Ma6351 Unit-I Partial Diff - Eqns PDF

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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

UNIT III – PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PART – A
1. Find the solution of px  qy  z

2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 2  2
x2 y z
st nd
Take 1 and 2 ratio, we have
dx dy
 2
x2 y
Integrating, we get
1 1
  c1
x y
1 1
  c1
y x
Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have
dy dz
 2
y2 z
Integrating, we get
1 1
  c2
y z
1 1
  c2
z y
Hence the required solution is
1 1 1 1
F   ,    0
 y x z y
2. Solve ( D  2 D D ) z  0
3 2
Sol. A.E. is m3 – 2m2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m – 2) = 0
m2 = 0 (or) m – 2 = 0
m = 0, 0, 2
 z  f1 ( y )  x f 2 ( y )  f 3 ( y  2 x )
3. Find the particular integral of ( D  2 DD   D  ) z  e

2 2 x y
1
Sol. P.I = 2 ex y
D  2 DD  D 2
1
 2 ex y
(1)  2(1)( 1)  (1) 2
1
 ex y
4
4. Solve the equation ( D  D  ) z  0
3
Sol. A.E. is (m – 1)3 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 1)(m – 1)(m – 1) = 0
m = 1, 1, 1
 z  f1 ( y  x )  x f 2 ( y  x )  x 2 f 3 ( y  x )
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5. Find the particular integral of ( D  3 DD   2 D  ) z  x  y

2 2
1
Sol. P.I = 2 ( x  y)
D  3DD  2 D 2
1
 ( x  y)
2 3DD   2 D  2 
D 1  
 D2 
1
1   3DD   2 D  2 
 2 1    ( x  y)
D   D2 
1   3DD  2 D 2 
 2 1   2
 ( x  y )
D   D 

1
( x  y)  0
D2
1  x2 
   x y
D2 
x3 x 2 y
 
6 2
6. Solve: ( D  2 DD   D  ) z  0
2 2
Sol. A.E. is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 1)(m – 1) = 0
m = 1, 1
 z  f1 ( y  x )  x f 2 ( y  x )
7. Solve: ( D  2 D )( D  2 D   1) z  0
Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous.
( D  2D)(D  2D  1) z  0
 z  e 0 x f1 ( y  2 x )  e  x f 2 ( y  2 x )
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  e  x f 2 ( y  2 x)
8. Solve ( D  D D   DD   D  ) z  0
3 2 2 3
Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m + 1) –1(m + 1) = 0
(m + 1)(m2 – 1) = 0
m = –1, m2 = 1
m= 1
 m = 1, –1, –1
 z  f1 ( y  x )  f 2 ( y  x )  x f 3 ( y  x )
3 z 3 z 3 z 3 z
9. Solve:  2  4  8 0
x 3 x 2 y xy 2 y 3
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D  2 D D  4 DD  8D ) z  0
3 2 2 3
A.E. is m3 – 2m2 – 4m + 8 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m – 2) – 4(m – 2) = 0
(m – 2)(m2 – 4) = 0
m = 2, m2 = 4
m=  2
 m = 2, 2, –2
 z  f1 ( y  2 x )  x f 2 ( y  2 x )  f 3 ( y  2 x )
2z
10. Solve:  sin y
 x2
2z
Sol. Given  sin y
 x2
z
 x sin y  f ( y )
x
x2
(i.e.) z  sin y  x f ( y )   ( y )
2
2 z
11. Solve: xy
 xy
2 z
Sol. Given xy
 xy
 z x y2
  f ( x)
x 2
x2 y2
(i.e.) z   F ( x)   ( y )
4
12. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the constants a and b from
z  ( x 2  a 2 )( y 2  b 2 )
Given z  ( x  a )( y  b ) ---------- (1)
2 2 2 2
Sol.
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
z
p  (2 x)( y 2  b 2 )
x
p
  y 2  b 2        ( 2)
2x
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
z
q  ( x 2  a 2 )(2 y )
y
q
  x 2  a 2        (3)
2y
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have
q p
z .
2 y 2x
(i.e.) 4 xy z  pq
13. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants ‘a’ and ‘b’
from z = ax + by.
Sol. Given z  ax  by ---------- (1)
z
p  a        ( 2)
x
z
q  b        (3)
y
z  px  qy
14. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants a and b
from ( x  a )  ( y  b )  z cot 
2 2 2 2
Sol. Given ( x  a )  ( y  b )  z cot  ------------ (1)

2 2 2 2

z
2( x  a)  0  2 z cot2 
x
 x  a  z p cot2         (2)
z
0  2( y  b)  2 z cot2 
y
 y  b  z q cot2         (3)
( z p cot2  ) 2  ( z q cot2  ) 2  z 2 cot2 
z 2 cot4  ( p 2  q 2 )  z 2 cot2 
cot2  ( p 2  q 2 )  1
(i.e.) p 2  q 2  tan 2 
from z  a x  ay  b
2 2
Given z  a x  ay  b ----------- (1)

2 2
Sol.
z
p  a 2        (2)
x
z q
q  2ay  a         (3)
y 2y
Substitute (3) in equation (2), we have
2
 q 
p   
 2y 
4 y2 p  q2
from z  ( x  a )  ( y  b )
2 2
Sol. Given z  ( x  a)  ( y  b) ---------- (1)

2 2

z
p  2( x  a)        (2)
x
z
q  2( y  b)        (3)
y
2 2
 p q
z    
 2  2
(i.e.) 4 z  p 2  q 2
from z  ax  by
n n
Sol. Given z  ax  by ------------ (1)

n n

z
p  a n x n 1
x
a n xn
p
x
px
 a x n        (2)
n
z
q  b n y n 1
y
bn yn
q
y
qy
 b y n        (3)
n
px qy
z 
n n
(i.e.) n z  p x  q y
18. Find the partial differential equation of all planes cutting equal intercepts from the
x and y axes.
Sol. The equation of the plane is
x y z
   1 ------------ (1)
a a c
1 p
0  0
a c
p 1
         (2)
c a
1 q
0   0
a c
q 1
         (3)
c a
Divide (2) by (3), we get
p
1
q
(i.e.) p  q.
19. Form the partial differential equation of all spheres whose centre lies on the z-axis.
Sol. Any point on the z-axis is of the form (0, 0, a)
Then the equation of the sphere with centre (0, 0, a) and radius k (say) is
x 2  y 2  ( z  a) 2  k 2 -------------- (1)
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constant.

