Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
W.K. Kwok
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Partners in the Research Works
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Energy Pareto
Lightings
Water 16% Chillers
Transportation heating
70%
10%
28%
Buildings Electronics
9% HVAC CT & etc
40%
40% 6%
Industry
32% Other Pumps
25% 24%
Source : WBCSD, Report 2009. U.S. DOE, Energy Data Book, Oct. 2009 Source : Carrier’s one job reference
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Importance of Part Load Operation
Life Cycle Cost =
• Power consumption
• Water consumption
Operating Cost Operating
• Equipment maintenance Cost Saving
(etc.)
+
Part Load operation
• Initial investment
is 95%~99% of
• Residual Values
whole system
• Utility Rebate
operating hours
•Taxes
• Non-monetary costs &
benefits First Gross Margin
cost Increasing
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Maintenance & Retrofit
With the System Solution, Standard Maintenance + System Solution Retrofit
the system efficiency could
be maintained and even
Eff. Decrease %
increased. The energy Up
consumption could be 0
saved for life cycle. Down
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0 2 4 6 8
Year
10 10
Operating Cost Increasing
0 2 4 6 8
15 0 2 4 6 8
Year Year
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Location Map - Shanghai ifc
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Shanghai ifc - Section Plan
Total Area 399,400 m2
Total C/P space : 1,900 nos
RITZ CARLTON
HOTEL
15 storeys
47,400 m2
OFFICE
45 storeys
123,000 m2
OFFICE
30 storeys
82,600 m2
RETAIL
6 storeys
98,500 m2 23 storeys
47,900 m2
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International Retail Mall
• Most prestigious shopping destination in Shanghai
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Atrium
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Apple
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MTR Tunnel
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Grade A Office
• over 2.2 million sq.ft office area
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Luxury Hotels
Ritz-Carlton Hotel
•totaling 300 luxury guestrooms
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Equipment List of Chiller Plant
1000 Tons
(centrifugal)
Chillers 3+6
2850 Tons
(centrifugal)
Primary chilled water
37 KW, 132 KW 3+7
pumps
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Plant Configuration
Cooling towers
Secondary chilled
water pumps
低座酒店
裙楼及地库
南塔楼低座
南塔楼中
座及高座
北塔楼低座
Condensing 北塔楼中
water pumps Chillers Primary chilled 座及高座
water pumps 17
Health Analysis of Chiller Plant System
before System Optimizing Retrofit
Warning Board of Fault Equipments Summary of System Operating Status Analysis
No Existing Problems (before retrofit)
The chillers load-unload control and the starting sequence
1 are irrational, resulting in system operating with low
efficiency
Fixed chilled water temperature set points, no considering
2
changes of weather and load requirement
Irrational start and stop of cooling tower and fan control,
3 cooling tower did not fully functioning, resulting in a waste
of energy
Primary and secondary pump exist the reverse flow
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Note: fault equipments marked in yellow, phenomena, resulting in inefficient system performance
Secondary chilled water pumps running at fixed speed,
Breakdown of Plant Power Consumption 5 resulting in high power consumption even at low load
conditions
No suitable energy consumption metrology device,
resulting in the operators do not know the energy
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consumption of each equipments and which equipment
has the high-energy consumption
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Optimization Strategies
Recommendations
No Optimization Control Strategies
(Phase I)
1 Cooling Tower Optimization Control
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Chiller + Cooling Tower Optimization
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Chiller + Cooling Tower Optimization
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Chiller + Cooling Tower Optimization
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Chilled Water Supply Temperature Reset
Set point at 7C
Conventional Mode
Energy-saving Mode
Set point according to
1.Outdoor air dew point temp.
2.Building load
3.Dehumidification requirement
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Chiller Control Challenges
Dynamic Changes of Building Loads Variable Utility Rates
Characteristics of
Building Heat Response
Conventional Control Methods
No cost function
No degradation
Non-optimized
Non-predictive
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Chiller Plant Controls
3D optimization
Time
Comfort
Safety
……
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Control System Structure
Advanced Chiller Plant Control System
User Interface
Model Libraries
(UI)
Fault / Energy
Database Diagnostics
Optimization
Interfaces
Engine
Data Checking
Cooling
Terminals Chillers Pumps Boilers, etc
Towers
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Enhancement of Secondary Pump
Control
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Anti-reverse Flow Control
Phenomena: reverse flow in de-coupler when secondary
Primary-Secondary Water System side demand is greater than chiller load.
