Experiment About Air-Conditioning Unit

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME (HK03)
GROUP 3 LAB REPORT

KC 21001 LABORATORY IV
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2017/2018
EXPERIMENT: TD 1 – AIR CONDITIONING UNIT
GROUP MEMBERS:
NO. NAME MATRIC NO.
1. ELYSANDRA PETER BK16110036
2. FIFFY FARAYHA BINTI YAKOB BK16110108
3. THIVIYA A/P DEVARAJU BK16110271
4. VERLON VINCENT LEE BK16110034
GROUP :3
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 27th MARCH 2018
NAME OF LECTURER : MDM HAFEZA BINTI ABU BAKAR
NAME OF LAB ASSISTANT : MR. RAYSIUS MODI
VENUE : MAKMAL KIMIA BUKAN ORGANIK, BLOCK B
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 10th APRIL 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 1.0 Abstract 3
2 2.0 Introduction 4–7
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Theories and Explanation
2.3.1 Equipment Descriptions
3 3.0 Experimental Procedure 8 – 11
3.1 Experimental Equipment
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Process Flow Diagram
4 4.0 Results 11 – 15
4.1 Data Result
4.2 Observations
5 5.0 Discussion 16 – 19
6 6.0 Questions 20 – 27
7 7.0 Conclusion 28
8 8.0 References 29
9 9.0 Appendices 30 – 32
2
1.0 ABSTRACT
The main objective in conducting this experiment is to gain familiarity and exposure
with the air conditioning unit. Besides, through this experiment, the mass flow rate and heat
capacity of air can be determined via Air Conditioning Unit A660. Moreover, the air-
recirculation and mixing, computer monitoring, dynamic humidity and temperature control
and the environmental control of a test chamber also can be investigated.
The procedures of the experiment include eight steps. Through these eight step by
step procedure, it helps us to familiarize with all the equipment and component of the air
conditioning unit plus enabling us to understand how it works. Apart from that a process flow
diagram is constructed and can be seen in the experimental procedure section of this report.
The purpose of constructing this process flow diagram is to give a simple and clear insight of
how the experiment flows and works at the same time enables us to understand more about
the working principle of air-conditioning unit.
In the end, from the experiment, it can be concluded that for the air flow of 4.0 mm
H2O, the flow rate and the specific capacity is 0.3432 kg/s and 0.3374 kJ/kg.˚C respectively.
For 4.3 mmH2O, the air mass flow rate is 0.3432 kg/s and the specific heat capacity of air is
0.3377 kJ/kg.˚C. For 4.5 mmH2O, the air mass flow rate is 0.3432 kg/s and the specific heat
capacity of air is 0.3455 kJ/kg.˚C. The obtained value might deviate from the theoretical value
due to certain errors and problems during experiment.
After conducting this experiment, the parts of the air conditioning system were
learned. All the team members become familiar with the air recirculation in expansion valve,
evaporator, compressor and conductor in the air conditioning unit. We understand in more
details about the four processes occur in the refrigeration cycle or also known as vapor
compression refrigeration cycle.
3
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Objectives
The objectives of this air conditioning unit experiment are:
1. To become familiarize with the air conditioning unit.

2. To determine the mass flow rate of air and heat capacity of air.
3. To investigate air re-circulation and mixing, computer monitoring, dynamic humidity
and temperature control and the environmental control of a test chamber.
2.2 Introduction
Figure 1: A typical home air conditioning window unit.
Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air primarily the
temperature, humidity, air movement, and the quality of air in a conditioned space of building.
It can provide widely varying atmosphere conditions ranging from conditions necessary for
drying telephone cables to that necessary for cotton spinning. Air conditioning can maintain
any atmospheric condition regardless of variations in outdoor weather. For human comfort in
public buildings, places of employment and our homes, the ambient air should be between
certain limits of both temperature and humidity. Air conditioning plant usually consists of
several components such as: fans, filters, heat exchangers, humidifiers, and so on. The intake
of air to the plant is from external atmosphere and in some cases air return from building and
they are (air from outside + air return) delivered from the plant via ducting to distribution
points.
The Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A660 has been designed to demonstrate and to
evaluate the energy transfer occurring in all the processes which are required in an air
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conditioning plant. The unit is mounted on a mobile frame which houses the refrigeration unit
and steam generator.
2.3 Theories and Explanation
The main objective in conducting this experiment is to gain insight and familiarity with
the air conditioning unit. Through this experiment, we can determine the mass flow rate and
heat capacity of air via Air Conditioning Unit A660. Moreover, we can investigate the air-
recirculation and mixing, computer monitoring, dynamic humidity and temperature control
and the environmental control of a test chamber.
Several data must be collected through this experiment in order to achieve the above
objective, i.e. dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, temperature of working fluid inlet and
outlet, pressure and refrigerant mass flow rate. The 4 main components in the A660 unit are
as follows: compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion valve. There are several
formulas provided in the laboratory manual that can assist to calculate the mass flow rate and
heat capacity of air.
The performance of an air conditioner is measured by Coefficient of Performance