2 x  0  2( z  a ) p  0
x  ( z  a ) p        (2)
0  2 y  2( z  a )q  0
y  ( z  a )q        (3)
x p

y q
(i.e.) p y  q x.
20. Find the partial differential equation of all planes passing through the origin.
Sol. The equation of the plane passing through the origin is
ax + by + cz = 0
 c z  a x  b y
a b
 z  x y
c c
(i.e.) z  A x  B y        (1)
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
z
p  A ------------ (2)
x
z
q  B ------------ (3)
y
z  pxq y
21. Find the partial differential equation of the family of spheres having their centres on the
line x = y = z.
Sol. Since the centre (a, b, c) lies on the line x = y = z, we have a = b = c
Hence the equation of the sphere is
(x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + (z – a)2 = r2 ---------------- (1)
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constants.
2( x  a)  2( z  a) p  0
2 x  2 z p  2 a (1  p)        (2)
2( y  a )  2( z  a ) q  0
2 y  2 z q  2 a (1  q)        (3)
2 ( x  z p) 1  p

2 ( y  z q) 1  q
( x  z p )(1  q )  ( y  z q )(1  p )
x  xq  z p  z pq  y  y p  zq  z pq
(i.e.) ( y  z ) p  ( z  x) q  x  y
22. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from
 x
  z 2  xy ,   0
 z
x
Sol. The given equation can be written as z  xy  f   -------------- (1)
2
z
 x   z.1  x. p 
2 z p  y  f           (2)
z z
2

 x   xq
2 z q  x  f     2        (3)
z z 
2z p y z  px

2zq x qx
(2 z p  y )(q x)  (2 z q  x)(z  p x)
 2 z p q x  x y q  2 z 2q  2 z p q x  z x  p x2
(i.e.) x 2 p  (2 z 2  x y ) q  z x
23. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating an arbitrary function from
z  f (x2  y2 )
Sol. Given z  f ( x  y ) -------------- (1)
2 2

p  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)       (2)
q  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y )       (3)
p x

q y
(i.e.) p y  q x
z  xy  f ( x 2  y 2 )
Sol. Given z  xy  f ( x  y ) -------------- (1)
2 2

p  y  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)
p  y  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)       (2)
q  x  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y )
q  x  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y)       (3)
p y x

qx y
p y  y2  q x  x2
(i.e.) p y  q x  y 2  x 2
z  f (x2  y2 )  x  y
Sol. Given z  f ( x  y )  x  y -------------- (1)
2 2

p  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)  1
p  1  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)       (2)
q  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y )  1
q  1  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y)       (3)
p 1 x

q 1 y
py y qxx
(i.e.) p y  q x  y  x
26. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary functions from
z  f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( y ).
Sol. Given z  f1 ( x) f 2 ( y) ----------- (1)
p  f1( x) f 2 ( y)       (2)
q  f1 ( x) f 2( y)       (3)
r  f1( x) f 2 ( y)       (4)
s  f1( x) f 2( y)       (5)
t  f1 ( x) f 2( y)       (6)
From (2) and (3) we have
p q  f1 ( x) f 2 ( y) f1( x) f 2( y)
(i.e.) p q  z s
27. Find the complete integral of p  q 1
Sol. Given p  q  1 --------------- (1)
The solution of equation (1) is
z  axb yc
where a  b  1
 b  1 a
 b  1 a  
2
Hence the complete integral is

z  a x  1 a 
2
yc
28. Find the complete integral of p – q = 0

Sol. Given p – q = 0 ------------ (1)
The solution of equation (1) is z  a x  b y  c
where a – b = 0  b = a
Hence the complete integral is z  a x  a y  c
29. Find the complete solution of the partial differential equation p  q  4 pq  0

2 2
Sol. Given p  q  4 pq  0
2 2
The solution of equation (1) is

z  axb yc
where a  b  4 a b  0
2 2
 b2  4 a b  a2  0
4a  16a 2  4.1.a 2
b
2. 1
4a  12 a 2

2
4a  2a 3
  a (2  3 )
2
Hence the complete integral is
z  a x  a (2  3 ) y  c
30. Solve the partial differential equation pq  x

Sol. Given pq  x ------------ (1)
Let q = a
Then equation (1) becomes
pa  x
x
 p
a
Substitute p and q in the relation
dz  p dx  q dy
x
dz  dx  a dy
a
Integrating , we get
x2
z  ay  b
2a
which is the complete integral.
z x y
31. Find the complete integral of    pq
pq q p
z x y
Sol. Given    pq
pq q p
z  p x  q y  p q pq ------------- (1)
The complete integral of equation (1) is
z  a x  b y  ab ab
32. Find the complete integral of the partial differential equation (1 – x)p + (2 – y)q = 3 – z.
Sol. Given (1 – x)p + (2 – y)q = 3 – z
(i.e.) z = px + qy + (3 – p – 2q) ----------- (1)
z = ax + by + (3 – a – 2b)
33. Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  p  pq  q

2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  pq  q ------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  a 2  ab  b 2 -------------- (2)
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in turn, we get
0  x  2a  b
 2a  b   x       (3)
and 0  y  a  2b
 a  2b   y       (4)
Solving (3) and (4) we get
y  2x
3a  y  2 x  a 
3
x  2y
3b  x  2 y  b 
3
Substitute the values of a and b in equation (2) we have
 y  2x   x  2 y   y  2x   y  2x   x  2 y   x  2 y 
2 2
z  x   y      
 3   3   3   3  3   3 
9 z  3 x( y  2 x)  3 y ( x  2 y )  ( y  2 x) 2  ( y  2 x)(x  2 y )  ( x  2 y ) 2
9 z  3xy  3x 2  3 y 2
(i.e.) 3 z  xy  x 2  y 2
34. Find the singular integral of the partial differential equation z  px  qy  p  q

