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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
The 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeed-
back (AAPB) was held at the Riveria Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 22–
24, 2002. The theme of the meeting was “Circle of the Soul: The Psychophysiology of
Mind/Body/Spirit.” The meeting included diverse program offerings, consisting of plat-
form and poster presentations, symposia and panel discussions, invited keynote addresses,
a distinguished scientist address, clinical forums, roundtable discussions, institutes, work-
shops, short courses, and section and division programs. Abstracts for the platform and
poster presentations follow. The first 6 papers were judged by the Program Committee
to merit the special distinction of “Citation Paper or Poster.” The remaining papers ap-
pears in their order of presentation, beginning with the oral presentations. More extended
abstracts, as well as summaries for other offerings, are available for a limited time on the
AAPB website (www.aapb.org). The Program Committee members were Eric K. Willmarth
(Chair), Jeffery R. Cram, Kati Twinem-Jones, Lynda Kirk, Stuart C. Donaldson, Vincent
J. Monastra, Nancy M. Schwartz, Paul M. Lehrer, Steven M. Baskin, and Donald P. Moss
(President).
The 34th Annual Meeting will be held at the Adam’s Mark Hotel, Jacksonville, Florida,
March 27–30, 2003.
CITATION PAPER
1 Communications should be addressed to Tom Budzynski, PhD, 5148 NE 54th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105.
299
1090-0586/02/1200-0299/0 °
C 2002 Plenum Publishing Corporation
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
the end of the AVS and 15 min later. The patient then entered a program of 30 sessions of
20 min AVS. At the end of the training and then at several month intervals 3 more QEEGs
were performed. The AVS treatment produced decreases in both delta and beta band levels
in certain areas of the brain as delineated by the QEEG and LORETA analyses. This pilot
study would suggest that AVS may be of help in reducing the slowing of the EEG that
accompanies the progression of Alzheimer’s symptoms.
KEY WORDS: QEEG; LORETA; AVS; Alzheimer’s disorder.
CITATION PAPER
John W. DeLuca,2 Mind Stuff sm and Wayne State University School of Medicine
Ray Daly, Neurobiofeedback Wellness Centre and University of Windsor
CITATION PAPER
Thomas Budzynski3
2 Communications should be addressed to John W. DeLuca, PhD, Mind Stuff sm, P.O. Box 510867, Livonia,
Michigan 48151; e-mail: mindstuff@inetmail.att.net.
3 Communications should be addressed to Tom Budzynski, PhD, 5148 NE 54th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105;
e-mail: tbudzyn@cs.com.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
the LORETA but, of course, do not delineate the deeper structure condition. The results
of the follow-ups will help determine if the AVS effects hold up even as the Alzheimer’s
progression occurs.
KEY WORDS: AVS; Alzheimer’s; QEEG; LORETA.
CITATION POSTER
CITATION POSTER
Ou Oikawa,5 Kazunori Ito, Kohji Shima, and Kunio Tashiro, Kushiro Rosai Hospital
CITATION POSTER
This inspiring study describes the rehabilitation experience of a 24-year-old woman, severely
brain injured at birth, as she has worked to overcome her disabilities and become increas-
ingly independent. The three interventions are described with results. The current, and by
far the most successful, has been EMG Biofeedback targeting the increase of motor neural
signal strength to the muscles. A work in progress, spasticity is nearly eliminated. She has
gained ability to sit unsupported. She is gaining bimanual function, and the strength and
ability to stand and walk. Discussion also includes associated mental health, resiliency, and
motivational considerations.
KEY WORDS: EMG biofeedback; rehabilitation; brain injury.
EEG and autonomic nervous system profiles reflect individual differences. This is just as
true when the client wishes to optimize academic or athletic performance as it is when
there is a specific disorder. Three case studies are presented: for the university student,
recall is linked to mental state; for the professional athlete, reflexes and timing are linked to
relaxation and readiness; and for severe Parkinsons’s and dystonia, quality RSA has both
indirect and direct feedback links to muscle spindle activity and works in concert with
increasing SMR to establish conscious control over dystonic symptoms.
KEY WORDS: neurofeedback; dystonia; biofeedback.
In our laboratory we have previously shown that neurofeedback protocols can benefit mu-
sical performance in conservatoir students. Rate of improvement could be predicted on the
basis of how well the students had learned an “alpha/theta” deep relaxation protocol (Egner
& Gruzelier, submitted). In order to substantiate these findings, an investigation was devised
that compared musical performance quality, as rated by “blind” expert judges, between 4
experimental groups before and after different training interventions of alpha/theta (n = 8),
6 Communications should be addressed to Karen Stevens Cochrane, MEd, The Fielding Institute, Santa Barbara,
California 93105.
7 Communications should be addressed to Michael Thompson, BSC, MD, ADD Centre, 50 Village Centre Place,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4Z 1V9.
