ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible, whose consistent guidance and
encouragement crowned our efforts with success.

We consider it as our privilege to express the gratitude to all those who guided in the completion
of the project.

We express my gratitude to Principal, Dr. Sanjay Chitnis, for having provided me the golden
opportunity to undertake this project work in their esteemed organization.

We sincerely thank to HOD, Pappa M, Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology for the immense support given to me.

I express my gratitude to our project guide Dr Nasir Abdul, Professor, Dept. of ECE, and our
co-guides S.Sridevi, Asst. Professor, Dept. of ECE and Krishna Teja Yadav C H T, Asst.
Professor, Dept. of ECE, for their support, guidance and suggestions throughout the project
work.

Last but not the least, heartful thanks to our parents and friends for their support.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 1

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

ABSTRACT
Being an Electronics and Communication students we gained Theory and Practical Knowledge
in Basics of Electronics, Design of Electronics circuits, Function and operations of Electronic
components and circuits with their Applications.

Demonstrating the gained knowledge into concept is the real challenge of this Project

The results and the success of this Project made us more confident and satisfaction as a real
Electronics engineer.

“GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING”

The gravity light consists of an LED bulb fixed to an adjustable lamp that can be hooked up on a
wall or hung from a ceiling. It also comprises a pulley mechanism and a ballast bag hanging
from the lamp. The ballast bag is filled with up to 1 kg of rock, sand or soil. The gravity light
works on the principle similar to that of pendulum clocks that are operated with the help of
weights. The potential energy is represented by the ballast material.

When the ballast bag is suspended, the potential energy in the ballast is converted by gravity with
a slow descent of the bag. The converted energy then generates light. The gravity light can be
operated for 20 secs continuously before the ballast bag needs to be refilled. The strength of the
light can be adjusted from strong lighting to long-lasting low-level lighting.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 2

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… ………………05

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY…………………………………………………..……06

CHAPTER 3: GRAVITY……………………………………………………….…………...….07

3.1 WHAT IS GRAVITY…………………………………………………………….07

3.2 HOW DOES GRAVITY WORK……………………………………………...….07

3.3 GRAVITY POWER GENERATION MECHANISM…………………………....08

3.4 NEWTON'S THREE LAWS OF GRAVITATION…………………………….....08

3.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY……………………………………….......09

CHAPTER 4: DC GEAR MOTOR………………………………………………….………….10

4.1 EXTERNAL STRUCTURE………………………………………………………10

4.2 HOW A GEAR MOTOR WORKS………………………..……………….…11

4.2 HOW A GEAR MOTOR WORKS……………………..………………….…11

4.3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION………………………………….………11

CHAPTER 5: GEAR……………………………………………………………………………13

5.1 WHAT IS GEAR……………………………………………………………….....13

5.2 TYPES OF GEAR………………………………………………………...……...13

5.3 COMPOUND GEAR……………………………………………………………..13

CHAPTER 6: PULLEY………………………………………………….……….…17
6.1 WHAT IS PULLEY……………………………………………...………………..17
6.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PULLEY…………………………...………… .......17
6.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES………………………..……………..18

CHAPTER 7: LED………………………………………………………………….19
7.1 WHAT IS LED……………………………………………………………………...19

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 3

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

7.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE………………………………………………………..….20

7.3 FEATURES OF ONE WATT LED………………………..………………............21
7.4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………...……21
7.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NORMAL LED………………......22

7.6 DISADVANTAGES……………………………………………………………...….23
7.7 APPLICATIONS OF OTHER LED’S………………………………………...…….25

CHAPTER 8: WEIGHT……………………………………………………………..26
8.1 WHAT IS WEIGHT……………………………………………………………….....26
8.2 CALCULATIONS……………………………………………………………...…....26

CHAPTER 9: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………….27
9.1 THE MAIN COMPONENTS USED IN THIS PROJECT ARE………………...…..27

CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES………………………………….28

10.1 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………..28
10.2 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………......…....28