2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  q ------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  a 2  b 2 -------------- (2)
0  x  2a
x
 a       (3)
2
0  y  2b
y
b       (4)
2
Substitute the values of a and b in equation (2) we have
2 2
 x  y  x  y
z  x   y        
 2  2  2  2
4 z  2 x 2  2 y 2  x 2  y 2
(i.e.) 4 z  y 2  x 2
PART -B
1. Solve: x( y  z ) p  y( z  x)q  z( x  y)
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x ( y  z ) y ( z  x) z ( x  y )
dx dy dz
 
x y z
Each ratio 
yz zx x y
dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x y z )  log c1
 x y z  c1
dx  dy  dz
Each ratio 
xy  xz  yz  yx  zx  zy
 dx  dy  dz  0
Integrating we get
x  y  z  c2
F ( xy z, x  y  z )  0
2. Solve: z ( x p  yq)  y  x
2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
  2
x z  y z y  x2
Take 1st and 2nd ratio, we have
dx dy

xz  yz
dx dy

x y
Integrating, we get
log x   log y  log c1
log x  log y  log c1
(i.e.) x y  c1
x dx  y dy  z dz
Each ratio  2
x z  y2 z  y2 z  x2 z
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
F ( x y, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
3. Solve: x( y  z ) p  y ( z  x )q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x ( y2  z 2 ) y (z 2  x2 ) z (x2  y2 )
dx dy dz
 
x y z
Each ratio  2
y  z  z  x  x2  y2
2 2 2
dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x y z )  log c1
 x y z  c1
Each ratio 
x y  x z  y2 z 2  y2 x2  z 2 x2  z 2 y2
2 2 2 2
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
F ( xyz, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
4. Solve: (mz  ny) p  (nx  lz)q  ly  mx

Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
mz  ny nx  lz ly  mx
ldx  mdy  ndz
Each ratio 
lmz  nly  mnx  lmz  nly  nmx
 ldx  mdy  ndz  0
Integrating we get
lx  my  nz  c1
Each ratio 
m z x  n xy  n xy  lyz  lyz  m z x
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
F (lx  my  nz, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
5. Solve: z ( x  y ) p  z ( x  y )q  x  y
2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
  2
z ( x  y) z ( x  y) x  y 2
x dx  y dy  z dz
Each ratio 
x z  xyz  xyz  y 2 z  x 2 z  y 2 z
2
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c1
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c1
y dx  x dy d ( x y)
Each ratio  
xyz  y 2 z   x 2 z  xyz z ( x 2  y 2 )
Equate this to 3rd ratio, we have
d ( x y) dz

z( x 2  y 2 ) x 2  y 2
 d ( xy )  z dz
Integrating we get
z2
xy   c2
2
2 xy  z 2  c2
F ( x 2  y 2  z 2 , 2 xy  z 2 )  0
6. Solve: x( y  z ) p  y ( x  z )q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x ( y 2  z) y ( x 2  z) z ( x 2  y 2 )
dx dy dz
 
x y z
Each ratio 
( y  z)  ( x  z)  ( x 2  y 2 )
2 2
dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integrating we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x z )  log y  log c1
xz
 c1
(i.e.)
y
x dx  y dy  dz
Each ratio  2 2
x y  x z  x2 y2  y2 z  x2 z  y2 z
2
 x dx  y dy  dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2
  z  c2
2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  2 z  c2
xz 
F  , x 2  y 2  2 z   0
 y 
7. Solve: ( x  y  y z ) p  ( x  y  x z )q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 2 
x  y  y z x  y  x z z ( x  y)
2 2 2
dx  dy  dz
Each ratio 
x2  y2  y z  x2  y2  x z  x z  y z
 dx  dy  dz  0
Integrating, we get
x  y  z  c1
x dx  y dy x dx  y dy
Each ratio  
x( x  y  y z )  y ( x  y  x z ) x( x  y 2 )  y ( x 2  y 2 )
2 2 2 2 2
x dx  y dy

( x  y )(x 2  y 2 )
Equate this to 3rd ratio, we have
x dx  y dy dz

( x  y )(x  y ) z ( x  y )
2 2
xdx  ydy
x dx  y dy dz I 
  x2  y2
x2  y2 z put x 2  y 2  t
Integrating we get 2 xdx  2 ydy  dt
1 2( xdx  ydy)  dt
log( x 2  y 2 )  log z  log c2 dt / 2 1 dt
2 I   
t 2 t
log( x 2  y 2 )  2 log z  log c2 1 1
 log t  log( x 2  y 2 )
log( x 2  y 2 )  log z 2  log c2 2 2
x2  y2
(i.e.)  c2
z2
 x2  y2 
F  x  y  z, 2
  0
 z 
8. Solve: ( x  y  z ) p  2 xy q  2 z x
2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x 2  y 2  z 2 2 xy 2 z x
Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have
dy dz

2x y 2 z x
dy dz

y z
Integrating, we get
log y  log z  log c1
log y  log z  log c1
y
(i.e.)  c1
z
Each ratio 
x( x  y 2  z 2 )  2 y 2 x  2 z 2 x
2
 3
x  y2x  z2x

x( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
Equate this to 2nd ratio, we have
x dx  y dy  z dz dy

x( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) 2 xy
x dx  y dy  z dz dy
  I 
xdx  ydy  zdz
x2  y2  z 2 2y x2  y2  z2
Integrating we get put x 2  y 2  z 2  t
1 1 2 xdx  2 ydy  2 zdz  dt
log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2
2 2 2( xdx  ydy  zdz )  dt
log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2 I 
dt / 2 1 dt
 
t 2 t
log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2 1 1
 log t  log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )
x2  y2  z 2 2 2
(i.e.)  c2
y
 y x2  y2  z 2 
F  ,   0
 z y 
9. Solve: (3z  4 y) p  (4 x  2 z )q  2 y  3x
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
3z  4 y 4 x  2 z 2 y  3x
2dx  3dy  4dz
Each ratio 
6 z  8 y  12 x  6 z  8 y  12 x
 2dx  3dy  4dz  0
Integrating we get
2 x  3 y  4 z  c1
Each ratio 
3 z x  4 xy  4 xy  2 yz  2 yz  3 z x
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get
x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
F (2 x  3 y  4 z, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
10. Solve: ( x  y z ) p  ( y  z x) q  z  x y
2 2 2
Sol. A. E. are
dx dy dz
 
x2  y z y2  z x z 2  x y
dx  dy d ( x  y)
Each ratio   2
( x  y z )  ( y  z x) ( x  y 2 )  ( z x  y z )
2 2
d ( x  y)

( x  y )(x  y )  z ( x  y )
d ( x  y)

( x  y )(x  y  z )
dy  dz d ( y  z)
Each ratio  
( y 2  z x)  ( z 2  x y ) ( y 2  z 2 )  ( x y  z x)
d ( y  z)

( y  z )( y  z )  x( y  z )
d ( y  z)

( y  z )( x  y  z )
d ( x  y) d ( y  z)
 
( x  y )( x  y  z ) ( y  z )( x  y  z )
d ( x  y) d ( y  z )
 