8 Communications should be addressed to John H. Gruzelier, PhD, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience
and Behavior Neurofeedback, Faculty of medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine,
St. Dunstans Road, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
Richard A. Sherman,9 Garry D. Davis, Melissa F. Wong, and Kathleen Clary, Departments of Orthopedics,
Ob-Gyn, and Nursing Research Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington
Nearly 1/3 of 450 female soldiers reported experiencing significant physical stress induced
urinary incontinence during physical training and field exercises. Thirty-nine female soldiers
having this problem received standard cystometric examinations and then 23 were treated
with sEMG feedback from the pelvic floor and home practice of Kegel exercises while
16 received home practice of Kegel exercises after being shown correct patterns of pelvic
floor tension. All but 8 improved sufficiently (5 and 3) so that they did not require further
treatment. Fifty incontinent soldiers and 10 continent controls had ambulatory and in-
laboratory cystometric evaluations. Those soldiers evaluated before and after behavioral
interventions showed normalized cystometric recordings with improvement.
KEY WORDS: behavioral; interventions; urinary incontinence; environmental recording.
Direct sEMG measurements and biofeedback of the occipital area was found very useful
and probably necessary in the treatment of a case of posttraumatic headache that included
occipital tension and pain. Recurrent post head trauma headaches with slight but insufficient
response to frontal and posterior neck sEMG biofeedback and relaxation therapies were
assessed for involvement of occipital muscles. The use of direct occipital monitoring and
biofeedback was studied and supported.
KEY WORDS: sEMG; headache; occipital.
Marion Huber, Erik Peper,11 and Katherine H. Gibney, San Francisco State University
Data entry and mousing at the computer is associated with discomfort. Twenty-seven vol-
unteer subjects (mean age 27.6 years) were assigned to experimental or control groups.
9 Communications should be addressed to Dr. Richard Sherman, Orthopedic Surgery, Madigan Army Medical
Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431; e-mail: rsherman@nwinet.com.
10 Communications should be addressed to Mark Schwartz, PhD, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road,
Jacksonville, Florida 32224.
11 Communications should be addressed to Erik Peper, Institute for Holistic Healing Studies, San Francisco State
University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
Today meditation is increasingly common in the United States. Although research has been
carried out showing its efficacy, little has been done to differentiate the benefit of various
types of meditation. This study was done to compare user preference for each of four
different approaches. Twenty-one undergraduate students participated, practicing one new
meditation per week for 4 weeks. At the fifth session the student practiced each method,
recorded experiences, and ranked preferences. The 2 closed-focus methods were the most
preferred. Novice meditators seem to prefer closed-focus concentration methods compared
to open-focus approaches.
KEY WORDS: meditation; mindfulness; concentration.
Fred Shaffer,13 Adam Lipps, Logan Banks, and Blake Schneider, Truman State University
The present study examined whether relaxation effort influences the physiological effects
of brief autogenic and progressive relaxation exercises. We studied 20 undergraduate vol-
unteers (8 men and 12 women) using a within-subjects design, and measured the effects of
four 3-min relaxation effort conditions (low-effort autogenic, high-effort autogenic, low-
effort progressive relaxation, and high-effort progressive relaxation) on accessory sEMG,
blood volume pulse, heart rate, skin conductance level, and skin temperature. This study
provides preliminary evidence that excessive effort during a brief progressive relaxation ex-
ercise increases accessory sEMG activity and skin conductance level, and supports Luthe’s
emphasis on a relaxed attitude during relaxation training.
KEY WORDS: autogenic training; progressive relaxation; sEMG.
Sharon L. Lewis,14 Peter N. Bonner, and Jennifer M. Hale, University of Texas Health Science
Center, San Antonio, Texas
Dorothy H. Clough, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
12 Communications should be addressed to Adam Burke, Department of Health Education, San Francisco State
University, San Francisco, California 94132.
13 Communications should be addressed to Fred Shaffer, PhD, McClain Hall 214, Truman State University,
Kirksville, Missouri 63501; e-mail: fshaffer@truman.edu.
14 Communications should be addressed to Sharon Lewis, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center
(182), South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter Blvd., San Antonio, Texas 78229.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
The study purpose was to determine the effects of relaxation therapy (RT) on stress reactiv-
ity and recovery using bioinstrumentation and emotional distress questionnaires. Spousal
caregivers (SC) and children caregivers (CC) of Alzheimer’s patients were taught relaxation
strategies. Psychophysiological stress testing was done 4 times over 16 weeks. Muscle ten-
sion (EMG), electrodermal response (EDG), skin temperature, and heart rate were measured.
Although SC had improvements in stress reactivity and stress recovery over the course of
the study, CC had little change. Although emotional distress decreased for both caregiver
groups, CC had more emotional distress than SC at both the beginning and end of the
study.
KEY WORDS: Relaxation therapy; stress reactivity; caregivers; Alzheimer’s.
Previous research on PSA has indicated that while individuals do benefit somewhat from
any treatment, results can be significantly increased by using the therapeutic treatment
most effective in dealing with the particular needs of each person. This study compares the
effectiveness of Systematic Desensitization and Integrative Approach on the reduction of
PSA. Twelve subjects who scored high on a self-report trait anxiety were randomly assigned
to either SD or IA training. There was no significant difference in the overall self-report
trait anxiety scores betwen the 2 groups. In testing physiological measurement changes, the
EMG biofeedback showed significant difference.