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 4

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Now a days due to the effects of pollution and global warming there is a need for generating
power from renewable sources. Due to the availability of gravity all over the earth, abundant and
consistent it is very suitable to generating power by using gravity. Energy demand is increasing
day by day with rapid growth in industrialization as well as modernization. But the energy
resources are gradually decreasing at high extent. Within a few years the energy resources will be
finished and hence there will be lack of fuel (coal, wood, water, etc.) for power generation. The
other renewable sources such as solar, wind, biomass, etc are available only for a particular
duration of time during the day and night. Therefore the gravity power generation is one of the
method to generate power which fulfill energy demands and requirements of present time.

Renewable energy is the energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides and geothermal heat, which are renewable. In some parts of the world, lighting is provided
through expensive and polluting kerosene. Kerosene lamps are hazardous to health and
environment and constantly require replenishment. Fumes which are raised from the burning of
biomass fuels can cause cataracts and eye infections as well as emitting smoke that is the
equivalent to smoking two packets of cigarettes every day. Also, it was estimated that nearly 2.5
million people in India alone suffer severe burns from over turned kerosene lamps every year as
well as the vast amounts of carbon dioxide produced. London based designers, Martin Riddiford
and Jim Reeves, have spent around four years working on an inexpensive and safe alternative
that will be of great benefit to many people across the globe. Unlike solar-powered lamps, the
gravity light can be operated all the day and night and under any climatic conditions with zero
running costs.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 5

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Sir Issac Newton had discovered the phenomenon of gravity near 400 years ago. London
researches Martin Riddiford and Jim Reeves who have spent four years for developing gravity
light as an off line project. They are using tried and tested manufacture who has the right
knowledge to make gravity light. Gravity light is a revolutionary new approach to storing energy
and creating illumination. Chun-chao Wang and Yuh-suiang Wang has successfully invents the
concept of gravity power generation mechanism. In his concept,more simplified mechanism is
used for the generation of the electricity. The primary objective of his invention is to provide
gravity power generation mechanism which can provide a continuous and stable operation to
continuously convert the gravity potential energy into the kinetic energy and then to convert the
kinetic energy into electrical energy, so as to perform a long time, effective and stable energy
output. Russian Inventor Mikhail Dmitriev to know about his gravity motor. He has apparently
devised a mechanism whereby static gravitational pull can be harness to generate useful energy.
He has worked for many years developing and testing gravity powered devices and he has been
very successful in his work. His various designs is based on the principle of having weights
attached to a wheel and arranging for those weights to be offset outwards when falling and offset
inwards when rising. Because of the different lever arms involved, that gives a force imbalance
which causes the wheel to rotate continuously and if the weights are of a considerable size, then
the rotation is powerful and can be used to generate electrical energy.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 6

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 3
GRAVITY
3.1 WHAT IS GRAVITY

Gravity is the force of attraction that exists between any two masses, any two bodies, and any
two particles. Gravity is not just the attraction between objects and the earth. It is an attraction
that exists between all objects, everywhere in the universe.

3.2 HOW DOES GRAVITY WORK

Every time you jump, you experience gravity. It pulls you back down to the ground. Without
gravity, you'd float off into the atmosphere -- along with all of the other matter on Earth.

You see gravity at work any time you drop a book, step on a scale or toss a ball up into the air.
It's such a constant presence in our lives, we seldom marvel at the mystery of it- but even with
several well-received theories out there attempting to explain why a book falls to the ground (and
at the same rate as a pebble or a couch, at that), they're still just theories. The mystery of gravity's
pull is pretty much intact.

So what do we know about gravity? We know that it causes any two objects in the universe to be
drawn to one another. We know that gravity assisted in forming the universe, that it keeps the
moon in orbit around the Earth, and that it can be harnessed for more mundane applications
like gravity-powered motors or gravity-powered lamps.

As for the science behind the action, we know that Isaac Newton defined gravity as a force- one
that attracts all objects to all other objects. We know that Albert Einstein said gravity is a result
of the curvature of space-time. These two theories are the most common and widely held (if
somewhat incomplete) explanations of gravity.