(C.O.P.) = Capacity/ Power consumed. When capacity is expressed Btu/h and the power in
kW, this ratio is called the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER).
Refrigeration System
The pressures recorded from the system are in gauge units relative to atmosphere. To
convert these to absolute pressure, the local ambient pressure must first be added. The
ambient pressure was
1010 𝑚𝐵𝑎𝑟
or 0.757 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦
or 29.8” 𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦
This equates to 101 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 .
Hence, Evaporator Outlet = 290 + 101 = 391 𝑘𝑁/𝑚−2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Condenser Inlet = 1008 + 101 = 1109 𝑘𝑁/𝑚−2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Condenser Outlet = 1000 + 101 = 1101 𝑘𝑁/𝑚−2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
5
Note that a measurable pressure drop exists in the condenser due to friction effects. The
condenser is a commercial unit and as such is designed by manufactures with minimum cost
as a prime consideration. The evaporator, however, is purpose designed for the A60 unit and
utilizes oversize diameter tube to reduce the pressure drop to a negligible value.
Using the absolute pressures and temperatures recorded around the refrigeration
system, a full cycle system diagram may be drawn on a refrigerant R134a pressure enthalpy
diagram.
The state points may be determined as follows:
Evaporator Outlet/Compressor Inlet (State Point 1)
Locate of the 390 kN/m-2 horizontal pressure line and its intersection with a superheated
temperature of 21.5 0C (t13). The vertical Enthalpy line h1 at this point is 314 kJ kg-1 and the
specific volume is 0.056 m3 kg-1.
Condenser Inlet (State Point 2)
Locate of the 1109 kNm-2 horizontal pressure line and its intersection with a superheated
temperature of 81.0 0C (t14). The vertical Enthalpy line h2 at this point is 364.4 kJ kg-1.
Condenser Outlet (State Point 3)
Locate the 1101 kNm-2 horizontal pressure line and its intersection with the vertical sub-cooled
liquid line from 430 0C (t15) saturated liquid condition.
It will be found that the point in this case is on the saturated liquid line. This indicates
that the liquid is not sub-cooled and reinforces the fact that the condenser is a commercial
design. The Enthalpy h3 at this point is 163 kJkg-1.
After leaving the condenser the liquids enter the receiver and passes to the expansion
valve where it is assumed to expand adiabatically from 1101 kNm-2 to 391 kNm-2. Hence a
vertical line is drawn from State point 3 to State point 4. The 390 kNm-2 horizontal pressure
line also corresponds to a line of constant enthalpy between the saturated liquid and saturated
vapour conditions at 390 kNm-2. The temperature of saturation at 391 kNm-2 is 80C.
From the test results the following conditions may be determined for the refrigeration
system:
H1 = 314 kJkg-1
6
Applying the Steady Flow Energy Equation between Stations A and B,
𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄̇𝑝 = 𝑚̇𝑎 (ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 )
As there is no moisture change between A and B (there is no steam injection),
= 𝑚̇𝑎 𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑡𝐵𝑑 − 𝑡𝐴𝑑 )
= 𝑚̇𝑎 𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑡3 − 𝑡1 )
𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟+𝑄𝑝̇
𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑚̇ 𝑎 (𝑡3 −𝑡1 )
From the mains voltage V1, and the Pre-heater resistances,
2352 2352
𝑄𝑝 = 46.8
+ 46.4
= 2.39 𝑘𝑊
Hence, substituting in the equation for 𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 ,
0.100+2.39
𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.110(45.0−20.5)
= 0.924 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1
This compress with 1.005 kj kg-1 K-1 as the accepted value.
This procedure may alternatively be undertaken across Station C to D using Re-

