HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

Abacus
Tim crammer invent abacus machine. Abacus was earliest calculating devise most
probably invent in china.it consist of a wooden frame having parallel rods these
roads had a number of wooden beads which could slide freely along the length of
roads. While preforming calculation, beads were moved up and down with hand.
this is used to perfume addition subtraction multiplication and division .it has
been used in china and some other Asian countries till the end of 20th century.
Abacus still seen at some toys shape.

Napier’s born
John Napier a Scottish mathematician invented a calculator device called Napier
born in 1614. It is consisted of a wooden box containing rotating cylinders each
which had the digits from 0 to 9 it could multiply divide and find square roots by
using simple addition and subtraction. His biggest achievement was invention of
logarithm.

Pascaline
Blaise Pascal is a French mathematician invent a calculation machine called
Pascaline in 1642 when he was only 19 years old. Pascaline used rotating wheel
had ten Parts having digits from 0 to 9. Calculation were perfumed by the rotation
of wheel. When one wheel completes a rotation, the next wheel moves by one
digit it had a number of small slots for displaying the result. It could perfume
addition and subtraction on whole numbers.
Analytical engine
In 1822, the English mathematician Charles Babbage started working on a big
calculating machine hi called it Different Engine Babbage worked for many years
on this machine but he could not complete it. Later he come up the new idea of
analytical engine he could not complete it because the technology was not
advanced but he laid the foundation store of modern computer today digital
computer are based on the Babbage idea. Babbage is known as the father of the
modern digital computer.

Hollerith Desk
In 1890 Herman hollering built a tabulating machine called Hollerith desk. This
machine was invented to help with census of 1890 in America. Hollerith desk
consisted as a card reader which sensed the holes in the card a gear driven
mechanism which could count and large set of dial indicators to display the
results after building Hollerith Desk hollering started a company by the name of
tabulating machine company eventually this company change the name to
Internet Business Machines

Slide Rule
In 1920s English Mathematician William Outhtred developed a device on the base
of the Logarithm. This is very useful for solving problems that involved
multiplications and divisions it has three parts slide rule and a transparent sliding
cursor.

Mark-1
IN 1944 Howard Aiken invented was a digital computer known as Mark-1. Mark-1
could add three number having eight digits in one second. It could print out its
results on punch cards or on electric typewriter. Mark-1 was 50 feet high and
weighed about 5 tones it used 3000 electric switch. Mark-1 is the example of the
first generation computer.
First Generation computer
(1940-1956)
Vacuume tube were used in the first generation computer. Vacuume tubes
generate so much heat that is cooled by air conditioner. vacuume tubes burnt out
very often and it was difficult to repair and maintain. First generation computer is
very slow in speed and memory is very small the size of first generation computer
is very big taking up entire room. This was very expensive computer and
unreliable computer. They consume lot of heat. 30 tan weight of computer give
input through punch card and output through print form. Use low level language
in the first generation computer.

2nd generation computer

(1956-1963)
In 1947 three scientist William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain
invented transistor. Transistor function like a vacuum tube. It replaced vacuum
tube in the 2nd generation. Transistor was faster more reliable, smaller and much
cheaper than vacuum tube. In 2ndgeneration computer use assembly language like
mnemonic short word magnetic core use as a primary memory and magnetic disk
use as a secondary memory speed is faster than 1st generation compute.
Transistors reduce the size of the computer and increased the speed and memory
of the computer in 2nd generation also use punch card and printer and magnetic
like 1st generation.2nd generation computer is more relabel and consume less
electricity than 1st generation computer.

3rd generation Computer

(1963-1971)
In the 3rd generation computer integrated circuit(ICS) also known as
semiconductor chips integrate circuit replace the transistors. IC chip developed in
1960s. A single IC chip contains a large number of transistors. IC chip increased
the power and decreased the cost of the computers. invention of the IC chips was
a breakthrough in advancing compute technology. In this generation computer
high level language use like English this generation computer IC chip improve the
speed and memory of the computer keyboard monitor use for the input and
output data. Use RAM ROM for storage these computers could different
application at a same time

4th Generation Computer

(1971-Present)
In this generation of computer LSI (large scale integration) and VLSI (very large
scale integration) chips having millions of transistors were developed.
microprocessor developed in 4th generation computers. A microprocessor is a
single chip that can handle all the processing of the computer 4th generation is
very fast have large storage capacity and use advanced input output devices.
Microcomputers are very small in size very reliable consume less power and
affordable. Large variety of software is available for use in microcomputers.
Operating system have graphic user interface in was developed in this generation.
In this generation use high level language like English word.
Apple, MacBook pro, corei7 these are developed in this generation.

5th Generation Computer

(Future)
The goal of fifth generation computer is to develop devices that can understand
natural language and have thinking power this is big challenge for the computer
developers and programmers to design such system and software for them. The
5th generation of computer are based on the artificial intelligence (AI). In the 5th
generation AL will minimize the need to write the programs. These computers will
allow users to give command in any natural language such as English, urdu.in in
this generation use parallel processing he can perfume many task at a time.
TYPE OF COMPUTER
Computer are classified into three types on the base of data representation,
processing, input and output.
1. Analog Computer
2. Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computer

ANALOG COMPUTER
Analog computer represents and process the data by mearing quantities such as
voltage and current to solve a problem. They work on continuous signals as input
and display output. Analog Computer is used for a special purpose this computer
is make for a single specific task. Mostly these are used in engineering and
scientific application. The accuracy of analog computer Is low. They mainly consist
of electrical devices such as resisters, capacitors and transistors.

DIGITAL COMPUTER
Digital computer work with digits. Everything in a digit’s computer is represented
with binary (0s and 1s). it manipulates at very fast speed data and instructions are
fed into the digital computer through input device in binary form. Computer
process on the data according to the instructions given to the computer. The
result of calculation are display on the monitor. Digital computer can store large
amount of data and process in very high speed. The results produced by digital
computer is accurate than Analog computer. Digital computer use for a general
purpose. Our PC is digital computer.

HYBRID COMPUTER
Hybrid compute is the combination of digital and analog computer. In hybrid
computer combine characteristics of both analog and digital computer hybrid
computers mostly use for a specific task. These computers are used in spaceship,
research, hospitals and for controlling industrial processing. A hybrid computer
known as vertical sign monitoring unit.it is use in the hospital, respiration and
heartbeat.