Chiller capacity
Chillers 500 tons
T
100
dt
T1 ' T1 T sp
2
Cooling load
i
1200gpm
44 F 44.9 F
0 tons
1320gpm
0%
0 gpm
Reverse flow
De-coupler
0 tons
0 gpm
0%
Secondary
Primary
120gpm
Pumps
Pumps
54 F 54 F
1200gpm 1320gpm
Coordination control of flow and temperature is a key problem to be Results: mixed chiller water supply temperature is raised higher
resolved. than chiller supply temperature, resulting in energy waste.
2° C
3° C
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Performance Visualization & Energy
Management
Chiller standard monitoring interface
Optimization
suggestion interface
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Optimization suggestion interface
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Sensors Failure Diagnose and Calibration
Reminder
Functions:
Diagnose all main sensors running
status;
Remind operators to calibration sensors
according to each sensors calibration time.
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Data Report and Operation Logging
Temp/Flow
Building
Cooling Load -
Tons
kW / RT - Chiller 1, 2, 3 & 4
2.50
Chiller Efficiency
2.00 –ikW/ton
1.50
kW / RT
Functions:
1.00
Record history data which can be used for system energy 0.50
1:07
7:49
3:55
0:01
6:43
2:49
9:32
5:38
1:44
8:26
4:32
0:38
7:20
3:26
6:14
11:43
18:25
14:31
21:13
10:37
17:19
13:25
20:07
16:14
22:56
12:20
19:02
15:08
21:50
11:14
17:56
14:02
20:44
10:08
16:50
23:32
12:56
Electrical
Time
Record operators’ actions which can be used for cause kW/RT - C1 kW/RT - C2 kW/RT - C3 kW/RT - C4
Consumption -
checking and performance feedback. kW
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Chiller Plant Efficiency
Definition
Input electricity (ikW)
Chiller Plant Efficiency = = ikW/ton
Output Cooling (ton)
120 (ikW)
Example : = 1.20 ikW/ton
100 (ton)
Our objective
Chiller Plant System is to reduce
this
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Chiller Plant Efficiency
Benchmarks (Source: ASHRAE Journal)
New Technology High-efficiency Conventional Chiller Plants with
Older Chiller
All-Variable Speed Optimized Code Based Correctable Design or
Plants
Chiller Plants Chiller Plants Chiller Plants Operational Problems
Based on electrically driven centrifugal chiller plants in comfort conditioning applications with
42F (5.6C) nominal chilled water supply temperature and open cooling towers sized for 85F
(29.4C) maximum entering condenser water temperature and 20% excess capacity.
Local Climate adjustment for North American climates is +/- 0.05 kW/ton
Thomas Hartman, All-variable speed centrifugal chiller plants [J], ASHRAE Journal, 2001,
43(9):43-53.
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Building Cooling Load Prediction
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Real time Cooling Load Prediction
Kwok SSK, Yuen RKK, Lee EWM (2011) An intelligent approach to assessing
the effect of building occupancy on building cooling load prediction, Building
and Environment 46(8), 1681-1690.
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Ahead Prediction of Cooling Load
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Solar irradiance
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Weather Stations
Pyranometer for
measurement of
solar irradiance
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Measurement of Occupancy Rate
Turnstiles at Office
Lift Lobbies
People Counting
System at
Shopping Mall
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Network Configuration for Cooling Load
Prediction
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Ahead Prediction of Cooling Load
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Key Factors for Energy Saving of HVAC
Production
Maintenance Distribution
Prediction Demand
Conclusion
• Adaptive control in comparison with
traditional fixed logic chiller plant control
• Advanced intelligent technique in
predicting cooling load
• No modification on mechanical parts
• Easily applied for existing projects
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THANK YOU!