heating.
2.3.1 Equipment Description
The equipment used for this experiment is the Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A660.
The main parts and other components of the Air Conditioning Laboratory unit A660 are
indicated in the table 1.0 with the description of the functions of individual components which
can be found in the 6.0 Question section question 1 (Page).
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3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
3.1 Experimental Equipment:
1. Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A660
Figure 2: Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A660
3.2 Methodology
1. The wet bulb reservoir is filled up to the marked level.
2. The power was switched on and the system was stabilized for 10 minutes.
3. The fan speed was adjusted, starting from 4mm H2O.
4. The compressor and 2 heaters (front) was switched on.
5. The readings of thermometer, evaporator, and condenser inlet and outlet pressure
were recorded.
6. The experimental was repeated with 4.3 mm H 2O and 4.5 mm H2O. The fan was left
to run for 10 minutes before taking each reading.
7. The piping and instrumentation were observed, and the system was drawn.
8
Figure 3: Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit-A660 System
3.3 Process Flow Diagram
Figure 4: Process flow diagram for Air conditioner
9
Figure 5: Process flow of air conditioner
Based on the process flow diagram in figure 4, the air from the atmosphere enters a
variable speed centrifugal fan before going into the ducting. While the air is entering the fan,
steam is injected to increase the moisture contents so that a homogenous mixture of air and
steam flows into the duct. Upon leaving the fan the air passes over two externally finned
electric elements (pre-heating) which may be individually switched. The warmed air then
enters a stabilizing section where its condition is determined by humidity or temperature
sensor.
Next the air flows through the evaporator of the refrigeration unit where it may be
cooled and will deposit some of its moisture content as liquid. The cool and drier air passes
into another stabilizing section with humidity or temperature sensor before passing over two
individually switched re-heating elements. The condition of the reheated air is determined,
and it then passes back to the atmosphere through an air flow meter. The boiler which supplies
the steam for humidification is controlled by a steam generation controller so that the rate of
steam production rate may be varied. An electronic level switch is installed in the boiler so
that, in conjunction with a solenoid valve, the water level can be maintained.
The refrigeration circuit is charged with refrigerant R134a. During the process vapor
formed in the evaporator is drawn into a hermetic compressor which discharges into an air-
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cooled condenser. The R134a liquid then passes through a flow meter and thermostatically
controlled expansion valve to the evaporator. Temperature and pressure measuring points are
provided in the refrigeration circuit. The fan speed may be varied by a thyristor mounted on
the control panel switches and indicators are mounted on the control panel.
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Result and Analysis
A. Parameter of 4.0 mmH2Oc
Parameter I II Average
Dry bulb temperature of air before fan, t1 (°C) 27.1 28.0 27.55
Wet bulb temperature of air before fan, t2 (°C) 22.2 22.9 22.55
Dry bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t 3 (°C) 48.7 50.1 49.40
40Wet bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t 4 (°C) 28.9 29.5 29.20
Dry bulb temperature of air after evaporator, t5 (°C) 29.5 30.0 29.75
Wet bulb temperature of air after evaporator, t6 (°C) 25.8 26.9 26.35
Dry bulb temperature of air at outlet, t7 (°C) 31.2 31.6 31.40
Wet bulb temperature of air at outlet, t8 (°C) 23.4 23.8 23.60
Temperature of working fluid at evaporator outlet, t13 (°C) 31.4 31.8 31.60
Temperature of working fluid at condenser inlet, t 13 (°C) 79.7 87.7 83.70
Temperature of working fluid at condenser outlet, t13 (°C) 43.7 44.8 44.25
Air flow reading (mmH2O) 4.4 3.8 4.10
Evaporator inlet pressure 245.0 258.0 251.50
Condenser inlet pressure, p2 1160.0 1200.0 1180.00
Condenser outlet pressure, p3 1160.0 1200.0 1180.00
Refrigerant mass flow rate (g/sec) 19.0 19.0 19.00
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B. Parameter of 4.3 mmH2O
Dry bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t3 (°C) 49.2 50.0 49.60
Wet bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t 4 (°C) 29.0 29.8 29.40
Temperature of working fluid at condenser inlet, t13 (°C) 90.1 91.2 90.65
Temperature of working fluid at condenser outlet, t 13 (°C) 45.6 45.8 45.70
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C. Parameter of 4.5 mmH2O
Dry bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t 3 (°C) 49.0 49.4 49.20
Wet bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t 4 (°C) 29.4 29.6 29.50
Temperature of working fluid at condenser inlet, t 13 (°C) 91.1 91.1 91.10
Temperature of working fluid at condenser outlet, t 13 (°C) 45.9 45.5 45.70
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D. Without heater (Parameter of 4.0 mmH2O)
Parameter I
Dry bulb temperature of air before fan, t1 (°C) 27.6
Wet bulb temperature of air before fan, t2 (°C) 22.7
Dry bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t 3 (°C) 28.7
Wet bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t 4 (°C) 23.1
Dry bulb temperature of air after evaporator, t5 (°C) 19.3
Wet bulb temperature of air after evaporator, t6 (°C) 19.2
Dry bulb temperature of air at outlet, t7 (°C) 20.2
Wet bulb temperature of air at outlet, t8 (°C) 19.1
Temperature of working fluid at evaporator outlet, t13 (°C) 18.0
Temperature of working fluid at condenser inlet, t13 (°C) 84.0
Temperature of working fluid at condenser outlet, t 13 (°C) 44.1
Air flow reading (mmH2O) 4.3
Evaporator inlet pressure 239.0
Condenser inlet pressure, p2 1180.0
Condenser outlet pressure, p3 1170.0
Refrigerant mass flow rate (g/sec) 19.0
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4.2 Observations
1) The refrigerant reading is inconsistent due to air bubbles.

