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) - "Glucocorticoid"
Androgens (Testosterone) - "Gonadocorticoid"
Hormone
Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Thyroxine (Thyroid Hormone or T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Glucagon
Hormone
Insulin
Gastrin
Intestinal gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Incretins [glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucose-like peptide (GLP-1)]
Target Organ Response Comments
1) Muscle 1) Muscle build-u
Hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism Hypersecretion: Gigantism
Breasts Milk synthesi Hyposecretion: Poor milk production

Thyroid Stimulation ofHyposecretion:

th Cretinism Myxedema Hypersecretion:
Adrenal GlandStimulation ofHyposecretion: N/A Hypersecretion: Cushings
Gonads: Stimulation ofHyposecretion:
t Failure to mature sexually Hyp
Target Organ Response Comments
Kidneys (Colle1) Water reabsor
Hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus Hypersecre
1) Breasts (Myoe
1) "Milk letdown
Hyposecretion: N/A Hypersecretio
SuprachiasmatInfluences the setting of day/night cycles influencing physiological process such as sleep, appetite, bo
Kidneys (Dist 1) Increased blHyposecretion: Addison's disease Potassiu
1) Body cells an
1) promotes gluc
Hyposecretion: Addison's disease Hyper
Sex organs May be responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause
Target Organ Response Comments
Organs/tissueActivation of sympathetic nervous system target organs
Body cells (Ex1) Major effectHyposecretion: numerous effects (text) Hypersecre
Body cells (Ex1) Major effectHyposecretion: numerous effects (text) Hypersecre
1) Skeletal syste
1) Building upTherapy
o for Paget's disease
1) Skeletal syste
1) Bone resorpti
Hyposecretion: tetany Hyperparathyroidsim
Liver 1) Hyperglycemia 2) Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) 3) Gluc
Target Organ Response Comments
1) Liver 1) Hypoglycemia
Hyposecretion: diabetes mellitus Hypersecretion:
Stomach Stimulates glands to release HCl
Stomach Stimulates HCl secretion and gastrointestinal tract motility
Stomach and Stomach: inhibits secretory activity Pancreas and liver: stimulates release of bica
Pancreas, Gal Pancreas: stimulates release of enzyme-rich juice Gallbladder: stimulates expulsion of
Pancreas Enhances insulin release and inhibits glucagon release caused by increased blood glucose
cretion: Gigantism Acromegaly
Hypersecretion: Galactorrhea Cessation of menses

dema Hypersecretion: Hyperthyroidism (similar to Graves' disease) Exopthalmos

ersecretion: Cushings symptoms
Hypersecretion: N/A

Hypersecretion: Retention of fluid (SIADH)

Hypersecretion: N/A
cess such as sleep, appetite, body temperature and hypothalamic activity in general
Potassium retention (blood) Hypersecretion: Hypertension Sodium re
Hypersecretion: Cushings disease

xt) Hypersecretion: numerous effects (text)

xt) Hypersecretion: numerous effects (text)

Hyperparathyroidsim Weakness of bones Weakness of muscles Kid

en) 3) Gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from lactic acid, glycerol, and amino acids)

Hypersecretion: hyperinsulinism (severe hypoglycemia)

iver: stimulates release of bicarbonate-rich juice

adder: stimulates expulsion of stored bile Hepatopancreatic sphinter: causes sphincter to relax, allowing bile and
ased blood glucose
 Cessation of menses Impotence in men

s' disease) Exopthalmos

Sodium retention (blood) Potassium excretion (urine)

muscles Kidney stones

amino acids)

ncter to relax, allowing bile and pancreatic juice to enter duodenum