In this article, we'll look at Newton's theory of gravity, Einstein's theory of gravity and we'll
touch on a more recent view of the phenomenon as well.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 7

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

Although many people had already noted that gravity exists, Newton was the first to develop a
cohesive explanation for gravity, so we'll start there.

3.3 GRAVITY POWER GENERATION MECHANISM

The energy sources for man are drying up. The era of fossil fuels is going to end very soon.
Scientists are now working on to find new renewable sources of energy. Along with renewable
energy sources like light and wind comes gravity.

Gravity is a phenomenon that existed from the very beginning of the universe but only
discovered by Sir Isaac Newton not more than 400 years ago. Recently scientists started
generating energy from gravity.

The basic concept of a gravity power generating mechanism is simple. When a body goes down
from a higher altitude to a lower one its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy via
linear motion. This motion is converted circular motion and is then converted to electricity using
a dynamo. One challenge in this mechanism is about getting continuous supply of energy. A body
cannot go downward infinitely, but for continuous power generation this practically impossible
scenario is necessary. An interesting solution for this problem was invented by Mr. Rajesh
Mulchandani and he has applied for patent. He uses gravity and buoyancy of water to generate a
continuous up and down motion. The mechanism consists of a water filled tank with 50-
60meters high with 2 balanced masses capable of moving using both buoyancy and gravity.

3.4 NEWTON'S THREE LAWS OF GRAVITATION

Newton's Three Laws of Motion and his Law of Gravity are probably the most famous of all
physics. They govern the motion of objects that we see in our everyday lives.

Newton's First Law: of Motion says that an object will remain in its state of motion unless
acted upon by force.

Newton's Second Law: becomes F=m.g….The product of mass times gravitational acceleration,
mg, is known as weight, which is just another kind of force.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 8

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

Newton's third law: is For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The statement
means that in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The
size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object.

3.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY

Newton's Law of Gravity says a lot about this force in a very compact, elegant way. It says
that any piece of matter will feel it whether it is charged or not (this sets it apart from electrical
and magnetic forces that affect only charged objects). Gravity depends only the masses of the
two attracting objects and their distance from each other. It does not depend on their chemical
composition or density. A glob of peanut butter the mass of the Sun will have the same
gravitational effect on the Earth as the Sun does. Gravity is always attractive, never repulsive
(this is another way it is different from electrical and magnetic forces).

Because the masses are in the top of the fraction, more mass creates more gravity force. This also
means that more massive objects produce greater accelerations than less massive objects. Since
distance is in the bottom of the fraction, gravity has an inverse relation with distance: as distance
increases, gravity decreases. However, gravity never goes to zero it has an infinite range (in this
respect it is like the electrical and magnetic forces). Stars feel the gravity from other stars,
galaxies feel gravity from other galaxies, galaxy clusters feel gravity from other galaxies, etc.
The always attractive gravity can act over the largest distances in the universe.

There is no way to get rid of the force of gravity. If you want to prevent a body from producing a
gravitational acceleration on an object, you need to use a second body, with the same amount of
gravity pull as the first body, in a way that its gravity pulling on the object is in the opposite
direction. The resulting accelerations due to the forces from the two bodies will cancel each other
out.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 9

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 4
DC GEAR MOTOR

Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its Insight
details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The
speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM
.The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct
combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This
concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear
reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear head and
hence the working of geared DC motor.

4.1 EXTERNAL STRUCTURE

Fig 4.1: External Structure of Gear Motor

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 10

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

4.2 HOW A GEAR MOTOR WORKS

A gear motor is a specific type of electrical motor that is designed to produce high torque while
maintaining a low horsepower, or low speed, motor output. Gear motors can be found in many
different applications, and are probably used in many devices in your home.

Gear motors are commonly used in devices such as can openers, garage door openers, washing
machine time control knobs and even electric alarm clocks. Common commercial applications of
a gear motor include hospital beds, commercial jacks, cranes and many other applications that
are too many to list.