2) Air flowing reading is inconsistent.
3) The temperature of working fluid at condenser decreases from inlet to outlet due to
the presence of refrigerant.
4) The pressure reading is constant.
5) Without heater the parameter reading lower compare to when pre-heater is switched
on.
6) Air flow increases, all the parameter reading is fairly increases.
7) There were some errors occurred to the reading due to air bubbles as the parallax
error and the heat transfer that loss to the surroundings.
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5.0 DISCUSSION
Air conditioning provides control of temperature, relative humidity, air motion, radiant heat,
removal of airborne particles and contaminating gases. Unfortunately, the Green House effect
is getting serious and the world temperature is increasing. Air-conditioning industries growth
rapidly because of the human’s demand, therefore many Research and Development (R&D)
were carried out to upgrading the performance of air-conditioning and its safety.
The major reason of this experiment been carried out is to expose students to the air
conditioning unit, to determine the mass flow rate of the air and heat capacity of the air by
using the formula given as well as to investigate the air re-circulation and mixing, computer
monitoring, dynamic humidity and temperature control and the environmental control of a
test chamber. In this experiment, Air conditioning Laboratory Unit A660 was used to run the
experiment. Air-conditioning processes including simple heating, simple cooling, humidifying
and dehumidifying. The working principles of air conditioner unit with the temperature being
recorded from all the thermometers were studied.
The experiment was carried out for three different air flows, which are 4.0, 4.3 and
4.5 mm H2O. During in the experiment, all the parameters values stated in results sheet for
the air flow were recorded. The specific humidity and specific enthalpy from the psychometric
chart were all determined based on the data collected. Therefore, the enthalpy of water vapors
at specific temperature was found from the steam table. With all the calculated data, the air
mass flow rate and specific heat capacity of air was calculated.
The experiment was done by following the systematic set up from filling up the wet
reservoir to the required amount, switching on the power and allowing the system to stabilize
in 10 minutes, the fan was adjusted and the reading was taken for 4.0mmH2O, 4.3mmH2O
and 4.5mmH2O then the two compressors were switched on and the fan was left to run for
10 minutes all the readings of condenser, thermometer, evaporator, inlet and outlet pressure
were recorded at the interval of 10 minutes all the procedures were followed for both 4.3mm
H2o and 4.5mm H2O.
The reading of the thermometer was taken at the point of meniscus. From the value
of enthalpy that have calculated, the values of mass flow rate and the specific heat capacity
of air were determined as 0.3432kg/s and 0.3419 kJ/kg C respectively. The theoretical value
of specific heat capacity was totally different from the actual specific heat capacity which is
1.005 kJ/kg°C. The parameter readings with heater and without heater was compared and
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the results show that the parameter readings without heater were lower than the parameter
readings with heater. This is because of the heater which release heat until the air that flowing
out from air conditioner was warmer and less dynamic humidity. The result obtained was
differ from the theoretical value. This may be due to the readings of temperature taken when
the system was still not yet stabilized. The wet bulb temperature of air before evaporator, t4
is lower than the expected value. The temperature at this point should be higher because the
evaporator absorbs heat from surroundings and the system heat is expected to increase.
Other than that, there was also parallax error which resulted from taking the reading in
calibrated apparatus in a wrong way, this kind of error can be eliminated by placing the object
on a flat surface and the eyes of the observer should be perpendicular to the calibration
system to get the accurate reading. The fan and the air conditioner in the laboratory can be
said as distractors which affects the dynamic humidity whereby can affect in taking all
readings.
On the other hand, for each air flow, the experiment was repeated twice in order to
get the average. The pressure gauge reading was constant at the ranges of 1150 to 1245
mmHg. The temperature of the working fluid at condenser decreases from inlet to outlet. For
example, with heater the temperature of working fluid at condenser inlet is 91.1°C whereas
the temperature of working fluid at condenser outlet is 45.7°C. There was a quite difference
in temperature due to the process of condensation where the vapor was changed to water
from. The refrigerant flow rate was constant at the ranges of 19 to 20 g/sec.
Dry bulb temperature is the temperature of air as sensed by a thermometer whereas