( x  y) ( y  z)
Integrating we get
log( x  y )  log( y  z )  log c1
x y
(i.e.)  c1
yz
dx  dy  dz d ( x  y  z)
Each ratio  2 
x  y2  z 2  x y  y z  z x x2  y2  z 2  x y  y z  z x
Also each ratio  3
x  y 3  z 3  3x y z

( x  y  z )(x 2  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x)
d ( x  y  z) x dx  y dy  z dz
 2 
x  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x ( x  y  z )( x 2  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x)
( x  y  z ) d ( x  y  z )  x dx  y dy  z dz
Integrating we get
( x  y  z)2 x 2 y 2 z 2
    c2
2 2 2 2
( x  y  z ) 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
x 2  y 2  z 2  2( x y  y z  z x)  x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
2( x y  y z  z x)  c2
(i.e.) x y  y z  z x  c2
x y 
F  , x y  y z  z x   0
 yz 
11. Solve: (4 D  4 DD  D ) z  e
3x  2 y
2 2
 sin x
2
Sol. A.E. is 4m – 4m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]
2
4m – 2m – 2m + 1 = 0
2m(2m – 1) – 1(2m – 1) = 0
(2m – 1)(2m – 1) = 0
1 1
m= ,
2 2
 1   1 
C.F = f1  y  x   x f 2  y  x 
 2   2 
1
P.I1 = e3x  2 y
4 D  4 DD  D
2 2
1
 e3x  2 y
4(3)  4(3)( 2)  (2)
2 2
1
 e3x  2 y
64
1
P.I2 = sin( x  0 y)
4 D  4 DD  D 2
2
1
 sin( x  0 y )
4( 1)  0  0
1
  sin x
4
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
 1   1  1 1
(i.e.) z  f1  y  x   x f 2  y  x   e 3 x  2 y  sin x
 2   2  64 4
12. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D ) z  x y  e

2 2 2 x y
Sol. A.E. is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m + 1)(m + 1) = 0
m = –1, –1
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I1 = 2 ex y
D  2 DD  D 2
1
 2 ex y Since the denominator = 0, we have to
(1)  2(1)(1)  (1) 2
multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
x
 ex y
2 D  2 D
x2 x y
 e
2
1
P.I2 = x2 y
D  2 DD  D
2 2
1
 x2 y
 2 DD  D 2
D 2 1  
 D2 
1
1   2 DD  D 2 
 2 1   2
 x2 y
D   D 
1   2 DD  D 2  2
 2 1   2
 x y
D   D 
1  2 D  2
 1  D  x y
D2
1  2 2 D 2 
 ( x y )  D ( x y )
D2
 2
1 2 2 
  x y  ( x )
D2 D 
1  2 x3 
 2 x2 y 
D  3 
1  x3 y 2x 4 
  
D 3 12 
x 4 y x5
 
12 30
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x 2 x  y x 4 y x5
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)  e  
2 12 30
13. Solve: ( D  D D  DD  D ) z  e

2x  y
3 2 2 3
 cos(x  y )
Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]
2
m (m + 1) –1(m + 1) = 0
(m + 1)(m2 – 1) = 0
m = –1, m2 = 1
m= 1
 m = 1, –1, –1
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  x f 3 ( y  x)
1
P.I1 = 3 e2x  y
D  D D  DD  D
2 2 3
1
 e2x  y
(2)  (2) (1)  (2)(1)  (1)
3 2 2 3
1
 e2x  y
9
1
P.I2 = 3 cos(x  y)
D  D 2 D  DD 2  D3
D3 = D2D D′3 = D′2D′
1
 cos(x  y) = (–1)D = (–1)D′
 D  D  D  D =–D = – D′
x
 cos(x  y ) Since the denominator = 0, we have to
3D  2 DD  D 2
2
x
 cos(x  y )
3(1)  2(1)  (1)
x
  cos(x  y )
4
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 2x  y x
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  x f 3 ( y  x)  e  cos(x  y)
9 4
14. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D  3D  3D  2) z  (e  2 e )

2 2 3x 2y 2
Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

( D  D  1)( D  D  2) z  e 6 x  4 e  4 y  4 e 3 x  2 y
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  x)
x 2x
1
P.I1 = e6 x  0 y
( D  D  1)( D  D  2)
1
 e6x  0 y
(6  0  1)( 6  0  2)
1 6x
 e
20
1
P.I2 = 4 e0 x  4 y
( D  D  1)( D  D  2)
1
4 e0x  4 y
(0  4  1)( 0  4  2)
2
 e 4 y
3
1
P.I3 = 4 e3x  2 y
( D  D  1)( D  D  2)
1
4 e3x  2 y
(3  2  1)( 3  2  2)
1
 e3x  2 y
3
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2 + P.I3
1 6 x 2  4 y 1 3x  2 y
(i.e.) z  e x f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)  e  e  e
20 3 3
15. Solve: ( D  7 DD  6 D ) z  e

2x y
3 2 3
 sin( x  2 y )
3
Sol. A.E. is m – 7m – 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]
m = –1 is a root –1 1 0 –7 –6
The other roots are 0 –1 1 6
m2 – m – 6 = 0 1 –1 –6 0
(m – 3)(m + 2) = 0
m = 3, –2
 m = –1, –2, 3
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3x)
1
P.I1 = e2x  y
D  7 DD  6 D
3 2 3
1
 e2x  y
(2)  7(2)(1)  6(1)
3 2 3
1
  e2x  y
12
1
P.I2 = 3 sin( x  2 y )
D  7 DD 2  6 D3 D3 = D2D D′3 = D′2D′
1 = (–1)D = (–4)D′
 sin( x  2 y ) =–D = – 4D′
 D  7 D(4)  6(4 D)
1
 sin( x  2 y )
27 D  24D 
1
 sin( x  2 y )
3(9 D  8 D )
9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3(9 D  8 D )(9 D  8 D)
9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3(81D 2  64D  2 )
9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3[81(1)  64(4)]
9 D[sin(x  2 y )]  8 D [sin(x  2 y )]

525
1
 [9 cos(x  2 y )  16 cos(x  2 y )]
525
1
 [7 cos(x  2 y )]
525
1
 cos(x  2 y )
75
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 2x  y 1
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3x)  e  cos(x  2 y)
12 75
2 z 2 z 2 z
16. Solve:   2 2  sinh(x  y)  xy
 x 2  xy y
(or) r  s  2t  sinh(x  y)  xy
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D  DD  2 D ) z  sinh( x  y )  xy
2 2
A.E. is m2 + m – 2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m + 2)(m – 1) = 0
m = –2, 1
C.F = f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I1 = 2 sinh( x  y)
D  DD  2 D 2
1  e x y  e  ( x y )  e x  e x
 2 sinh x 
D  DD  2 D 2  2 

