Induction Motors

Lecture Notes

AC Machines
Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Outline:
• Classifications of AC motors
• General Principle of Induction Motors
• Advantages and Disadvatanges
• Construction of Induction Motors
• Production of Rotating Field
• Percent Slip and Frequency of Rotor Current
• Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
• Relationship between Torque and power factor at starting
conditions
• Power Stages

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Classifications of AC Motors
• According to principle of operation
▫ Synchronous Motors
▫ Asynchronous Motors
 Induction motors
 Commutator motors
 Series, compensated, shunt, repulsion, repulsion-start induction
• According to type of current
▫ Single phase
▫ Three phase
• According to speed
▫ Constant
▫ Variable
▫ Adjustable
• According to structural features
▫ Open, ventilated, enclosed, pipe centilated, semi-enclosed,
▫ riveted frame eyes
AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)
Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
General Principle of Induction Motors
• As a general rule, conversion of electrical power into mechanical
power takes place in the rotating part of an electric motor through
either:
▫ Conduction – DC motor
▫ Induction – AC motor

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Advantages and Disadvantages of AC Motors
• Advantages:
▫ Simple and rugged construction
▫ Low cost and very reliable
▫ Sufficiently high efficiency and good power factor
▫ Requires minimum maintenance
• Disadvantages
▫ Speed cannot be varied without sacrificing efficiency
▫ Speed decreases with increase in load
▫ Starting torque is inferior to that of dc shunt motor

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
 Construction
• Two main parts
▫ Stator (Field)
▫ Rotor (Armature)

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Stator
• The stator is the stationary portion of the motor and delivers a rotating
magnetic field to interact with the rotor. One or more copper windings
make up a "pole" within the stator, and there is always an even number of
poles within a motor. The electric current alternates through the poles,
resulting in a rotating magnetic field.
• Synchronous speed (NS )= 120f/P

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Rotor
• Squirrel Cage
• Phase wound or wound rotor

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Squirrel cage Induction Motor
• In a squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor has conductive bars embedded in slots
in the laminations, running the length of the rotor. These bars are shorted at each
end with shorting rings. There is no electrical connection between these bars and the
motor terminal box. The current in the rotor bars is a function of the motor slip, and
we have no direct control over it.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Wound Rotor Induction Motor
• In a wound rotor induction motor, the rotor is wound as a 3-phase winding with
magnet wire, the ends of which are brought out to three slip rings mounted on the
motor shaft. Spring loaded brushes connect to these slip rings and in turn are
connected to the motor terminal box. We can control the current induced in the
rotor winding by using external resistors in the rotor circuit. This has the advantage
of reducing starting current and increasing starting torque. Once the motor is up to
speed, the external resistors are shorted out and the motor now has operating
characteristics similar to those of a squirrel cage motor.
Parts of the Induction Motor

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Production of Rotating Field
• Two phase supply
▫ Magnitude of the resultant flux is constant and is equal to
Φm maximum flux due to either phase
▫ Resultant flux rotates at synchronous speed
• Three phase supply
▫ Magnitude of resultant flux is costant and is equal to 1.5
times Φm maximum flux
▫ Resultant flux rotates at synchronous speed

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Slip
• In practice, rotor never succeeds in “catching-up’ with the stator field.
That’s why rotor runs at a speed which is always less than the speed of the
stator field.
• Difference between the synchronous speed (NS) and rotor speed (NR)
• Term ‘slip’ is the descriptive way in which rotor ‘slips back’ from
synchronism.
𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹
% 𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑(𝒔) = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑵𝑺

𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹

𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅(𝑵) = 𝑵𝑺 (𝟏 − 𝒔)

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Frequency of Rotor Current
• When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor current is the same as
the supply frequency but when the rotor starts revolving, then the
frequency depens upon the relative speed or no slip speed.

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇′
𝑵𝑺 − 𝑵𝑹 =
𝑷

𝒇′ = 𝒔𝒇

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Sample problems:
• A slip ring induction motor runs at 290 rpm at full load, when connected to
50Hz supply. Determine the number of poles and slip.

• A four pole, three phase induction motor operates from a supply whose
frequency is 50Hz. Calculate:
▫ Speed at which magnetic field of the stator is rotating
▫ Speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04
▫ Frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03
▫ Frequency of the rotor currents at standstill

• The stator of a three phase induction motor has 3 slots per pole per phase.
If supply frequency is 50Hz, calculate:
▫ Number of stator poles produced and the total number of slots on the
stator
▫ Speed of the rotating stator flux

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Sample problems:
• A three phase induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied
from 50Hz system. Calculate the synchronous speed, rotor speed
when slips is 4% and rotor frequency when rotor runs ar 600 rpm.

• A 12 pole, 3 phase alternator driven at speed of 500 rpm supplies

power to an 8 pole, 3 phase induction motor. If the slip of the motor,
at full load is 3%, calculate the full load speed of the motor.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Torque and Rotor Power Factor
• For DC motor: Ta ≈ Φ Ia
• For AC motor: Ta ≈ Φ Ia cosø = k Φ Ia cosø
Denoting rotor emf at standstill as E2:

T = k1 E2 I2 cosø2

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Starting Torque
𝑬𝟐 𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝑹𝟐
𝑻𝑺𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 = 𝑻𝑺𝑻 = 𝒌𝟐
𝑹 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑺 𝑹 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐 𝟐

Condition for Maximum Starting Torque

𝒅𝑻𝑺𝑻
=𝟎
𝒅𝑹𝟐

Effect of chage in supply voltage (V) to starting torque

𝑻𝑺𝑻 ∝ 𝑽𝟐

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Sample problems
• A single phase induction motor is rated 5hp, 75% power factor and 220V.
What is the full load current?