the wet bulb sensed by a thermometer whose bulb is wrapped with a water-soaked wick in
rapidly moving air. These two instruments used to measure the relative humidity of the
atmosphere. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air expressed as a
percentage of the amount needed for saturation at the same temperature. The relative
humidity is calculated from the difference in readings of thermometers when water evaporates
from the wet bulb, the temperature automatically will decrease.
In this experiment, there were 16 readings that need to be recorded at the same time.
Since there are only 4 members in a group, it was a bit difficult to read more than 1 reading
at a time. Moreover, the reading of the temperature can be taken only once at the same time.
As a result of that, it is quite harder to get the reading accurately as the duration of the
pressure gauge to reach maximum was very short. Besides that, the air flow reading deviated
from the intended value after the A660 air conditioning unit was left for 10 minutes before
17
taking the readings. This factor also could cause the calculations to be inaccurate as the air
flow reading was not stable. The reading taken was no longer be at 4.0 mmH2O, 4.3 mmH2O
and 4.5 mmH2O as intended.
There are some precaution steps that need to be taken in order to increase the
accuracy of the results. The cycling fan needs to be switched off during the experiment so
that the humidity won’t be affected. In case if the cycling fan is not switched off, the value of
the specific humidity will decrease due to the blowing air. Apart from that, the water supply
also needs to be making sure that it is well functioned and supply water to the steam
generator.
The evaporating conditions of refrigerant used, R 134a may fall below 0°C at the low
air flow rates and low ambient temperature. If this case happens, ice will form on the air
outside of the evaporator tubes, fins and the expansion valve. So, the ice will eventually stop
the air flow. However, icing can be avoided by increasing the air flow or switching on the air
pre-heaters. The three heater elements which fitted to the steam generator are fitted with
automatic reset high temperature cut-out devices. So, if the user forgets to turn on the water
supply, the thermostat will turn off the power at the heater and prevent a dangerous situation
from developing.
The readings of temperature and pressure also have to be observed carefully. The
pressure readings are supposed to be taken when they reach the maximum value. However,
the reading could not be that accurate because the indicator of the pressure gauge was always
moving and unstable. Moreover, parallax error could occur too when taking the reading of the
thermometer.
Besides that, when taking the reading of flow rate of the refrigerant, it was difficult to
determine the flow rate as the level of the fluid inside the flow meter will move upward and
downward due to its low stability. So, it has to wait until the level of the fluid become stable
before taking the reading. Thus, this is time consuming.
In order to achieve more satisfactory results, there are several steps need to be taken.
When humidification is required, the rate of steam injection should not exceed that which can
be absorbed by the air. If it is found that the mist is at some distance downstream of the
steam distributor, it can be either reduces the heat input to the boiler or, increase the air flow
rate or, increase the air dry bulb temperature by switching on more pre-heat.
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The air should be fairly humid when it is intended to demonstrate de-humidification.
If necessary, steam may be injected. The cooler has a large surface area on which the
condensation takes place. Because of this, an appreciable time elapses before condensate is
charged from the drain at the same rate as it is precipitated. The product of the air mass flow
rate and the change of specific humidity can be easily determined the change of moisture
content of the air. After a sufficient period under steady conditions, agreement between this
and the drainage rate will be obtained.
After collected all the data, it shows that the higher the air flow reading, the higher
the air mass flow rate. It also shows that the higher the air flow reading, the lower the specific
heat capacity of air. The experiment needs to be repeated so that the average reading can be
taken and get more accurate results. The refrigerant inside mostly new air conditioning is
R134a which is an ozone friendly refrigerant. So, it won’t contribute to the ozone depletion
just like R22 refrigerant in the conventional air-conditioning unit. This A660 unit also contains
R134a.
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6.0 QUESTIONS
1. Give a list of components related to air conditioning plant with a brief