2
1  1 x y 1  xy 
 e  e
2  D  DD  2 D
2 2
D  DD  2 D
2 2 
1  1 x y 1  xy 
 
2  (1) 2  (1)(1)  2(1) 2 
e e
(1) 2  (1)(1)  2(1) 2 
1 x x 
  e x y  e x  y 
2  2 D  D 2 D  D 
Since the denominator = 0, we have to
1 x x 
  e x y  e x  y 
2 2 1  2 1 
x x
 e x y  e  x  y
6 6
1
P.I2 = 2 xy
D  DD  2 D2
1
 xy
 D D   2 D  2

D 2 1  
 D2 
1
1   DD   2 D  2  
 2 1   2
 xy
D   D 
1   DD   2 D  2  
 1    xy
D2   D 2

1  D 
 1  D  xy
D2
1  D 
  ( xy )  ( xy )
D2 D 
1  1 
  xy  ( x ) 
D2 D
1  x2 
  xy  2 
D2  
1  x2 y x3 
   
D 2 6
x3 y x 4
 
6 24
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x x  y x  x  y x3 y x 4
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  x)  e  e  
6 6 6 24
2 z 2 z 2 z
17. Solve: 5  6 2  y sin x
 x2  xy y
Sol. The given equation can be written as ( D  5DD  6 D ) z  y sin x
2 2
A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 2)(m – 3) = 0
m = 2, 3
C.F = f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  3x)
1
P.I = y sin x
D  5DD  6 D 2
2
1
 y sin x
( D  2 D) ( D  3D)
1  1 
  y sin x 
D  2 D   D  3D  
1
D  2 D 
 (c  3 x) sin x dx where y = c – 3x

1
(c  3x)( cos x)  (3)( sin x)
D  2 D
1
 [ y cos x  3 sin x]
D  2 D
  [(c  2 x) cos x  3 sin x] dx where y = c – 2x
  [ (c  2 x)(sin x)  (2)( cos x)]  3( cos x)

  y sin x  2 cos x  3 cos x
 5 cos x  y sin x
 z = C.F + P.I
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  3x)  5 cos x  y sin x
18. Solve: ( D  D  3D  3D) z  xy  7

2 2

( D  D)(D  D  3) z  xy  7
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  x)
0x 3x
 f1 ( y  x )  e 3 x f 2 ( y  x )
1
P.I = ( xy  7)
( D  D)( D  D  3)
1 1
 ( xy  7)
( D  D )  D  D 
 31 
  3 
1
1   D  D  
 1   3  ( xy  7)
3( D  D)   
1   D  D   D  D  2 
 1      ( xy  7)
3( D  D)   3   3  
1  D D 2 DD  
 1  3  3  9  ( xy  7)
3( D  D)
1  D D 2 DD  
  ( xy  7 )  ( xy  7 )  ( xy  7 )  ( xy  7)
3( D  D)  3 3 9 
1 y x 2
  xy  7  3  3  9 
3( D  D)
1  y x 65 
  xy    
 D 
3D 1   
3 3 9
 D
1
 1  D   y x 65 
 1  xy   
3D  D   3 3 9 
 1  D   y x 65 
 1  xy   
3D  D   3 3 9 
 1  y x 65  D  y x 65 
  xy       xy    
3D  3 3 9  D 3 3 9 
 1  y x 65  1  1 
  xy       x  
3D  3 3 9  D 3 
 1  y x 65   x 2 x 
  xy        
3D  3 3 9   2 3 
 1  x 2 y xy x 2 65 x x 3 x 2 
       
3  2 3 6 9 6 6
 1  x 2 y x 3 xy x 2 65 x 
      
3  2 6 3 3 9 
 z = C.F + P.I
1  x 2 y x 3 xy x 2 65x 
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  x)  
3x
   
3 2 6 3 3 9 
19. Solve: ( D  D  2 DD  2 D  2 D  1) z  e

2 2 2 x y

( D  D  1)( D  D  1) z  e 2 x y
x x
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  xe f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I = 2 e2x  y
D  D  2 DD  2 D  2 D  1
2
1
 e2x  y
(2)  (1)  2( 2)(1)  2(2)  2(1)  1
2 2
1
 e2x  y
16
 z = C.F + P.I
1
(i.e.) z  e  x f1 ( y  x)  xe  x f 2 ( y  x)  e 2 x y
16
20. Solve: ( D  3DD  4 D ) z  x  sin y

2 2
Sol. A.E. is m2 + 3m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 1)(m + 4) = 0
m = 1, – 4
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  4 x)
1
P.I1 = 2 x
D  3DD  4 D 2
1
 x
 3 DD   4 D  2

D 2 1  
 D2 
1
1   3DD  4 D2 
 2 1   2
 x
D   D 
1   3DD  4 D 2 
 2 1   2
 x
D   D 

1
x  0
D2
1  x2 
  
D2
x3

6
1
P.I2 = sin(0 x  y )
D  3DD  4 D 2
2
1
 sin(0 x  y )
0  0  4(1)
1
 sin y
4
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
x3 1
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  4 x)   sin y
6 4
21. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0

2 2 2
Sol. The given relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0 can also be written as

2 2 2
x 2  y 2  z 2   ( x  y  z ) ------------- (1)
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to x, we get
2 x  0  2 z p   ( x  y  z ) (1  0  p)
2 x  2 z p   ( x  y  z ) (1  p)        (2)
Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to y, we get
0  2 y  2 z q   ( x  y  z ) (0  1  q)
2 y  2 z q   ( x  y  z ) (1  q)        (3)
Dividing (2) by (3), we have
2 x  2 z p  ( x  y  z ) (1  p)

2 y  2 z q  ( x  y  z ) (1  q)
x  z p (1  p)

y  z q (1  q)
( x  zp )(1  q)  ( y  zq )(1  p)
x xq  z p  z pq  y  y p  zq  z pq
(i.e.) ( y  z ) p  ( z  x) q  x  y
1 
22. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation z  y  2 f   log y 
2
x 
1 
Sol. Given z  y  2 f   log y  ------------------ (1)
2
x 
1   1
p  0  2 f    log y   2         (2)
x  x 