KEY WORDS: public speaking anxiety; systematic desensitization; integrative approach.
Changes in Prefrontal Alpha Asymmetry During the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual
Cycle: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder—A Single Case Study
15 Communications should be addressed to Ana Maria Rossi, PhD, Clı́nica de Stress and Biofeedback, Rua Padre
Chagas 185/1104, 90570–080 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; e-mail: stress@anamrossi.com.br.
16 Communications should be addressed to Elsa Baehr, PhD, NeuroQuest, Inc., Suite 1005, 1603 Orrington Avenue,
Evanston, Illinois 60201.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
Eugenia M. Bodenhamer-Davis,17 Alicia L. Townsend, and Lisa M. Black, University of North Texas
A group of outpatient adults in a university EEG biofeedback treatment center who reported
a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were compared on measures of quantitative
electroencephalographs (QEEG) and the MMPI-2 with a matched group of outpatients
with no history of abuse. MMPI-2 patterns of the CSA group showed significant elevations
similar to prior research. The CSA group exhibited significantly lower alpha relative power
at most sites in comparison to the non-CSA group. Models to predict group membership
and other differences between the groups will be reported.
KEY WORDS: childhood sexual abuse; MMPI-2; QEEG.
A. V. McGrady,18 A. Claggett, S. Vasudeva, and G. E. Tietjen, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio
Carolyn B. Yucha,19 Kristine S. Calderon, Pei-Shan Tsai, and Mark C. K. Yang, University of Florida
Blood pressure (BP) was measured via 3 different techniques: beat-to-beat radial BP tonom-
etry, ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), and in the clinic using the ABPM in the manual
mode. Data were collected in 25 hypertensive adult volunteers weekly for 3 weeks. Intrain-
strumental and interinstrumental discrepancies were calculated. Radial tonometry resulted
in lower BPs than the other techniques. The clinic BP and daytime ABPM produced gener-
ally compatible measures, but the standard deviation of these measures was relatively large.
This inherent BP variability necessitates larger samples sizes to detect treatment effects.
KEY WORDS: blood pressure; measurement; hypertension.
L. Grazzi,20 D. D’Amico, S. Usai, M. Leone, C. Nespolo, and G. Bussone, C. Besta National Neurological Institute,
Milano, Italy
F. Andrasik, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida
The Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS) is one of the more specific instruments
to investigate the global impact of illness in primary headaches disorders in adults. This
study concerns 59 headache patients aged 9–16 years to assess disability, using the MIDAS
questionnaire. Patients completed the MIDAS questionnaire at baseline and after 1 month,
for test-retest reliability. No intervention occurred during this period. Mean MIDAS scores
at baseline and Spearman coefficients were: overall score, 13.9(0.7); item 1, 2.9(0.6); item
2, 4.7(0.5); item 3, 2.2(0.4); item 4, 1.6(0.2); item 5, 2.3(0.6). Some form of disability
was reported in all rated activities. A satisfactory test-retest reliability was found for the
overall MIDAS score. Although some changes might be required, MIDAS can be used in
the assessment of disability in young headache patients.
KEY WORDS: MIDAS questionnaire; young headache patients; disability.
In this report relaxation therapy was applied to small groups of young headache patients for
determining the usefulness and the feasibility of this approach. Thirty-seven patients were
studied. Eight-weekly-30-min-relaxation sessions were organized. A headache diary and a
tape with the relaxation exercises (for practicing relaxation at least once a day at home) were
given to patients. Follow-up sessions were fixed 1 month after the end of the program and 3,
6, and 12 months after. The results showed significant clinical improvement at 1-month and
at 3-months follow-up (pre-VS 1-month p < .00003; pre-VS 3-months p < .0002). These
data are encouraging. It will be interesting to look at the longer follow-up for confirming
these preliminary findings.
KEY WORDS: relaxation therapy; young headache patients; clinical improvement; follow-up.
Michelle Harvey,22 Celeste Riley, Joseph A. Doster, and Arthur Goven, University of North Texas,
Renee Moorefield, Wisdom Works
20 Communications should be addressed to Licia Grazzi, MD, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11,
20133 Milan, Italy.
21 Communications should be addressed to Licia Grazzi, MD, Neurological Institute C. Besta, Via Celoria 11,
20133 Milan, Italy.
22 Communications should be addressed to Michelle Harvey, MSA, Department of Psychology, University of North
Texas, Denton, Texas 76203.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
This study extended current research linking spirituality to health by investigating the rela-
tionship between extrinsic and intrinsic spirituality and cardiovascular factors. Participants
included 111 healthy males and females, ages 28–63. Measurements consisted of the
Lifestyle Assessment Questionaire (LAQ), the Community of Selves Repertory Grid, hema-
tological analyses, and blood pressure measurements. A greater sense of spirituality was
associated with lower triglyceride levels. In addition, the structural or organizational charac-
teristics of intrinsic spirituality were associated with improved hematological functioning.