• A 5hp, 3phase motor draws current when connected to 230V. Determine

the rated current of the motor if the power factor is 0.9 and efficiency of
83%.

• What is the speed of an induction motor of 6 poles if the percent slip is

2.5%?

• A 150hp, 3phase, 6pole, 460V, 60Hz induction motor draws 195A line
current at full load speed of 1170rpm and 0.85pf. Solve for the percent slip
at full load.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Sample Problems
• A 3phase induction motor having a star connected rotor has an induced emf
of 80V between slips rings at stand still on open circuit. The rotor has a
resistance and reactance per phase of 1Ω and 4Ω respectively. Calculate the
current/phase and power factor when:
▫ Slip rings are short circuited (standstill)
▫ Slip rings are connected to a star connected rheostat of 3Ω per phase

• A 3phase 400V, star connected induction motor has an star connected rotor
with a stator to rotor turn ration of 6.5. The rotor resistance and standstill
reactance per phase are 0.05Ω and 0.25Ω, respectively. What should be the
value of the external resistance per phase to be inserted in the rotor circuit
to obtain maximum torque at starting and what will be the rotor starting
current with this resistance?

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Sample Problems
• A 150kW, 3000V, 50Hz, 6pole star connected induction motor has a
star connected slipring rotor with a transformation ratio of 3.6
(stator/rotor). The stator resistance is 0.1Ω/phase and its per phase
leakage reactance is 3.61mH. Find the starting current and starting
torque on rated voltage with short-circuited slip rings.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit

• we can utilize the equivalent circuit of a transformer to model an

induction motor.

• R1 and X1 – stator resistance and leakage rectance

• Rc – core losses (hysteresis and eddy current)
• Xm – magnetising rectance required to cross the air gap
• R2 and X2- rotor resistance an reactance
AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)
Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit

• The rotor circuit, the current I2 is given by

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Simplified Equivalent Circuit

• eliminating the ideal transformer and referring the rotor's

resistance and reactance to the primary (denoted by ′)

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Torque Under Running Condition
• T = k1 E2 I2 cosø2

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Sample Problem
• The star connected rotor of an induction motor has a standstill impedance of
(0.4 + j4) ohm per phase and rheostat impedance per phase of (6 + j2) ohm. The
motor has induced emf of 80V between slip rings at standstill when connected
to normal supply voltage. Find:
▫ A. Rotor current at standstill with the rheostat is in the circuit
▫ B. When the slip rings are short circuited and motor is running with a slip of
3%

• A three phase inductor motor is driving full load torque which is independent of
speed. If line voltge drops to 90% of the rated value, find the increase in motor
copper losses.

• A 230V, 6 pole, three phase, 50Hz, 15kW induction motor drives a constant
torque load of rated frequency, rated voltage and rated kW output and has a
speed of 980rpm and an efficiency of 93%. Calculate the new operating speed if
there is a 10% drop in voltage and 5% drop in frequency. Find the new output
power. Assume all losses to remain constant.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Take home activity
• Identify at least three (3) methods on how to measure
slip.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Power Stages

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Losses and Efficiency of Induction Motor

• There are two types of losses occur in three phase induction motor.
These losses are,
• Constant or fixed losses,
• Variable losses

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Losses and Efficiency of Induction Motor
• Constant or Fixed Losses
• Constant losses are those losses which are considered to remain constant
over normal working range of induction motor. The fixed losses can be
easily obtained by performing no-load test on the three phase induction
motor. These losses are further classified as-
• Iron or core losses (Hysteresis and eddy current losses),
• Mechanical losses (friction and windage losses),
• Brush friction losses.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Losses and Efficiency of Induction Motor
• Variable Losses
• These losses are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current
flowing in stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current
flowing in rotor and stator winding also changes and hence these losses also
changes. Therefore these losses are called variable losses. The copper losses
are obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction
motor.
• Copper losses
▫ Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
▫ Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Power flow in induction motor

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Power relations
Pin  3 VL I L cos   3 Vph I ph cos 
PSCL  3 I12 R1

PAG  Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore )

PRCL  3I 22 R2
Pconv  PAG  PRCL

Pout  Pconv  ( Pf  w  Pstray )

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Power relations
Pin  3 VL I L cos   3 Vph I ph cos 
PSCL  3 I12 R1
R2 PRCL
PAG  Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore )  Pconv  PRCL  3I 2
2 
s s
PRCL  3I 22 R2
PRCL (1  s)
Pconv  PAG  PRCL  3I 22 R2 (1  s) 
s s
Pout  Pconv  ( Pf  w  Pstray )

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.
Sample problems:
• The power input to a 3-phase induction motor is 60 k W. The stator-losses
total 1.5 kW. If the motor is running with a slip of 5 per cent, find the total
mechanical power developed.

• A 60 H.P., 6-pole, 60 Hz, slip-ring induction motor with a rotor current of

50 A is running on full Load at 960 rpm. Allowing 400 W for copper loss in
the short-circuiting gear and 1500 W for mechanical losses, find the
resistance R2 per phase of the 3-phase rotor winding.

AC Machines (Induction Motors – I)

Engr. Justiniano B. Menes Jr.