description of each component.
Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A660 the main parts of the Air Conditioning
Laboratory Unit A660 are indicated in the table below with the description of the
functions of individual components.
Component Function
Boiler Used for humidification or for the air heaters.
Filters 1. Coarse – Usually wire mesh. To remove insects, leaves and other large
2. airborne particles.
3. Fine – Paper or viscous or electrostatic type. To remove most of the
airborne dust.
Filter – drier It filters any particles that could restrict the capillary tube and trap moisture.
Compressor A pump that pressurizes refrigerant.
Condenser Facilitates heat transfer.
Expansion valve Regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator.
Evaporator Receives the liquid refrigerant
Fan They are required to cause the air movement and to make good the pressure drop
due to the duct and system resistances.
Eliminators They are specially shaped baffles through which the air flows and also remove
entrained water droplets from air stream.
Mixers They are employed to blend two steams of air to achieve desired condition and
economy.
Heat exchangers 1. Usually are finned on the air side, are needed to increase or decrease
the air temperature.
2. Heaters may use steam, hot water of electricity as the heating medium.
3. Coolers may be supplied in which liquid refrigerant boils as a low
temperature within the heat exchanger.
Humidifiers 1. It is used to increase the moisture content of air. Water may be
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sprayed directly into air, may be evaporated from a moist surface, or
alternately, steam may be injected into the air.
2. The latter also results in heating if the air.
Dehumidifier 1. They are used to reduce the moisture content of the air. This is usually
achieved by cooling the air below its dew point so that surplus moisture
is precipitated.
2. Sometimes hygroscopic materials are used to achieve
dehumidification, but of course these require regeneration.
Hygrometer They are instruments for measuring the moisture content of the atmosphere.
Refrigeration It is used for the air coolers.

plant
Inclined It indicates air pressure in very low pressure system.

manometer
Orifice It is a small opening through which fluid flows.
Stop valve It prevents refrigerant flow back to liquid receiver.
Sight glass It is used to determine the condition of the liquid refrigerant in the liquid line.
Solenoid valve It controls the flow of the refrigerant in a circuit or to isolate components from
the rest of the system.
Liquid receiver It keeps the refrigerant in the liquid form.
Table 1.0: Components and functions of air conditioning unit
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2. From the psychometric chart, find the following:
Temperature Parameters 4.0mm H2O 4.3mm H2O 4.5mm H2O
t1, t2 Specific humidity, ωA 0.0159 0.0164 0.0160
(kg of H2O / kg of DA)
Specific enthalpy, hA 68.3 69.9 69.0
(kJ / kg DA)
t3, t4 Specific humidity, ωB 0.0188 0.0191 0.0194
Specific enthalpy, hB 98.4 99.4 100.0
(kJ / kg DA)
t5, t6 Specific humidity, ωC 0.0215 0.0230 0.0230
Specific enthalpy, hC 84.8 89.2 89.4
(kJ / kg DA)
t7, t8 Specific humidity, ωD 0.0160 0.0169 0.0173
Specific enthalpy, hD 72.4 75.4 76.3
(kJ / kg DA)
Specific volume, vD (m3/kg) 0.890 0.890 0.890
3. From the steam tables: for ambient air the enthalpy of water vapour
hg at atmospheric pressure = 2675.6 kJ/kg
Boiler feed water, hj at 20oC (assume) = 2537.4 kJ/kg
22
z
4. Calculate the mass flow rate, ṁa  0.0517 kgs 1
VD
I) 4.0mm H2O
ṁa
 1.01325 X 10 5 N / m 2  1kg  m / s 2 
(4.0 X 10 3 mH 2 O)  
 0.0517  10.333mH 2 O  1N  kg / s
0.890 m 3 / kg
 0.3432 kg / s
II) 4.3mm H2O
ṁa
 1.01325 X 10 5 N / m 2  1kg  m / s 2 
(4.0 X 10 3 mH 2 O)  
 0.0517  10.333mH 2 O  1N  kg / s
0.890 m 3 / kg
 0.3432 kg / s
III) 4.5mm H2O
ṁa
 1.01325 X 10 5 N / m 2  1kg  m / s 2 
(4.0 X 10 mH 2 O)
3
  

 10.333mH 2 O  1N 
 0.0517 kg / s
0.890 m 3 / kg
 0.3432 kg / s
Average of mass flow rate of air:
ṁa
(0.3432  0.3432  0.3432 )kg / s


3
 0.3432 kg / s
23
5. Calculate the specific heat capacity of air,
CP air
FanPower  QP

ma (t 3  t1 )
Where the energy equation for steady flow between A and B.
QP = 2.38 kW
Fan Power = 0.150 kJ/s
I) 4.0mm H2O
ṁa = 0.3432 kg/s ; t1 = 27.55 ; t3 = 49.40
Cp air

0.150  2.38kJ / s
0.3432 kg / s49.40  27.55  C
o
 0.3374 kJ / kg o C
II) 4.3mm H2O
ṁa = 0.3432 kg/s ; t1 = 27.90 ; t3 = 49.60
Cp air

0.150  2.38kJ / s
0.3432 kg / s49.60  27.90  C
o
 0.3397 kJ / kg o C
III) 4.5mm H2O
ṁa = 0.3432 kg/s ; t1 = 28.05 ; t3 = 49.20
24
Cp air

0.150  2.38kJ / s
0.3432 kg / s49.20  28.05  C
o
 0.3485 kJ / kg o C
Average of specific heat capacity of air is:
Cp air

0.3374  0.3397  0.3485 kJ / kg o C
3
 0.3419 kJ / kg  C o
6. Draw the system featuring the main equipment in the air conditioning unit.
Air conditioners use the vapor compression cycle, a 4-step process as shown in figure 6
and 7:
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression in a compressor.