1  1 
q  2 y  2 f    log y   
x  y 
1  1 
q  2 y  2 f    log y           (3)
x  y 
Dividing (2) by (3), we have
1   1
2 f    log y   2 
p
 x  x 
q  2y 1  1 
2 f    log y   
x  y 
p  1/ x2

q  2y 1/ y
p y
 2
q  2y x
x 2 p   y (q  2 y )
(i.e.) x 2 p  y q  2 y 2
23. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ and ‘  ’ from the relation z  f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
Sol. Given z  f ( x  y)  ( x  y) ------------ (1)
z
p  f ( x  y)  ( x  y)  f ( x  y)  ( x  y)        (2)
x
z
q  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )(1)  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
y
q   f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )        (3)
2 z
r  2  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
x
 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
r  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  2 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )        (4)
2z
s   f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
xy
 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
s   f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )            (5)
2z
t  2  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
y
 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )
t  f ( x  y ) ( x  y )  2 f ( x  y )  ( x  y )  f ( x  y )  ( x  y )        (6)
(2) + (3)  p  q  2 f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
(2) – (3)  p  q  2 f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
 ( p  q)( p  q)  4 f ( x  y)  ( x  y) f ( x  y)  ( x  y)
(i.e.) p 2  q 2  4 z f ( x  y)  ( x  y ) -------------- (7)
(4) – (6)  r  t  4 f ( x  y) ( x  y)
 (7)  p 2  q 2  z (r  t )
24. Find the PDE of all planes which are at a constant distance ‘k’ from the origin.
Sol. The equation of the plane having constant distance ‘k’ from the origin is
a x  b y  c z  k a 2  b 2  c 2  0 ------------------ (1)
ac p 0
 a   c p        ( 2)
b  cq  0
 b   c q        (3)
 c p x  c q y  c z  k c2 p2  c2q2  c2  0
 p x  q y  z  k p2  q2 1  0
(i.e.) z  p x  q y  k p 2  q 2  1
25. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e sin(2 x  3 y )

2 2 x y
Sol. A.E. is m2 – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m =1
 m= 1
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)
1
P.I = 2 e x  y sin(2 x  3 y)
D  D 2
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
( D  1) 2  ( D  1) 2
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
D  2 D  1  D 2  2 D  1
2
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
D  2 D  D 2  2 D
2
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
 4  2 D  ( 9 )  2 D 
1
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
2( D  D)  5
[2( D  D)  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
[2( D  D)  5][2( D  D)  5]
[2( D  D)  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
4( D  D) 2  25
[2( D  D)  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
4( D  2 DD  D 2 )  25
2
[2( D  D )  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
4[(4)  2(6)  (9)]  25
[2( D  D )  5]
 ex y sin(2 x  3 y )
 125
2 D[sin(2 x  3 y )]  2 D[sin(2 x  3 y )]  5 sin(2 x  3 y )
 ex y
 125
x y
e
 [4 cos(2 x  3 y )  6 cos(2 x  3 y )  5 sin(2 x  3 y )]
125
ex y
 [10 cos(2 x  3 y )  5 sin(2 x  3 y )]
125
ex y
 [sin(2 x  3 y )  2 cos(2 x  3 y )]
25
 z = C.F + P.I
ex y
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  [sin( 2 x  3 y )  2 cos(2 x  3 y )]
25
26. Solve: (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

2 2 y
Sol. Given (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

2 2 y
(2 D  D)( D  D  3) z  x e y
1
Here  1  0, m1   ,  2  3, m1  1
2
 1  3 x
C.F = e f1  y  x   e f 2 ( y  x)
0x
 2 
 1  3 x
= f1  y  x   e f 2 ( y  x )
 2 
1
P.I = xe y
2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D
2 2
1
ey x
2 D  D( D  1)  ( D  1) 2  6 D  3( D  1)
2
1
ey x
2 D  DD  D  D  2 D  1  6 D  3D  3
2 2
1
ey x
2  2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D
1
ey x
 2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D 
2 1  
 2 
1
ey  2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D 
 1   x
2  2 
e y   2 D 2  DD  D 2  5 D  D 
 1    x
2   2 
ey  5D 
  x  2 ( x)
2
ey  5
  x 
2 2 
ey
 (2 x  5)
4
 z = C.F + P.I
 1  y
e
(i.e.) z  f1  y  x   e  3 x f 2 ( y  x)  (2 x  5)
 2  4
27. Solve: ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

2 2
Sol. Given ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

2 2
( D  D)(D  2D  2) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y)

Here 1  0, m1  1,  2  2, m1  2
2 x
C.F = e f1 ( y  x)  e f 2 ( y  2 x)
0x
2 x
= f1 ( y  x )  e f 2 ( y  2 x )
1
P.I1 = 2 ( x  y)
D  3DD  2 D 2  2 D  2 D
1
 ( x  y)
( D  D)(D  2 D  2)
1
 ( x  y)
 D   D  2 D 
D1   21  
 D  2 
1 1
1  D   D  2 D 
 1   1   ( x  y)
2D  D  2 
D    D  2 D   D  2 D  
2
1 
 1   1      ( x  y)
2D  D    2   2  
1  1 D   D D2 
   2
2D D  1  2  D  4  DD ( x  y )
 
1  1 1 D D D D D 
      D  2   ( x  y)
2 D 2 D 4 D 2 D 4 
1  1 1 D  D D  3D  
       ( x  y)
2  D 2 2D 4 D 2 4 
11 x  y D( x  y ) D ( x  y ) D( x  y ) 3D( x  y ) 
  ( x  y)      
2 D 2 2D 4 D2 4
1  x2 x y x 1 x2 3 
  xy     
2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 
1 2 y 1
 x  x y  
2  2 2 
1
P.I2 = sin(2 x  y)
D  3DD  2 D 2  2 D  2 D
2
1
 sin(2 x  y )
 4  3( 2)  2(1)  2 D  2 D 
1
 sin(2 x  y )
2 D  2 D
2 D  2 D
 sin(2 x  y )
(2 D  2 D)(2 D  2 D)
2 D  2 D
 sin(2 x  y )
4 D 2  4 D 2
2 D  2 D
 sin(2 x  y )
4(4)  4(1)
2 D[sin(2 x  y )]  2 D[sin(2 x  y )]

 12
1
  [4 cos(2 x  y )  2 cos(2 x  y )]
12
1
  [6 cos(2 x  y )]
12
1
  cos(2 x  y )
2
 z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
1 y 1 1
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  2 x)   x 2  x y     cos(2 x  y )
2 2 2 2
28. Solve: ( D  D D  4 DD  4 D ) z  cos(2 x  y )