Further research may help clarify the association between mechanisms underlying spiritu-
ality and cardiovascular health.
KEY WORDS: spirituality; cardiovascular risk.
Paul Lehrer23 and Evgeny Vaschillo, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
From the beginning of human history dreams have played a central role in the healing prac-
tices in many cultures. With the advent of lucid dreaming in modern times, where dreamers
know that they dream while they dream, individuals can take a more active role in seeking
healing in dreams. For over a decade lucid dreamers have reported on the improvement of a
variety of physical conditions through lucid dream healing. Although anecdotal evidence has
only limited value within a scientific paradigm, it can point the way towards more rigorous
psychophysiological investigations by bringing to light factors of potential importance.
KEY WORDS: dreaming; healing; psychophysiology.
Brent P. Mruz, William J. Burns, and Doil D. Montgomery,25 NOVA Southeastern University
23 Communications should be addressed to Paul Lehrer, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine
and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.
24 Communications should be addressed to E. W. Kellogg III, PhD, The Phenomenological Laboratory, P.O.
Box 1019, Ashland, Oregon 97520; e-mail: alefl@msn.com.
25 Communications should be addressed to Doil D. Montgomery, PhD, BCIAC, NOVA Southeastern University,
3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
Thirteen graduate students (11 female, 2 male) were recruited to participate in a 2-week
study designed to ascertain the relationship between a self-report Subjective Units of Dis-
tress Scale (SUDS) and finger temperature (FT). Each of the participants agreed to take
4 daily measurements of the 2 variables at predetermined times for a total of 10 days.
The results suggest that after the September 11 national tragedy the SUDS doubled in
level and was slow to decrease, taking until the end of the week to recover. The re-
sults also indicate that the individual correlations between SUDS and FT was highly
variable.
KEY WORDS: September 11th; effects of distress; individual differences.
Twenty adults, 5 men and 15 women between the ages of 22 and 51 (M = 31.4), (SD = 8.96)
were recruited for a 1-hr session designed to compare a relaxation video with a control video.
The experiment compared the 2 videos in an effort to determine the effectiveness of the
relaxation video. The relaxation video was more effective than the control video in induc-
ing a relaxation state based on self-report of the participants; some physiological measures
supported an induced state of relaxation when the slope rather than the mean were used to
reduce the data. The physiological data measured were electrodermal activity (EDA), heart
rate (HR), and finger temperature(FT).
KEY WORDS: physiological responses; relaxation; data reduction.
Carmen V. Russoniello, Matthew T. Mahar, Jennifer M. DiNallo, Michael R. McCammon, Thomas K. Skalko, and
David A. Rowe,28 East Carolina University
This ongoing study evaluates the effects of a physical activity program on heart rate vari-
ability in children. Results indicate an overall increase in heart rate variability as well as a
small to moderate shift of autonomic balance towards increased vagal tonus as a result of the
intervention. There was a corresponding 4% reduction in body fat. These findings suggest
that physical activity can help facilitate autonomic balance thereby positively impacting the
metabolism process and decreasing body fat.
KEY WORDS: heart rate variability; obesity; physical activity.
Physiological Stress Profile in the Fasting Therapy for a Patient With Chronic
Headache: A Case Report
Hiromi Mutsuura,29 Shinji Nishida, Naoki Takebayashi, Kenji Kanbara, and Yoshihide Nakai, Kansai Medical
University
A 28-year-old male with chronic headache showed significant reduction of his symptoms by
the fasting therapy. This case report examined the physiological profiles EMG, SC, TEMP,
HR, BVP, and RESP, with stress imagery and mental arithmetic through the therapy. The
result was that SC and HR changed sensitively by stresses during the fasting therapy and
then became low changes. This is the first trial of recording the physiological stress profile
during the fasting therapy. It is useful for estimating the effect of therapy with psychological
change.
KEY WORDS: physiological profile; stress profile; fasting therapy.
Kenji Kanbara,30 Naoki Takebayashi, Hiromi Mutsuura, and Yoshihide Nakai, Kansai Medical University
28 Communications should be addressed to Carmen V. Russoniello, PhD, TRS/CTRS, LPC, Department of Recre-
ation and Leisure Studies, East Carolina University, 161 Minges Coliseum, Greenville, North Carolina 27858;
russonielloc@mail.ecu.edu.
29 Communications should be addressed to Hiromi Mutsuura, MD, Department of Mind-Body Internal Medicine,
Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-chou, Moriguchi-city, Osaka, Japan.
30 Communications should be addressed to Kenji Kanbara, MD, Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine,
Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-chou, Moriguchi-city, Osaka, Japan.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
session. On the other hand, to examine the stress profile and feedback the results facilitate
the sense of mind-body interaction. This plays an important role of induction to consequent
psychological treatment.
KEY WORDS: physiological stress profile; biofeedback; Psychosomatic Internal Medicine.