4.3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

A gear motor can be either an AC (alternating current) or a DC (direct current) electric motor.
Most gear motors have an output of between about 1,200 to 3,600 revolutions per minute
(RPMs). These types of motors also have two different speed specifications: normal speed and
the stall-speed torque specifications.

Gear motors are primarily used to reduce speed in a series of gears, which in turn creates more
torque. This is accomplished by an integrated series of gears or a gear box being attached to the
main motor rotor and shaft via a second reduction shaft. The second shaft is then connected to
the series of gears or gearbox to create what is known as a series of reduction gears. Generally
speaking, the longer the train of reduction gears, the lower the output of the end, or final, gear
will be.

An excellent example of this principle would be an electric time clock (the type that uses hour,
minute and second hands). The synchronous AC motor that is used to power the time clock will
usually spin the rotor at around 1500 revolutions per minute. However, a series of reduction
gears is used to slow the movement of the hands on the clock.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 11

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

For example, while the rotor spins at about 1500 revolutions per minute, the reduction gears
allow the final secondhand gear to spin at only one revolution per minute. This is what allows the
secondhand to make one complete revolution per minute on the face of the clock.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 12

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 5

GEAR

5.1 WHAT IS GEAR

A gear is a wheel with teeth that mesh together with other gears. Gears change the speed, torque
(rotational force), direction of rotating axles.

5.2 TYPES OF GEAR

Simple gear train, compound, reverted and epicyclic.

In the first three types of gear trains, the axes of the shafts over which the gears are mounted are
fixed relative to each other. But in case of epicyclic gear trains, the axes of the shafts on which
the gears are mounted may move relative to a fixed axis.

5.3 COMPOUND GEAR

5.31. What Is Compound Gear
A compound gear is a number of gears fixed together. Consequently, they rotate at the same
speed. An example can be seen below. The gears that make up a compound gear usually differ in
size and have a different number of teeth.

5.32Working of compound gear

A compound gear is a number of gears fixed together. Consequently, they rotate at the same
speed. The gears that make up a compound gear usually differ in size and have a different
number of teeth. This is useful if there is a need to speed up or slow down the final output. For
the example seen opposite, the output speed will be faster than the input speed.

5.33 Uses of Compound Gear

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 13

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

A compound gear train is one which has two or more gears attached to the same shaft. In actual
fact it is a combination of two or more gear trains. You can combine as many gear pairs as you
want in a compound gear train. There is no limit. By combining gears you can make almost any
gear ratio that you want!
Gear trains have many applications in rotating machinery, including transmission units in
automobiles and trucks. Compound gear ratios can reduce or increase the torque of the transfer
gear and the effects that has on power and speed.
When layered out properly, this arrangement can often make for a somewhat more compact
gearbox. In particular, if a very large gear ratio is required, this type of gear train can separate
this ratio into more manageable factors. For example, an analog watch display requires a ratio of
1:3600 between the second hand and the hour hand, so it makes sense to split this up into two
factors of 1:60

Fig 5.33: Compound Gears Using In Our Model

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 14

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

5.34 CALCULATIONS

Fig 5.34: Gear Mechanism Used In Our Model

Compound Gear A = 17 Teeth’s

Gear 1 = 98 teeth’s
Gear 2 =17 teeth’s
Gear 3 =98 teeth’s
Gear 4 =17 teeth’s
Gear 5 =98 teeth’s
Gear 6 =17 teeth’s

Here, Driver Gear’s are: Gear 2, 4, 6.

Driven Gear’s are: Gear 1, 3, 5.

Formula for finding gear ratio

N6 = 98*98*98 = 191.57 R.P.M ; For N1= 1 R.P.M

17*17*17

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 15

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

Gear 1 will rotate 1 rotation if compound gear A rotates 5.76 R.P.M

Therefore 98 = 5.76 R.P.M
17

So, here for 5.76 R.P.M we are getting 191.57 R.P.M

For 1 R.P.M we will get 33.25 R.P.M

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 16

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 6
PULLEY

6.1 WHAT IS PULLEY

A pulley is a basic device or machine made of a wheel with a rim that a cord or rope fits around.
The wheel and axle of a pulley makes it easier to lift heavy objects with the rope.