Process 2-3: Heat rejection in a condenser coil, P = constant.
Process 3-4: Expansion in the throttling valve.
Process 4-1: Heat absorption in an evaporator coil, P = constant.
For an ideal cycle, the refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor and is
compressed isentropically. The compressor in the outside unit pressurize a gaseous
refrigerant. The refrigerant heats up during the process and at the same time the
temperature increases during the compression. The refrigerant then enters the condenser
as a superheated vapor and leaves as a saturated liquid. Fans in the outdoor unit blow air
across the heated, pressurize gas in the condensing coil. After that, the refrigerant gas
cools and condenses into liquid. The pressurized liquid is then piped inside the air to the
air-handling unit and enters throttling valve. The pressure and temperature both drop as
it passes through the throttling valve. The cold liquid circulates through the evaporator
coils. Inside air is blown across the coils and cooled while the refrigerant warns and
evaporates. The cooled air is blown through the ductwork. The refrigerant evaporates
completely as it absorbs heat from the surroundings. Then, it returns to the outdoor unit
where the process repeats.
25
Figure 6: Air conditioning vapor compression cycle
Figure 7: the main equipment of the air conditioning unit
26
7. Discuss and conclude your findings.
The average specific heat capacity of air is shown as below:
(0.3374 + 0.3397 + 0.3485)𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃
𝐶𝑝 =
3
𝐶𝑝 = 0.3419 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ ℃
From the data analysis, for 4.0 mmH2O, the air mass flow rate is 0.3432 kg/s
and the specific heat capacity of air is 0.3374 kJ/kg.K. For 4.3 mmH2O, the air mass
flow rate is 0.3432 kg/s and the specific heat capacity of air is 0.3397 kJ/kg.K. For 4.5
mmH2O, the air mass flow rate is 0.3432 kg/s and the specific heat capacity of air is
0.3485 kJ/kg.K. The average specific heat capacity calculated is 0.3419 kJ/kg.K.
However, the theoretical value of specific heat capacity of air is approximately 1.005
kJ/kg.K. This may be due to the readings of temperature taken when the system was
still not yet stabilized. Through this experiment, it shows that the higher the air flow
reading, the higher the air mass flow rate. Other than that, it also shows that the
higher the air flow reading, the lower the specific heat capacity of air.
27
7.0 CONCLUSION
Based on this experiment, air conditioning provides control of temperature, relative

humidity, air motion, radiant heat, removal of airborne particles and contaminating gases.
From the result obtained, the air flow of 4.0 mm H2O, the mass flow rate and the specific
capacity is 0.3432 kg/s and 0.3374 kJ/kg.°C respectively. For 4.3 mmH2O, the air mass flow
rate is 0.3432 kg/s and the specific heat capacity of air is 0.3377 kJ/kg.°C. For 4.5 mmH2O,
the air mass flow rate is 0.3432 kg/s and the specific heat capacity of air is 0.3455 kJ/kg.°C.
The average specific heat capacity of air is 0.3419 kJ/kg.°C. The obtained value might deviate
from the theoretical value due to certain errors and problems during the experiment that have
mentioned in the discussion part. Thus, precaution steps must be taken to obtain more
accurate data.
After conducting this experiment, the parts of the air conditioning system are learned.
It has become familiar with the air re-circulation in expansion valve, evaporator, compressor
and conductor in the air conditioning unit. The four processes occur in the refrigeration cycle
(vapor compression refrigeration cycle) are learned and understood in more details.
Furthermore, air re-circulation and mixing, computer monitoring, dynamic humidity and
temperature control and the environmental control of a test chamber are learned. Hence, the
objectives of the experiment are achieved.
28
REFERENCES
Air conditioning Laboratory Unit A660 operation manual, P. A. Hilton Ltd, United Kingdom.
Air conditioning (n.d.) Retrieved from: http://home.howstuffworks.com/ac1.htm