Trigeminal neuralgia produces bouts of severe, lancinating pain lasting seconds to min-
utes that can be incapacitating. A 46-year-old nurse with a 15-month history of trigeminal
neuralgia received peripheral biofeedback training (in conjunction with a comprehensive
program of stress management and cognitive/behavioral therapy) followed by neurofeed-
back over a period of 9 months. Results included a substantial reduction in pain, elimination
of bruxism and improvement in sleep quality. Symptom reduction fluctuated with life stress
issues and with adjustment in both peripheral and neurofeedback protocols. The success of
this treatment allowed the client to avoid radical surgery (servering of the trigeminal nerve)
and to discontinue use of Darvocet. The client maintains an active lifestyle with minimal
pain on low dose Ultram.
KEY WORDS: trigeminal neuralgia; neurofeedback; peripheral biofeedback.
Jessica Del Pozo and Richard Gevirtz,32 CSPP at Alliant International University, San Diego, California.
31 Communications should be addressed to Andrea Sime, LCSW, BCIAC, First Step Wellness Center, 1919 South
40th Street, Suite #212, Lincoln, Nebraska 68506.
32 Communications should be addressed to Richard Gevirtz, PhD, AIU, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego,
Califonia 92131; e-mail: rgevirtz@alliant.edu.
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Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback [apb] pp646-apbi-453364 November 6, 2002 10:19 Style file version June 4th, 2002
Exploration of Trigger Point and Heart Rate Variability Excitation and Recovery
Patterns in Actors Performing Anger Inhibition and Anger Expression
The effects of expressed and inhibited anger on both the heart and skeletal muscles were
explored through simultaneous monitoring of heart rate variability (HRV) frequencies and
needle EMG muscle activity while actors performed an anger scene. Although expressed
anger generated significantly higher cardiac sympathetic activity [low frequency (LF) and
very low frequency (VLF)] than inhibited anger, significant inhibited sympathetic increases
in trigger point activity (TrP) over baseline reading rivaled expressed. Unobservable anger
correlated highest with TrP activity. Lag-correlations between TrP and VLF activity were
found to be primarily due to adjacent muscle bracing. Results suggest unique sympathetic
activation to TrPs and support the role of unexpressed anger in muscle pain.
KEY WORDS: heart rate variability; trigger point; physiology of emotion; anger.
Thomas G. Browne34
Theta neurofeedback and pre–post changes in perceived stress with physiological measures
is described, based on a review of the literature that supports findings and measured changes
by the presenter over a decade of professional observation. A presentation of physiological
and self-reported changes in perceived stress in response to theta enhancement and heart
rate variability biofeedback training including theory, methodology, and techniques utilized
in a controlled study. Topics outlined will be interactional stress, relevant principles of
electroencephalography, physiology, science, spirituality, immune system, and between
group differences.
KEY WORDS: EEG theta; heart rate variability; stress.
Neurofeedback has been reported successful in various chronic pain syndromes and sleep
disorders. Patients with chronic pain also manifest depression and anxiety. The changes
in pain perception have been accompanied by emotional improvements, too. Different
33 Communications should be addressed to Toni Ann Cafaro, MA, c/o Richard Gevirtz, Alliant International
University, Daley Hall 104B, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, California 92131-1799.
34 Communications should be addressed to Thomas G. Browne, PhD, 80 Ora Way G304, San Francisco, California
94131-1714; e-mail: thomasgbrowne@pacbell.net.
35 Communications should be addressed to Victoria L. Ibric, MD, PhD, BCIAC, Therapy and Prevention Center,
Pasadena, California 91101.
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instruments and different brain waves modalities have been useful in alleviating pain, and
correcting emotional dysfunctions. Herein I report the results obtained in my clinic treating
three patients with depression and addictions using NF enhanced by light-closed loop-EEG.
The progress has been monitored by daily feedback, pre/post training, repeated stress tests,
Beck inventory, TOVA tests, and by the continuous improvement/stabilization in their neural
efficiency.
KEY WORDS: neurofeedback; addictions; sleep disorders; depression.
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) affects both the psychological and physio-
logical systems of the body, affecting a significant percentage of the population. Pharma-
ceutical therapy is currently the treatment of choice, but the widespread use of stimulant
medication has significant deleterious consequences for millions of children. Research
shows that both EEG Biofeedback and nutritional management are promising approaches
for treating ADHD. EEG Biofeedback has been demonstrated to be effective when used by
itself and even more effective when combined with other therapies. Nutritional factors such
as food additives, refined sugars, food sensitivities/allergies, and fatty acid deficiencies have
all been linked to ADHD. A case study will be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness
of neurofeedback–nutrition module in treatment of ADHD.
KEY WORDS: EEG; nutrition; ADHD.
36 Communications should be addressed to Dave Siever, CET, Comptronic Devices, 9008–51 Avenue, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada T6E 5X4.
37 Communications should be addressed to Dmitry Burshteyn, PhD, Department of Psychology, Siena College,
515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York 12211.