3 2 2 3
Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – 4m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

2
m (m + 1) – 4(m + 1) = 0
(m + 1)(m2 – 4) = 0
m = –1, m2 = 4
m=  2
 m = –1, –2, 2
C.F = f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  2 x)
1
P.I = 3 cos(2 x  y )
D  D D  4 DD 2  4 D3
2
1
 cos(2 x  y )
 4 D  4 D  4 D  4 D
Since the denominator = 0, we have to
x multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr. w.r.t.‘D’
 cos(2 x  y )
3D  2 DD  4 D
2 2
x
 cos(2 x  y )
3(4)  2(2)  4(1)
x
  cos(2 x  y )
12
 z = C.F + P.I
x
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  2 x)  cos(2 x  y)
12
29. Solve: z  px  qy  p q
2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  p q ------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  a 2b 2 ------------------- (2)
0 = x + 2ab2  x = – 2ab2 --------- (3)
and 0 = y + 2a2b  y = – 2a2b --------- (4)
Multiplying (3) × a + (4) × b, we get
a x + by + 4a2b2 = 0
(a x + by + a2b2) + 3a2b2 = 0
(i.e.) z = – 3(ab)2 -------------- (5)
Now, multiplying (3) and (4), we get
x y = 4a3b3
xy
 ( a b) 3 
4
1/ 3
xy
 ab         (6)
 4 
Substitute (6) in equation (5) we have
2/3
xy
z   3 
 4 
2
xy
z   27 
3

 4 
(i.e.) 16 z 3  27 x 2 y 2  0
To find general integral, assume b = f(a)
Then equation (2) becomes z  a x  f (a) y  a { f (a)} -------------- (7)
2 2
Diff. eqn. (7) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get

0  x  f (a) y  a 2 .2{ f (a)} f (a)  { f (a)}2 .2a         (8)
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (7) and (8) gives the general integral.
30. Find the singular integral of z  px  qy  2 pq

Sol. Given z  px  qy  2 pq ------------- (1)
z  a x  b y  2 a b ------------- (2)
2
0 x (b)
2 ab
b
 x       (3)
a
2
and 0  y  (a)
2 ab
a
y       (4)
b
Multiplying (3) and (4) we get
x y=1, which is the singular integral.
31. Solve: z  px  qy  1  p  q
2 2
Sol. Given z  px  qy  1  p  q ------------------- (1)

2 2

z  ax  by  1  a 2  b 2 ------------- (2)
1
0 x ( 2a )
2 1 a  b 2 2
a
 x        (3)
1 a  b 2 2
1
and 0  y  (2b)
2 1  a2  b2
b
 y        (4)
1 a  b
2 2
Substitute (3) and (4) in equation (1), we get

a2 b2
z   1  a2  b2
1  a2  b2 1  a2  b2
 a2  b2  1  a2  b2

1  a2  b2
1

1  a2  b2
1
(i.e.) z 2        (5)
1  a2  b2
Squaring and adding (3) and (4), we have
a2 b2
x y 
2 2

1  a2  b2 1  a2  b2
(1  a 2  b 2 )  1

1  a2  b2
1
1
1  a2  b2
x2  y2  1  z2 [ u sin g (5) ]
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  1
which is the singular integral.
Then equation (2) becomes z  a x  f (a) y  1  a  { f (a)} -------------- (6)
2 2

1
0  x  f (a) y  [2a  2 f (a). f (a).1]         (7)
2 1  a  { f (a)}
2 2
q 
32. For the equation z  px  qy  
p  p  , find the complete and singular solutions.
 
q 
Sol. Given z  px  qy    p  ------------------- (1)
p 
b 
z  ax  by    a  ------------- (2)
a 
b
0  x  2 1
a
b
 x 1  2       (3)
a
1
and 0  y 
a
1 1
 y   a         ( 4)
a y
Substitute (4) in (3) , we get

b
x 1  2
 1
  
 y
 x 1  b y2
x 1
b       (5)
y2
x  x  1   ( x  1) 1 
z    y 2      
y  y   y y
 x  x  1  ( x  1)  1
z
y
(i.e.) y z  1  x
which is the singular integral.
33. Solve: p (1  q )  qz
Sol. Given p (1  q )  qz --------------- (1)
Let q = ap
p(1 + ap) = ap z
1 + ap = az
a z 1
 p
a
Now, q  a p
 a z 1
 a 
 a 
 a z 1

dz = p dx + q dy
a z 1
dz  d x  (a z  1) d y
a
dz dx
 d y
a z 1 a
log( a z  1) x
  yb
a a
(i.e.) log( a z  1)  x  a y  b       (2)
a
y
a z 1
and 0  1
The last equation is absurd and shows that there is no singular integral.
log(a z  1)  x  a y  f (a) -------------- (3)
a
 y  f (a)         (4)
a z 1
34. Solve: p  q  x  y
2 2 2 2
Sol. Given p2 + q2 = x2 + y2
 p2  x2  y2  q2
Let p  x  a  p   x2  a2
2 2 2
Also y  q  a  q   y  a
2 2 2 2 2

dz = p dx + q dy
dz   x 2  a 2 dx  y 2  a 2 dy
Integrating we get
x 2 a2 1  x   y a2  y 
z  x  a  sinh    
2
y  a  cosh1    b     (2)
2 2
2 2  a   2 2  a 
x x 
2a a2 1 1  x 
0    2   sinh    .(a )
 2 x  a
2 2 2 2 1  ( x / a) 
2 a   a  
 y (2a)  y 
a2 1 1  y 
     cosh  .(a)
 2 2 y 2  a 2 2 ( x / a) 2  1  a 2  a 
and 0  1

x 2 a2 1  x   y a2  y 
z    x  a  sinh    
2
y  a  cosh1    f (a) -------- (3)
2 2
2 2  a   2 2  a 
x x 
2a a2 1 1  x 
0    2   sinh   .(a )
 2 x  a
2 2 2 2 1  ( x / a) 2
 a   a  
 y (2a )  y 
a2 1 1  y 
   2   cosh  .(a )  f  (a )    (4)
 2 y  a
2 2 2 2 ( x / a)  1  a 
2
a 
35. Find the complete solution of pqxy  z