Fig 6.1: Pulley

6.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PULLEY

As Pulley is a type of simple machine it helps to reverse the direction of lifting force. When one end of
the rope is pulled downwards, the load on the other end of the rope is pulled upward. Therefore, the
direction of force is changed from downwards to upwards. Pulley can work on one, two, three and four
wheels.

The theory of operation for a pulley system assumes that the pulleys and lines are weightless,
and that there is no energy loss due to friction. The more pulleys, the easier it is to pull or lift an
object. If pulley involved is more, the greater distance to pull, is still easier to lift an object.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 17

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

6.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
 A pulley allows you to apply force in any direction, not just the one in which the force is
to applied.
 Multiple pulleys yield a mechanical advantage that can allow the lifting of heavy weights.

 The pulley has to be securely anchored to support the mass being acted on, and the rope
has to be strong and durable.
 A wheeled pulley needs to rotate smoothly, and a Sliding (e.g. wooden) pulley should not
abrade the rope.
 Also, the more pulleys you use, the more rope you need. You need to consider the
strength of the pulley.
 If you try to raise a 40 lb load using a rope over a single pulley hung from the roof with
the 2 legs of the rope parallel, the force on the anchorage will be 2 x 40 = 80 lbs.
 It is heavy and might damage bearings

Disadvantages
 You will have to pull the rope a long distance to move the load a relatively short distance.
 There will be more loss of energy to friction with more pulleys.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 18

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 7
LED
7.1 WHAT IS LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.

Fig 7.1: One Watt LED in Bulb

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 19

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

Fig 7.1: E12PW3C One Watt Led

7.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same
process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it).
This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission
of light from a semiconductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge carriers
recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and
recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of
energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes is
less than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated to
recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

The electrons dissipate energy in the form of heat for silicon and germanium diodes but
in gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductors, the
electrons dissipate energy by emitting photons. If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction
becomes the source of light as it is emitted, thus becoming a light-emitting diode. However,
when the junction is reverse biased, the LED produces no light and—if the potential is great
enough, the device is damaged.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 20

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

Fig 7.2: Working Principle of LED

7.3 FEATURES OF ONE WATT LED

1. Highest Flux White
2. High reliability and Very long operating life (up to 100K hours)
3. Low voltage DC operated
4. More Energy Efficient than Incandescent and most Halogen lamps
5. NO UV
6. Superior ESD protection
7. RoHS Compliant

7.4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

1. Reading lights (car, bus, aircraft)
2. Portable (flashlight, bicycle)
3. Automotive Exterior (Stop-Tail-Turn, CHMSL, Mirror Side Repeat)
4. Decorative

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 21

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

7.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NORMAL LED

Advantages
 Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs. The
efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent light
bulbs or tubes.
 Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as
traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
 Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily attached to printed
circuit boards.
 Warm-up time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED achieves full
brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in communications devices can have even
faster response times.
 Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike incandescent
and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-intensity discharge
lamps (HID lamps) that require a long time before restarting.
 Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or
lowering the forward current This pulse-width modulation is why LED lights, particularly
headlights on cars, when viewed on camera or by some people, appear to be flashing or
flickering. This is a type of stroboscopic effect.
 Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form
of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as
heat through the base of the LED.
 Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure of
incandescent bulbs.
 Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to
50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes
typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of
use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000 to 2,000 hours. Several DOE demonstrations have
shown that reduced maintenance costs from this extended lifetime, rather than energy
savings, is the primary factor in determining the payback period for an LED product.[150]

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 22

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

 Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage with
external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.
 Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and
fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable
manner. For larger LED packages total internal reflection (TIR) lenses are often used to the
same effect. However, when large quantities of light are needed many light sources are
usually deployed, which are difficult to focus or collimate towards the same target.