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Fred Shaffer,38 Logan Banks, Adam Lipps, Frederick Franken, and Stephanie Steinman, Truman State University
The present study compared the accuracy, speed, and subjective difficulty of impedance
testing using test probes and 10-mm cup electrodes. We studied 10 undergraduate re-
search technicians (6 men and 4 women) using a within-subjects design. They measured
the skin-electrode impedance of 10-mm silver/silver-chloride surface electrodes placed
over the frontales muscles. Although both methods were highly accurate, the cup elec-
trode method was ergonomically superior to the test probe method. It was 27% faster and
participants rated it as 35% easier. Therefore, we recommend that professionals who man-
ually test skin-electrode impedance for surface EMG electrodes consider the cup electrode
method.
KEY WORDS: impedance testing; ergonomics; sEMG.
Fred Shaffer,39 Adam Lipps, Logan Banks, Frederick Franken, and Curtis Stokes, Truman State University
The present study examined whether the FpN and corrugator placements discriminate
as well as the frontalis placement among three typical psychophysiological assessment
activities (sitting quietly, performing mental arithmetic, and reviewing recent upsetting
experiences). We studied 39 undergraduates (14 men and 25 women) using a within-
subjects design. Both the frontalis and corrugator placements discriminated between
sitting quietly and two stressors: performing mental arithmetic and reviewing recent
upsetting experiences. However, the frontalis placement accounted for more sEMG
variability due to assessment condition than did the corrugator placement. These
findings are limited to our relatively healthy sample and specific assessment
procedures.
KEY WORDS: psychophysiological assessment; frontalis placement; sEMG.
A young woman presented with chronic, nonrepetitive nightmares that did not lend them-
selves to several commonly used treatment techniques. Training in lucid dreaming,
38 Communications should be addressed to Fred Shaffer, PhD, McClain Hall 214, Truman State University,
Kirksville, Missouri 63501; e-mail: fshaffer@truman.edu.
39 Communications should be addressed to Fred Shaffer, PhD, McClain Hall 214, Truman State University,
Kirksville, Missouri 63501; e-mail: fshaffer@truman.edu.
40 Communications should be addressed to Barry A. Tanner, PhD, Life Stress Center 3S-14, Detroit Receiving
Hospital and University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; e-mail: btanner@med.
wayne.edu.
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relaxation, and dream rehearsal resulted in a sharp decrease in four sessions. Further
improvement was reported as additional techniques were introduced. Improvement was
maintained for follow-up.
KEY WORDS: nightmares; lucid dreaming; relaxation.
This study examined changes in locus of control (LOC) and the Multidimensional Health
LOC (MHLC) over a biofeedback (BF) program and the relationship between these mea-
sures and change in blood pressure (BP) among 16 hypertensives. A significant difference in
MHLC-P (powerful others) between post-BF program (Week 13) and baseline (t = −2.45,
p = .03) was found. Also, the Week-13 LOC correlated with BP difference from baseline
to Week 13 (r = .54, p = .03). These findings suggest that LOC can increase over a BF
program and that LOC may play a role in the prediction of BF success with hypertension.
KEY WORDS: locus of control; hypertension; biofeedback.
Hemodynamic and arterial responses to the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) were studied
in 23 borderline hypertensives and 19 normotensives, aged 20–63 and 24–64 respectively.
Total peripheral resistance was higher and arterial compliance was lower in borderline
hypertensives than in normotensives. The SCWT induced significant increases in blood
pressure (BP), which were of similar magnitude for borderline hypertensives and nor-
motensives. Overall, hemodynamic and arterial responses to the SCWT were similar in
both groups. The BP reactivity to cognitive stress likely resulted from tachycardia rather
than a vasoconstriction response, and was not associated with a change in wave reflection
or compliance.
KEY WORDS: arterial properties; borderline hypertension; stress reactivity; Stroop Color Word Test; blood
pressure.
This pilot study will demonstrate the effect of sinus arrhythmia biofeedback on pulmonary
function in adult asthmatics as measured by exhaled nitric oxide levels, asthma control,
41 Communications should be addressed to Kristine S. Calderon, PhD, College of Nursing, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32610.
42 Communications should be addressed to Pei-Shan Tsai, PhD, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Box
100187, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0187.
43 Communications should be addressed to Susan D. Schaffer, PhD, FNP, CS, University of Florida, College of
Nursing, P.O. Box 100187, Gainesville, Florida 32610–0187.
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and asthma quality of life. A randomized block design will be used with 10 adult asth-
matic subjects. The independent variable is Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) biofeed-
back training. Dependent variables include exhaled Nitric Oxide (a noninvasive
measure of lung inflammation), spirometry, and validated measures of asthma control
and asthma quality of life. Hypotheses will be tested using summary statistics for de-
mographic data and with analysis of variance for questionnaire and objective measure
scores.
KEY WORDS: asthma; RSA biofeedback; nitric oxide.
