POWER TRANSFORMER

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

By
Isnan Hudaya Lubis

TRANSFORMER SHORT INTRODUCING…..

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Transformer Delivers Electric Power between different
voltage system

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 Vin / Vout = N in / N out

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Vin / Vout = N in / N out

Voltage V in creates Current Input I in
I in creates Flux on Core magnetic
Flux Induces Voltage V out
Voltage V out produces current I out

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 I in & I out creates Impedance + Copper Losses
Flux on Core Magnetic creates Core Losses

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Core Losses + Copper Losses Creates Heat

Heat Dissipated by Oil + Tank + Radiator

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
MEDIUM TRANSFORMER

RATED POWER 8500 KVA 12000 KVA

COOLING MODE ON-AN ON-AN
HV VOLTAGE 13.8 KV +/- 2X 2.5% 13.8 KV +/-2 X 2.5%
LV VOLTAGE 2.4KV 2.4 KV
FREQUENCY 50 Hz 50 Hz
OIL/WINDING TEMP.RISE 50/55 50/55
TAP CHANGER TYPE OFF CIRCUIT OFF CIRCUIT
TERMINATION SIDE WALL SIDE WALL

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

RATED POWER 2500 KVA 1600 KVA 1250 KVA

COOLING ON-AN ON-AN ON-AN
HV VOLTAGE 2.4 KV +/- 2X 2.5% 2.4 KV +/-2 X 2.5% 2.4 KV +/-2 X 2.5%
LV VOLTAGE 0.48 KV 0.48 KV 0.48 KV
FREQUENCY 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz
TEMP.RISE 50/55 50/55 50/55
TAP CHANGER OFF CIRCUIT OFF CIRCUIT OFF CIRCUIT
TYPE
TERMINATION SIDE WALL SIDE WALL SIDE WALL

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FEATURES
KVA 1250 1600 2500 8500 12000
Porcelain Bushing
Off Circuit Tap Changer
Bucholz Relay
Oil Level Relay
Oil Temp. Relay
Winding Temp.
Over Press. Relay
Air Dehumidifier
Filling Valve
Draining Valve
Oil Sampling
Radiator + Valve
Earthing Terminal
CT LV Netral
Marshalling Kiosk
Arrester HV

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OPERATION

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 OPERATION
VALVES POSITION
VALVE TYPE POSITION
Conservator Draining Valve CLOSED
Buchholz Isolating Valve OPENED
Oil Filling Valve CLOSED
Oil Draining Valve CLOSED
Oil Sampling Valve CLOSED
Radiator Isolating Valve OPENED

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OPERATION
OFF CIRCUIT TAP CHANGER
1.OPEN TRANSFORMER INCOMING & OUTGOING BREAKER

2.CHECK THE INCOMING ACTUAL VOLTAGE

3.CHOOSE THE TAP MATCHED TO ACTUAL VOLTAGE

4.LIFT & TURN THE HANDWHEEL

5.RELEASE HANDWHEEL

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 OPERATION
OIL LEVEL INDICATOR

MAX Signal Switch : Limit oil expansion due to Overload

MIN signal switch: Warn if oil reduced

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BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Gas indication switch : Indicate gas accumulation

due to overheat, or ageing

Flow indication switch : Indicate Oil Flow

due to arcing or short circuit

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 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE

Overpressure Switch : Release setting 7psi.

Overpressure due to overloading

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OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

Overheat trip: 100 degree

Overheat alarm: 90 degree

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 WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

Overheat trip: 105 degree

Overheat alarm: 95 degree

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MAINTENANCE STAGE

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MAINTENANCE ASPECTS

Physical Checking

Protection Device Checking

Test & Measurement

Purpose of these Activity :

Ensure Reliability, Increase Lifetime, Avoid Failure

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MAINTENANCE ASPECTS

Physical Checking

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MAINTENANCE ASPECTS

CHECK PHYSICAL CONDITION OF TRANSFORMER

Abnormal Condition Periodic Action Tx Condition
Inspection
Rust on any metal parts Weekly Clean the rust by sandpaper immediately. ON, If Safe
Then apply Touch up Paint
Paint Crack on Metal parts Weekly Apply Touch Up Paint after clean up the ON, if Safe
surface from grease and dust.
Protection Device Broken Weekly Change with New Device if possible OFF

Grounding Monthly Retightening ON

Important :
1. Ensure physical condition is good before energizing

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MAINTENANCE ASPECTS

Protection Device Checking

Protection Device show the condition inside Transformer Tank

The condition are :
1. Oil Level
2. Top Oil Temperature
3. Winding Temperature
4. Inside Pressure
5. Gas appearance

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 OIL LEVEL INDICATOR

Function : Show the Oil Level

Importance of Oil:
1. Heat Transfer from coil & Core to Radiator
2. Insulation component

Periodical Check :
Weekly, check the oil level
Yearly, check functionality of switch

Abnormal: Pointer reach MIN level, that activated switch for alarm

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BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Function :
1 Gas Trap, if the gas volume reach limit, alarm will activated
2 Sudden Pressure Indicator. If Oil flow speed to conservator
reach the limit, trip contact will activated

Periodical Check:
Weekly, check cleanliness & gas accumulation
Yearly, check functionality of alarm & trip switches

Abnormal Condition:
1 Some Gas amount is trapped.
If this occur, release out the gas by open discharge cock

2 Oil overflow, indicate heavy failure inside Transformer.

If this occur, shut down the transformer for further investigation

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BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Gas Indicator

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BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Oil Flow

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 SILICA GEL/DEHUMIDIFIER

Periodic Inspection : Weekly, check the gels color

Function : Absorb moisture during air passage regarding to Transformer Oil expansion

Abnormal Condition :
The silica Gel color tends to be white, means the gels has been saturated & need normalization.