(Retrieved on 7th April 2018.)
Air Conditioning Unit (n.d.), Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning

(Retrieved on 7th April 2018)
Compression refrigeration system (n.d.) Retrieved from:

http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/compression_refrigeration_system/compressi
on_refrigeration_system.html. retrieved on 7th April 2018
Chapter 7: Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), (n.d.). Retrieved from:

https://www.uky.edu/bae/sites/www.uky.edu.bae/files/ (Retrieved on 9th April 2018)
Lab manual KC21001 Laboratory IV semester 2 2017/2018.
Moran, M.J. & Shapiro, H.N. (2008). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. United
States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Relative Humidity, (n.d.). Retrieved from:

https://graphical.weather.gov/definitions/defineRH.html (Retrieved on 9th April 2018)
29
9.0 APPENDICES
Figure 6: Air conditioning Laboratory Unit A660
Figure 7: Schematic Diagram of the air conditioner
30
Figure 8: Reference schematic diagram of the air conditioner
Figure 9: Air flow meter
31
Figure 10: Temperature regulator and 15 Way Selection Switch
32

Experiment About Air-Conditioning Unit

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Experiment About Air-Conditioning Unit

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME (HK03)

GROUP 3 LAB REPORT

EXPERIMENT: TD 1 – AIR CONDITIONING UNIT

2. FIFFY FARAYHA BINTI YAKOB BK16110108

3. THIVIYA A/P DEVARAJU BK16110271

4. VERLON VINCENT LEE BK16110034

NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

The objectives of this air conditioning unit experiment are:

1. To become familiarize with the air conditioning unit.

Figure 1: A typical home air conditioning window unit.

2.3 Theories and Explanation

The performance of an air conditioner is measured by Coefficient of Performance

This equates to 101 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 .

Hence, Evaporator Outlet = 290 + 101 = 391 𝑘𝑁/𝑚−2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

Condenser Inlet = 1008 + 101 = 1109 𝑘𝑁/𝑚−2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

Condenser Outlet = 1000 + 101 = 1101 𝑘𝑁/𝑚−2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

The state points may be determined as follows:

Evaporator Outlet/Compressor Inlet (State Point 1)

Condenser Inlet (State Point 2)

Condenser Outlet (State Point 3)

𝐹𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄̇𝑝 = 𝑚̇𝑎 (ℎ𝑏 − ℎ𝑎 )

As there is no moisture change between A and B (there is no steam injection),

= 𝑚̇𝑎 𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑡𝐵𝑑 − 𝑡𝐴𝑑 )

= 𝑚̇𝑎 𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑡3 − 𝑡1 )

From the mains voltage V1, and the Pre-heater resistances,

Hence, substituting in the equation for 𝐶𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 ,

This compress with 1.005 kj kg-1 K-1 as the accepted value.

This procedure may alternatively be undertaken across Station C to D using Re-

2.3.1 Equipment Description

1. Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A660

Figure 2: Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit A660

1. The wet bulb reservoir is filled up to the marked level.

3. The fan speed was adjusted, starting from 4mm H2O.

4. The compressor and 2 heaters (front) was switched on.

3.3 Process Flow Diagram

Figure 4: Process flow diagram for Air conditioner

4.1 Result and Analysis

A. Parameter of 4.0 mmH2Oc

1) The refrigerant reading is inconsistent due to air bubbles.

Dry bulb temperature is the temperature of air as sensed by a thermometer whereas

and 4.5 mmH2O as intended.

1. Give a list of components related to air conditioning plant with a brief

Boiler Used for humidification or for the air heaters.

Compressor A pump that pressurizes refrigerant.

Condenser Facilitates heat transfer.

Expansion valve Regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator.

Evaporator Receives the liquid refrigerant

Refrigeration It is used for the air coolers.

Inclined It indicates air pressure in very low pressure system.

Orifice It is a small opening through which fluid flows.

Stop valve It prevents refrigerant flow back to liquid receiver.

Liquid receiver It keeps the refrigerant in the liquid form.

Table 1.0: Components and functions of air conditioning unit

Temperature Parameters 4.0mm H2O 4.3mm H2O 4.5mm H2O

t1, t2 Specific humidity, ωA 0.0159 0.0164 0.0160

(kg of H2O / kg of DA)

Specific enthalpy, hA 68.3 69.9 69.0

t3, t4 Specific humidity, ωB 0.0188 0.0191 0.0194

(kg of H2O / kg of DA)

Specific enthalpy, hB 98.4 99.4 100.0

t5, t6 Specific humidity, ωC 0.0215 0.0230 0.0230

(kg of H2O / kg of DA)