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DESIGN GUIDE
FOR
CALCULATION OF
SHRINKAGE, CREEP STRESSES
AND DEFLECTIONS
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CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE 1
3.0 NOTATIONS 1
9.0 REFERENCES 16
EXAMPLE – 1 19
EXAMPLE – 2 25
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1.0 SCOPE
This design guide outlines the procedure for calculating stresses and
deflections due to shrinkage and creep in concrete structures. Also
included is a detailed procedure for prediction of shrinkage and creep
in concrete members. The design guide also presents various
expressions for computation of losses due to shrinkage and creep in
prestressed concrete structures, (refer APPENDIX – 1).
3.0 NOTATIONS
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Kw : Deflection coefficient
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S : Slump (cm)
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Recommendations:
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On one of the project sites in North India, noticeably wide cracks in the
Reinforced Concrete roof of a large hall were reported. On detailed
analytical investigation it was concluded that the genesis of these
cracks lies in higher shrinkage owing to low humidity and high
ambient temperature during summer.
Where Cu is given as
2.2 for loading at 7days;
1.6 for loading at 28 days;
1.1 for loading at 1 year
(b) The creep coefficient values that may be used are between 1.8
for transfer within 3 days & 1.4 for transfer after 28 days in UK
outdoor exposure. The stress in concrete may be taken as the
initial value immediately after transfer. (Refer Note 2).
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Note 1:
Note 2:
(a) Shrinkage strain ∈sh at any time ‘t’ in days after initial shrinkae
is given by following expressions :
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(b) The ratio of creep strain to elastic strain at any time ‘t’ after
basic curing period
For loading age of 7 days for moist cured concrete; and 1-3
days for steam cured concrete
For age ta, greater than 1 to 3 days for steam cured concrete,
correction factor is as below :
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Note-1 :
Note-2:
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(b) An equal and opposite force would act on the concrete section
as shown in Fig.2(c). Resulting tensile stress in concrete fc2 at
the level of steel is given by following expression, also refer
Fig.2(d).
1-p
fsc = ---------------------- ∈sh.Es ….(23)
1 + (m-1)p
mp
fc2 = ---------------------- ∈sh.Ec ….(24)
1 + (m-1)p
where Ec = 18000 √ Fc
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∈sh Es
fsc = ------------------------- …..(25)
1 + 2 mp (1-k)
q (q-2k)
2kp
fc1 = ------------------------ fsc ….(26)
q (q-2k)
2 (q-k) P
ft = ------------------------ fsc ….(27)
q (q-2k)
3-2q
where k = ------------------ q and ….(27)
3 (2-q)
φsh = Ko . ∈sh / h
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For the values of (Pt - Pc) between 0.25 and 1.0 (both end
values inclusive) Ko given by ,
For the value of (Pt -Pc) higher than and equal to 1.0, Ko given
by
Ir
Ieff = -------------------------------------------
Mr Z X bw
1.2 - --- -- (1 - -- ) ---
M d d bf
Mr = (fcr.Igr /Yt)
(a) Shrinkage deflection : same as that given in 8.1 (a) except the
value of shrinkage curvature φsh is given by following equation:
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φsh = ∈sh /h
3 3
Mr Mr
Ieff = ---- Ig + [1- ----- ].Ir ≤ Ig
M M
9.0 REFERENCES
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APPENDIX – 1
1.0 This appendix provides basic information required for the computation
of losses in the prestressed concrete members. Various provisions of
national and international standard codes of practice are presented
below. An illustrative example is also presented.
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Fo Fo e2 MD x e
where fc = ------- + ------- - -----------
Ag Ig Ig
r2 = Ig/Ag
Ks = 1 = (e2/r2)
Fo = Fi (1-mp)
The formulas are the same as given in 1.2.1 except, the values of
shrinkage and creep strains are to be calculated as per 6.2.
1.3 The loss of prestress may be computed as per 1.2.1 given by IS:1343.
However, it is recommended to use the formula as given by ACI
Committee 209, as it takes into account the percentage of prestressing
steel and the time after loading.
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EXAMPLES
1.0 EXAMPLE : 1
440
1.1 Data:
m = Es / Ec : 9.0 L : 4.0 m
1.575 + 2.48
q = ------------------------------------ = 0.899
2.48 + 2.48 x (180 /220)
(3 – 2 x 0.899) 0.899
k = --------------------------------- = 0.327
3 ( 2 – 0.899)
Pt % = 0.675 ; pc = 0.0%
∈sh = 3 x 10-4
0.72 (0.675 – 0)
Ko = ----------------------- = 0.5915
0.675 ½
φsh = KO x (∈sh / h)
∆sh = Kw x φsh x L2
= 0.887 mm
b. x2
---------- = m.As. (d – x )
2
200 x 2
------------ = 9 x 540 x (400 – x )
2
Yt = h = 22 cm
2
Ir
Ieff = ------------------------------------
Mr Z X bw
1.2 - ---- --- (1 - --- ) ----
M d d bf
0.496 x 109
= --------------------------------------------------------------
17.490x104 36.0 12.0 20
1.2 - ------------- x ------ ( 1 - ------- ) ---
2.6x105 40 40 30
= 64330 cm4
5 .W .L4
elastic deflection (∆I)D = ---------------
384 . Ec . Ieff
5 (800/100) x 4004
= -------- x ----------------------------
384 2.2076 x 105 x 64330
= 0.188 cm.
Cu = 2.2
Ec 2.21 x 105
Ece = ---------- = ----------------- = 0.6899x105 kg/cm2
(1 + Cu) (1 + 2.2)
= 0.601 cm
+ [ 1 – [ ----------------------] ] x 49600
3
2.6 x 105
5 (800/100)
Hence (∆i)D = ----- x ---------------------------- x 4004
384 2.2x105x77700
= 0.15546 cm
= 0.31092 cm
KrT = T / (1 + 50 Asc/Ast )
Kr.T = 2.0
Cu = 2.35
Since data for slump and humidity are not given, correction
factors for these are assumed as 1.0.
Shrinkage deflection :
Pt = 0.675%, Pc = 0.0%
= 1.0512 x 10-5 / cm
Creep deflection :
Ct = 2.27
(∆i)D = 0.15546 cm
2.0 EXAMPLE-2
Ast
2.1 Data :
Thickness = 25 cm
Due to shrinkage
(∈sh)u = 3x10-4
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Due to Creep
Es 2.1 x 106
m = ----- = ------------------ = 5.48
Ec 3.83 x 105
Ast 29.4
p = ----- = ------------------ = 0.00876
Ag 3355
= 368466 kg
Fo Fo e2 Md.e
fc = --- + -------- - ------
Ag Ig Ig
= 171.37 kg/cm2
= 2394.17 kg/cm2
(e2) 362
Ks = 1 + ---- = 1 + ------- = 1.967
(r2) 1339.8
= Es ∈sh
fc = 171.3 kg/cm2;
171.3
= ---------- x 1.8 x 2.1 x 106
3.83 x 105
= 1690.6 kg/cm2
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