Normalization : Heat up the gels between 120 C – 150 C until the color return back

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Transformer energizing creates Heat from Coil & Core Magnetic

Heat makes oil temperature increase & the oil expand to conservator
Air takes out from conservator
When Temperature cools down, oil volume decrease, conservator become Vacuum
Air take into conservator through Air Dryer

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AIR DEHUMIDIFIER / SILICA GEL BREATHER

Pipe to Conservator

Silica Gel Chamber

Oil Sump

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PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE

Function : Release Overpressure inside tank

Periodic Inspection :
Yearly, check the functionality of trip switch
Abnormal condition :
Device release out pressure. Overpressure indicate
overheat inside transformer

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OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

Function : Oil Transformer thermometer

Periodic Inspection :
Weekly, see the Oil Temperature
Yearly, test functionality of Alarm & Trip switches
Abnormal condition :
1 Oil Temperature reach limit value, and activated alarm & trip switches
2 Alarm & Trip Switch not functioned

Oil Temperature rise design in technical spec : 50 C

If ambient Temperature 30 C
Limit Oil Temperature 80C

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WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

Function : Average Winding Transformer Thermometer

Periodic Inspection :
Weekly, see the Temperature
Yearly, test functionality of Alarm & Trip switches, CT ratio

Abnormal condition :
1.Oil Temperature reach limit value, and activated alarm & trip switches
2. Alarm & Trip switch not functioned

Transformer design is Class A, means max insulation

temperature 105C

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MAINTENANCE ASPECTS

Test & Measurement

This Maintenance need Shut down the Transformer

List of test & measurement:

1. Oil Breakdown Voltage
2. Gas Dissolved in Oil
3. Winding Ratio Measurement
4. Resistance Measurement
5. Torque Checking
6. Wiring Functional Test

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TOOLS & EQUIPMENT

1. Resistance Test unit ( Megger)

2. Oil BDV test
3. Dissolved Gas Analyzer
4. Transformer Turn Ratio ( TTR)
5. Multimeter
6. As set of screw driver
7. Torque Wrench

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OIL BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE

Procedure:
1. Take oil from sampling Point
2. Test Breakdown level in 2.5mm Sampling point
electrode distance

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OIL BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE

TEST BOTTOM OIL ( kV )

1
2
3
4
5
Average

Acceptable Value : minimum 45kV

As per ASTM D1816

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL
Purpose: Inspect Winding & Core Magnetic Condition based on Gas dissolved in Oil.

Analysis refer to IEC 567

Interpretation of the result refer to IEC 599 & IEEE C57 104-1991

Gasses involved in Oil Faults:

1. Hydrogen ( H2 )
2. Methane (CH4 )
3. Acetylene ( C2H2 )
4. Ethylene ( C2H4 )
5. Ethane ( C2H6 )
.
Gasses involved in paper insulation Faults:
1. Hydrogen ( H2 )
2. Methane (CH4 )
3. Carbon monoxide ( CO )
4. Carbondioxyde ( CO2 )

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL

Investigation step

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL
Total Gas analysis

Condition 1 : Transformer operate satisfactorily

Condition 2 : Gas level is greater than normal level. Any individual gas exceeding limit need more
investigation

Condition 3 : Indicate high level of decomposition, fault probably present

Condition 4 : Indicate Excessive decomposition. Continued operation could damage the TX

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL

Combustible gas generation rate

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL

Doenenberg Ratio method

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL
Doenenberg Ratio method

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DISSOLVED GAS IN OIL

Doenenberg Ratio method

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OIL PURIFICATION FOR MAIN TANK

Valve Bucholz must closed

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OIL PURIFICATION FOR CONSERVATOR

Valve Bucholz must closed

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WINDING RESISTANCE TEST

The test must be done in each tap.

The Result compare with Factory Test Result

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RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

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RATIO TEST

The Test must be done for each Tap.

The result should refer to Measurement at Factory Test

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TORQUE INSPECTION

To ensure No Leakage occur

The Torque must inspected and meet standard as table below :

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 TORQUE INSPECTION

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WIRING FUNCTIONAL CHECK

CHECK LIST FUNCTION TEST PROCEDURE

Heater Avoid panel from Check the function of Heater & Thermostat.
Humidity
Lighting Function Open the door, the Lamp must flash
automatically
Physical Check Indicate paint crack or 1.If paint crack appear, apply touch up paint
Dust appearance 2. Clean up dust inside panel or covering
ventilation

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 THANK YOU

For more question, contact:

isnan.lubis@schneider-electric.com
Isnan.hudaya@gmail.com

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