2
Given ( x p) ( y q)  z ---------- (1)

2
Sol.
Put X  log x , Y  log y
z z X
p  .
x X x
z 1

X x
z
 xp
X
z
(i.e.) x p  P where P 
X
 z  z Y
q  .
 y Y  y
z 1

Y y
z
 yq 
Y
z
(i.e.) y q  Q where Q 
Y
Equation (1) becomes
P Q  z 2 ---------- (2)
Let Q = aP
P.aP  z 2
z
P
a
Now, Q  a P
 z 
 a 
 a 
 a z
Substitute P and Q in the relation
dz = P dX + Q dY
z
dz  d X  a zdY
a
dz
a  d X a dY
z
a log z  X  aY  b
(i.e.) a log z  log x  a log y  b
which is the complete solution.
36. Solve: z ( p  q )  x  y
2 2 2
Sol. Given ( z p)  ( z q)  x  y ----------- (1)

2 2
1 1
Put Z  z  z
2
Z z
 2z
x x
P Z
  z p where P 
2 x
Z z
 2z
y y
Q Z
  z q where Q 
2 y
Equation (1) becomes
2 2
 P Q
     x y
2 2
(i.e.) P 2  Q 2  4 ( x  y )
 P2  4 x  4 y  Q2
Let P  4 x  a  P   4x  a
2
Also 4 y  Q  a  Q   4 y  a
2

dz = p dx + q dy
dz   4 x  a dx  4 y  a dy
Integrating we get
(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a) 3 / 2
z  b
4(3 / 2) 4(3 / 2)
(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a) 3 / 2
z   b       (2)
6 6
1 1
0   (4 x  a)1 / 2  (4 y  a)1/ 2
4 4
and 0  1
(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a) 3 / 2
z   f (a) -------------- (3)
6 6
1 1
0   (4 x  a)1 / 2  (4 y  a)1/ 2  f (a)      (4)
4 4
Problems for practice
1. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D ) z  sinh( x  y )  e

2 2 x2y
2. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D  2 D  2 D) z  sin( x  2 y )

2 2
3. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e
x2 y
2 2
sin(2 x  y )
4. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e sin( x  2 y )
2 2 x y
5. Solve: ( D  4 DD  2 D ) z  e
x y
2 2
1
6. Solve: ( D  7 DD  6 D ) z  e
2x y
3 2 3
 sin( x  2 y)
7. Solve: ( y  z ) p  ( z  x)q  ( x  y)
8. Solve: ( y  xz ) p  ( yz  x ) q  ( x  y )( x  y )
9. Solve: x ( y  z ) p  y ( z  x)q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2
y2z
10. Find the general solution of p  xzq  y 2
x
11. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘ф’ from the relation  ( x  y  z , ax  by  cz )  0
2 2 2
12. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary function f and ф from
z  f ( x  ct )   ( x  ct )
13. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function ‘g’ from the
relation g ( x  y  z , xyz )  0
2 2 2
14. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary functions ‘f’ and ‘g’ from
z  xf ( 2 x  y )  g ( 2 x  y )
Answers
1 1
1. z  f1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)  sinh( x  y )  e x  2 y
4 9
1
2. z  f1 ( y  x)  e 2 x f 2 ( y  x)  [2 cos(x  2 y)  3 sin( x  2 y)]
39
x 2 y
e
3. z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  [ 4 cos(2 x  y )  3 sin(2 x  y )]
50
ex  y
4. z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  [ sin( x  2 y )  2 cos(x  2 y )]
15
  
5. z  f1 y  (2  2 ) x  f 2 y  (2  2 ) x  e  x y

x2
2
1 1
6. z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3x)  e 2 x  y  cos(x  2 y)
12 75
x  y 
7. F  , ( x  y  z)(x  y) 2   0 8. F [ x 2  y 2  z 2 , x y  z ]  0
yz 
1 1 1 
9. F    , x 2  y 2  z 2   0 10 . F [ x 3  y 3 , x 2  z 2 ]  0
x y z 
11. (b z  c y) p  (c x  a z) q  a y  b x 12 . T  c 2 r
13 . ( y 2  z 2 ) p x  ( z 2  x 2 ) q y  ( x 2  y 2 ) z
14. r  4(s  t )

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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

1. Find the solution of px  qy  z

Sol. A.E. is m3 – 2m2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

3. Find the particular integral of ( D  2 DD   D  ) z  e

Sol. A.E. is (m – 1)3 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

5. Find the particular integral of ( D  3 DD   2 D  ) z  x  y

Sol. A.E. is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

A.E. is m3 – 2m2 – 4m + 8 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

Sol. Given ( x  a )  ( y  b )  z cot  ------------ (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Given z  a x  ay  b ----------- (1)

Sol. Given z  ( x  a)  ( y  b) ---------- (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Sol. Given z  ax  by ------------ (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

Hence the complete integral is

28. Find the complete integral of p – q = 0

29. Find the complete solution of the partial differential equation p  q  4 pq  0

The solution of equation (1) is

30. Solve the partial differential equation pq  x

33. Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  p  pq  q

Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  pq  q ------------- (1)

The complete integral of equation (1) is

34. Find the singular integral of the partial differential equation z  px  qy  p  q

Sol. Given z  px  qy  p  q ------------- (1)

The complete integral of equation (1) is

4. Solve: (mz  ny) p  (nx  lz)q  ly  mx

12. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D ) z  x y  e

Sol. A.E. is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

13. Solve: ( D  D D  DD  D ) z  e

14. Solve: ( D  2 DD  D  3D  3D  2) z  (e  2 e )

Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

15. Solve: ( D  7 DD  6 D ) z  e

A.E. is m2 + m – 2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

  [ (c  2 x)(sin x)  (2)( cos x)]  3( cos x)

18. Solve: ( D  D  3D  3D) z  xy  7

Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

19. Solve: ( D  D  2 DD  2 D  2 D  1) z  e

Sol. The given equation is non-homogeneous and it can be written as

20. Solve: ( D  3DD  4 D ) z  x  sin y

Sol. A.E. is m2 + 3m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

21. Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0

Sol. The given relation f ( x  y  z , x  y  z )  0 can also be written as

Diff. equation (1) p.w.r.to y, we get

25. Solve: ( D  D ) z  e sin(2 x  3 y )

Sol. A.E. is m2 – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

26. Solve: (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

Sol. Given (2 D  DD  D  6 D  3D) z  x e

27. Solve: ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

Sol. Given ( D  3DD  2 D  2 D  2 D) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y )

( D  D)(D  2D  2) z  x  y  sin(2 x  y)

28. Solve: ( D  D D  4 DD  4 D ) z  cos(2 x  y )

Sol. A.E. is m3 + m2 – 4m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

Sol. Given z  px  qy  p q ------------- (1)

The complete integral of equation (1) is