The human body is a self-regulating network of billions of cells within a holistic network
having numerous feedback loops for precise control. The aim of any excellent wellness
program must be to maintain this network in a way such that energy and information can
effortlessly flow through the system, which is what an ideal health is. It is within the power
of a person to maintain such health if the person has necessary knowledge of his body,
and the needed will and skill to keep the network at its best. Such knowledge and skill
can be acquired by practicing hatha yoga under expert guidance, and youthful health is
assured in the end. Such knowledge eventually enables one to develop conscious control
over unconscious bodily acts and the consequent flow of energy. Thus hatha yoga empowers
individuals by teaching them how to profitably use innate feedback systems for a healthier
and happier life.
KEY WORDS: Hatha yoga; mindful stretching; youthful vigor.
Brian M. Freidenberg,45 Edward B. Blanchard, Jennifer Block, and Loretta S. Malta, Center for Stress and Anxiety
Disorders, University at Albany, State University of New York
Tinnitus is the perception of sounds (e.g., ringing) that are not accounted for externally. For
some, tinnitus can be chronic, thus facilitating psychological distress and daily life impair-
ment. We treated 9 chronic tinnitus sufferers with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR).
Analyses revealed a significant decrease in psychological distress from tinnitus and marked
decreases in emotional distress, auditory-perceptual difficulties, and functional impairment.
There were also decreases in tinnitus awareness, loudness, associated anxiety, annoyance,
sleep problems, and helplessness. Furthermore, improvements in coping ability and per-
ceived control were found. Results will be discussed in the context of their implications for
this population.
KEY WORDS: tinnitus; PMR; coping.
Brian M. Freidenberg,46 Edward B. Blanchard, Edelgard Wulfert, and Loretta S. Malta Center for Stress and
Anxiety Disorders, University at Albany, State University of New York
Despite attrition and relapse rates associated with cognitive behavior interventions for patho-
logical gambling (PG), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) seems promising. In this pilot
study, gambling-specific CBT and motivational enhancement techniques were used to treat
9 pathological gamblers. Data on psychophysiological arousal upon exposure of imagined
gambling vignettes were collected at pre- and posttreatment. Participants showed decreases
in degree of arousal (as measured by heart rate) during the vignettes from pre- to posttreat-
ment. There was also a strong dose-response relationship between reduction in gambling
symptoms and reduction in arousal. Findings are discussed, as are their implications for
further study of PG.
KEY WORDS: pathological gambling; physiological arousal; cognitive behavior therapy.
An extensive program in treatment of autism and other brain disorders has been in progress
for 2 years in Thailand. The work has been centered in the Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum
Child Psychiatric Hospital in Bangkok directed by Professor Penkhae Limsila, MD, a Child
and Adolescent Psychiatrist. The hospital is supported by H.R.H. Princess Galyana Vadhana
of the Royal Family of Thailand. The nearest equivalent to this hospital in the United States
is the UCLA Autism Service with places for 12 autistic children. Limsila has pioneered
the application of Hemoencephalograph (HEG) to treatment of autism, Parkinson’s disease,
attention hyperactive disorder, stroke, and depression.
KEY WORDS: autism; Parkinson’s; ADD/ADHD; HEG.
This study explored the physiological correlates of a highly practiced Yoga master while he
voluntarily breathed approximately 2 breaths per min. Thoracic and abdominal breathing
46 Communications should be addressed to Brian M. Freidenberg, CSW, MA, Center for Stress and Anxiety
Disorders, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1535 Western Avenue, Albany, New York
12203.
47 Communications should be addressed to Hershel Toomim, ScD, Biocomp Research Institute, 6542 Hayes Drive,
Los Angeles, California 90048.
48 Communications should be addressed to Erik Peper, Institute for Holistic Healing Studies, San Francisco State
University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132.
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patterns, heart rate, occipital parietal electroencephalograph (EEG), skin conductance level,
blood volume pulse, transcutaneous SpO2 , and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ) were
monitored during the following conditions: 3 min eyes open prebaseline, 18 min eyes closed
self-paced slow breathing, 3 min eyes open postbaseline, and 3 min eyes closed postbaseline.
The prebaseline mean breathing rate of 18 breaths per min (brpm) decreased significantly
to 1.9 brpm during the slow breathing condition. SpO2 showed no significant change across
conditions, ETCO2 increased significantly from 37.8 mmHG during prebaseline to 43.7 mm
HG during slow breathing, heart rate showed no significant change across conditions, and
mean alpha EEG activity increased during the slow breathing condition. Implications for
meditation and clinical applications are discussed.
KEY WORDS: respiration; EEG; Yoga; SpO2 ; ETCO2 .
The psychophysiological correlates of piercing the forearm of a male subject with a non-
sterile metal skewer was investigated with sEMG from the trapezius, respiration, EEG from
O2 –P4 , SCL, and BVP. After guided relaxation, a skewer was pierced through the subject’s
right forearm. There was no bleeding and the subject reported no pain. Breathing rate de-
creased from 16 breaths per min (brpm) from prebaseline to 6 brpm during guided breathing
relaxation, skewer insertion and removal, and postbaseline. Alpha EEG predominated and
heart rate showed a significant in-phase respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) throughout the
guided breathing baseline, skewer insertion and removal, and postbaseline.
KEY WORDS: pain control; respiration; EEG alpha.