7.6 DISADVANTAGES
 Initial price: LEDs are currently slightly more expensive (price per lumen) on an initial
capital cost basis, than other lighting technologies. As of March 2014, at least one
manufacturer claims to have reached $1 per kilo lumen. The additional expense partially
stems from the relatively low lumen output and the drive circuitry and power supplies
needed.
 Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment – or thermal management properties. Overdriving
an LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating the LED package, eventually
leading to device failure. An adequate heat sink is needed to maintain long life. This is
especially important in automotive, medical, and military uses where devices must operate
over a wide range of temperatures, which require low failure rates. Toshiba has produced
LEDs with an operating temperature range of −40 to 100 °C, which suits the LEDs for both
indoor and outdoor use in applications such as lamps, ceiling lighting, street lights, and
floodlights.
 Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with a voltage above their threshold
voltage and a current below their rating. Current and lifetime change greatly with a small
change in applied voltage. They thus require a current-regulated supply (usually just a series
resistor for indicator LEDs).
 Color rendition: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significantly from
a black body radiator like the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at
500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived differently under cool-white LED

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 23

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

illumination than sunlight or incandescent sources, due to metamerism, red surfaces being
rendered particularly poorly by typical phosphor-based cool-white LEDs.
 Area light source: Single LEDs do not approximate a point source of light giving a
spherical light distribution, but rather a lambertian distribution. So LEDs are difficult to
apply to uses needing a spherical light field; however, different fields of light can be
manipulated by the application of different optics or "lenses". LEDs cannot provide
divergence below a few degrees. In contrast, lasers can emit beams with divergences of 0.2
degrees or less.
 Electrical polarity: Unlike incandescent light bulbs, which illuminate regardless of
the electrical polarity, LEDs only light with correct electrical polarity. To automatically
match source polarity to LED devices, rectifiers can be used.
 Blue hazard: There is a concern that blue LEDs and cool-white LEDs are now capable
of exceeding safe limits of the so-called blue-light hazard as defined in eye safety
specifications such as ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1–05: Recommended Practice for Photo
biological Safety for Lamp and Lamp Systems.
 Light pollution: Because white LEDs, especially those with high color temperature, emit
much more short wavelength light than conventional outdoor light sources such as high-
pressure sodium vapor lamps, the increased blue and green sensitivity of scotopic
vision means that white LEDs used in outdoor lighting cause substantially more sky
glow. The American Medical Association warned on the use of high blue content white LEDs
in street lighting, due to their higher impact on human health and environment, compared to
low blue content light sources (e.g. High-Pressure Sodium, PC amber LEDs, and low CCT
LEDs).
 Efficiency droop: The efficiency of LEDs decreases as the electric current increases.
Heating also increases with higher currents, which compromises LED lifetime. These effects
put practical limits on the current through an LED in high power applications.
 Impact on insects: LEDs are much more attractive to insects than sodium-vapor lights,
so much so that there has been speculative concern about the possibility of disruption to food
webs.

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 24

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

 Use in winter conditions: Since they do not give off much heat in comparison to
incandescent lights, LED lights used for traffic control can have snow obscuring them,
leading to accidents.

7.7 APPLICATIONS OF OTHER LED’S

 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human eye, to
convey a message or meaning
 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these objects
 Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision. Narrow band light
sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond to incident light, instead of
emitting light

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 25

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 8
WEIGHT

8.1 WHAT IS WEIGHT

A measurement that indicates how heavy a person or thing is.
The force exerted on a body by gravity. This is often expressed in the formula W = mg,
where W is the weight, m the mass of the object, and g gravitational acceleration.

8.2 CALCULATIONS

Using 1 kg of load, the potential energy of the load for an altitude of 182.88 cm:

Ep = mass ×gravity constant ×height of the load

= mgh = 1kg × 9.81 ms-2 × 1.8288m
=17.94 J

This potential energy is converted to the electrical energy by the generator. Hence,

Generator output =Voltage ×Current flow ×time of load landing

=VIt=3.5 V× 10 mA × 27s
= 0.945 J

The height from where the load is falling by the gravity is, h= 182.88cm.