Mikel J. Wheeler,50 Jeffrey R. Basford, and Jeffrey M. Thompson, Mayo Medical Center, Rochester, Minnesota
This study assessed the subjective response of subjects to biofeedback augmented instruction
of diaphragmatic breathing when given as an adjunct to a comprehensive chronic pain
rehabilitation program. A retrospective 10 question survey was mailed to all 369 subjects
who attended the Mayo Comprehensive Pain Rehabilitation Program and received training
in diaphragmatic breathing with biofeedback between June 1, 1998 and December 30, 2000.
Eighty percent of the participants who responded to the survey indicated they benefited from
the approach. This approach is effective when used as an adjunct to a comprehensive pain
rehabilitation program.
KEY WORDS: biofeedback; diaphragmatic breathing; chronic pain.
49 Communications should be addressed to Erik Peper, Institute for Holistic Healing Studies, San Francisco State
University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132.
50 Communications should be addressed to Mikel J. Wheeler, COTA, Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, Mayo Medical Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905; e-mail: wheeler.michael@mayo.edu.
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Christine A. Hovanitz,51 Miranda Filippides, Dawn Lindsay, and Jackie Scheff, University of Cincinnati
Most studies evaluating headache and EMG have sought to clarify the physiological sub-
strate of clinically significant headache. Few, if any, have considered specific headache
symptomology in relation to EMG. In addition, while occasional head pain is normative,
little is known about the physiological correlates of “ordinary” headache. To address these
questions, 72 participants with varying levels of headache were assessed for headache
symptomology and frontal area EMG during a laboratory stressor. Severity and duration
of headache were associated with EMG, while both headache diagnosis and headache
frequency were not. These data argue for the importance of evaluating specific headache
symptomology.
KEY WORDS: headache; frontalis area EMG; stress.
This pilot study utilizes Low Resolution Electrical Tomographic Analysis (LORETA) to
evaluate early stage AD patients and age-matched controls during cognitive tasks requiring
selective attention. AD patients present with neural damage in the entorhinal cortex, the
superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate in the early stages of the disease. Using
the Counting Stroop as a cognitive task requiring selective attention, AD patients (n = 5)
and age-matched controls (n = 5) were recorded with EEG and evaluated with the LORETA
method. Subtracting the neutral task from the incongruent task, significant differences in
Delta (2–3.5 Hz) activity at the level of the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit and the superior and
middle temporal gyrus were seen in 4 of 5 AD patients. Other results discussed involve Beta 1
(13–21.5 Hz) activity in the anterior cingulate differentially presented between the 2 groups.
KEY WORDS: EEG; Alzheimer’s disease; LORETA; counting stroop.
Leading on the Edge: The Type-E Personality and the Spirit of Success
Leaders in business, the arts and science have a way of seeing and living their lives that is so
completely different from the norm they seem to have a highly specialized physiology with
a personality characteristic all its own—a TYPE-E personality. After compiling more than
10,000 life stories from these TYPE-E individuals at a world-class health and fitness resort, a
three stage physiological and lifestyle pattern of success, depression, balance and spirituality
became evident. Surprisingly, the individuals in the third, spiritually focused stage were the
most balanced and financially successful of all those with a TYPE-E personality.
KEY WORDS: EEG; Creativity; Type-E personality.
51 Communications should be addressed to Christine A. Hovanitz, PhD, Department of Psychology, M. L. #376,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221.
52 Communications should be addressed to Kerry Towler, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, Tennessee.
53 Communicationsshould be addressed to Alexander M. Giorgio, MA, Health and Healing Department, Canyon
Ranch Health Resort, Lenox, Massachusetts 01266.
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Advanced Teaching
Advanced teaching is the first Program of teaching school subjects with the usage of elec-
troencephalography, biofeedback, and special methods of suggestion that can improve the
productivity of learning through its control. The method was built on the following: alpha-
rhythm of the background EEG is an indicator of the psychophisiological condition and
varies with the age and tiredness, and is under influence of real and imagery stimulus,
and alpha-rhythm reactivity varies also with age and depends quantitavely upon different
structural disorders (brain tumor, epilepsy, vascular disease, and others). Our results with
this program are summarized and future directions are discussed.
KEY WORDS: EEG; teaching.
Heart rate and blood pressure variability are adaptive features of the baroreflex system in
healthy individuals. Fifty-four healthy adults were assigned to either a biofeedback training
group for 10 sessions, where they learned to voluntarily increase heart rate variability,
or were assigned to a control group. Physiological data were recorded during the first,
fourth, seventh, and tenth sessions. Maximum heart rate variability was obtained at subjects’
individual resonant frequencies. Resonant frequencies ranged from 4.5–6.5 breaths/min,
and they changed slightly and inconsistently across sessions. Compared with controls,
cardiovascular variability was significantly increased in the experimental group.
KEY WORDS: biofeedback; resonance; cardiovascular.
54 Communications should be addressed to Regina Shmelkina, P.O. Box 190773, Brooklyn, New York 11219.
55 Communications should be addressed to Linda Kranitz, Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, 152
Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854.