Time required to fall the load, t= 27 s.

Hence, velocity of the falling mass, v= 6.77 cm per second.

Efficiency = (Output energy /Input Energy)*100% = (0.945J/17.94J)*100% =5.40%

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 26

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 9
METHODOLOGY
The gravity light consists of an LED bulb fixed to an adjustable lamp that can be hooked up on a
wall or hung from a ceiling. It also comprises a pulley mechanism and a ballast bag (weight)
hanging from the lamp. The gravity light works on the principle similar to that of pendulum
clocks that are operated with the help of weights. The potential energy is represented by the
ballast material. When the ballast bag is suspended, the potential energy in the ballast is
converted by gravity with a slow descent of the bag. The converted energy then generates light.
The gravity light can be operated for 27 seconds continuously before the ballast bag needs to be
refilled. The strength of the light can be adjusted from strong lighting to long-lasting low-level
lighting. The two terminals present at the front of the gravity light can be used as a generator.

9.1 THE MAIN COMPONENTS USED IN THIS PROJECT ARE:

Geared Motor, Compound Gear’s, Pulley, Wire, 1 Kg Of Weight and LED Light

Fig 9.1: Project Model

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 27

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

10.1 CONCLUSION
When compared to other sources of energy like thermal, tidal, wind and nuclear the gravity is
more available and renewable. Gravity power generation having the advantages such as more
simplified structure, higher conversion ratio and more environment friendly. It only needs small
amount of energy to perform a long time energy conversion and stable energy.

Electric lighting can be easily taken for granted. Millions of people in the developing countries
do not have the luxury of electricity and depend on kerosene lamps. Kerosene is expensive and
inhaling the fumes of kerosene is dangerous. An inexpensive renewable and sustainable gravity-
powered light could indeed be an appropriate solution for lighting demands across the world.

10.2 REFERENCES

 Introduction about the fume generations:

http://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=349(Date of access: Sep 20, 2015)

 Presentation about the light powered by Gravity:

www.emaze.com/@ALCCZZZI/Gravity-Light(Date of access: Sep 20, 2015)

 Mr.Rakesh S .Ambade, Mr.Rameshwar S .Panse, Mr.Prashant K .Kurve, "study and

performance of gravity weight balance mechanism.”, In International Journal For
Engineering Applications And Technology, March 22, ISSN: 2321-8134, pp. 127-131

 GravityLight: lighting for developing countriesght-

www.indiegogo.com/projects/gravitylight-lighting-for-developing-countries#/ (Date of
access: Sep 24, 2015)

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 28

ECE DEPARTMENT CMRIT

 Mr. Rakesh S. Ambade, Mr. Roushan Prabhakar, Mr. Rupesh S. Tayade, “A Review on
Gravity Power Generation”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, issue. 4, pp. 11084, 2014

 Mr. Rakesh S. Ambade, Mr. Roushan Prabhakar, Mr. Rupesh S. Tayade, “A Review on
Gravity Power Generation”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, issue. 4, pp. 11085, 2014

 About Mikhail Dmitri Gravity wheel motor:

peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Mikhail_Dmitriev_Gravity_Wheel(Date of access: Sep
30, 2015)

 About industrial overview and Renewable energy replacements:

www.adeniumcapital.com/industry-overview.aspx(Date of access: Sep 25, 2015)

 Transcript of Gravitational Potential Energy: prezi.com/ahf5irczdxnf/gravitational-

potential-energy/(Date of access: Sep 25, 2015)

 Details about Synchronous motor driver: http://resultsdownload25y.tk/synchronous

motor-driver/(Date of access: Sep 25, 2015)

 Details about LED light: http://www.entrustexim.com/about_led_light.html(Date of

access: Sep 25, 2015)

GRAVITY BASED ENERGY HARVESTING Page 29