NEUTRALIZING GRAVITY

C. Wayne Macleod, May, 2010

cwleod@shaw.ca

Gravity is not a force and therefore neutralizing gravity cannot depend on force,
as does a rocket, airplane or helicopter. Gravity is the result of curved spacetime. Domi-
nating the Schwarzchild spacetime interval for masses like the Earth is its time portion,
giving the proper time lapse Dt associated with a coordinate time lapse Dt by the relation:

Ê 2G m ˆ
(Dt ) 2 = Á1- 2 ˜
(D t) 2
Ë rc ¯

where G: gravitational constant, m: mass of object, c: speed of light, r: distance from the
gravitational center of the object, t: time near the object and t: time far away from it.
† the major part of spacetime curvature, to cancel this time
Since time curvature forms
portion would effectively cancel gravity in the case of a small planet. As stated by one
notable physicist:

A more accurate way of summarizing the lessons of General Relativity is that gravity
does not cause time to run differently in different places (e.g., faster far from the earth
than near it). Gravity is the unequal flow of time from place to place. It is not that there
are two separate phenomena, namely gravity and time and that the one, gravity, affects
the other. Rather the theory states that the phenomena we usually ascribe to gravity are
actually caused by time’s flowing unequally from place to place. (W. R. Unruh, Univer-
sity of British Columbia, Time, Gravity, and Quantum Mechanics, page 4.)

Although General Relativity describes gravity as a spacetime phenomenon the usefulness

of time flow difference as its major component is apparent from the inextricable connec-
tion of space with time. Changing time flow automatically changes space, and since the
relativity of time is known from Special Relativity, to neutralize gravity from purely a
time consideration for small masses (like the Earth) is expedient.

The above equation expressed:

Dt 2G m
= 1-
Dt rc2

with its square root binomially expanded becomes:

†
Ê 2G m ˆ1/ 2
2
G m 1 Ê G mˆ
Á1- ˜ = 1- 2 - Á 2 ˜ + ...
Ë rc2 ¯ rc 2Ë rc ¯

Dt Gm
\ ª 1- 2
Dt rc
†

†
2

That is, for the Earth:

Dt (Earth) GM
ª 1- 2 1
Dt (empty space) Rc

where M is the mass of the Earth and R is its radius. We note from equation 1 that time
runs slower on the Earth than in empty space. This leads to the premise of this theory,
†
which is: if we could increase the time experienced by a device equal to what it would
experience in empty space, although immersed in a gravity field, that device would be
much less affected by the gravity field.
To produce such a time effect we must look for a constant in nature, like the
speed of light. It is the constancy of the speed of light that gives the relative time slowing
of objects traveling at high speed, explained by Special Relativity. We must find a simi-
lar constant in nature, and there is such a constant: the angular momentum of atomic par-
ticles, called “spin,” determined h/(4p) where h is Planck’s constant. That the angular
momentum of atomic particles is universally constant is evident from the expression.
A controversy now arises: If atomic particles have a property that we can inter-
pret as angular momentum, we can use that property in a physical macro system. This
idea is controversial because quantum particles have their own realities and cannot be
analogized with our macro universe. Nevertheless, atomic particles do possess dipole
magnetism. They do behave as spinning particles with charge. Atomic particles also
display the property of precession, the same as a spinning top. It is this property of
atomic protons that makes MRI scans in medicine possible. The theory presented here is
therefore based on observed behavior. The property of atomic particles that gives dipole
magnetism and precession cannot be an actual physical rotation, but whatever that quan-
tum property, if the macro analogy of rotation can be applied to quantum particles to ex-
plain their dipole magnetism and precession, there is reason to suspect the analogy can
be applied for a result in a macro system as if that property were an actual physical ro-
tation. The result suggested is time dilation.
Let us analogize with a macro physical system how a time dilation property could
be set up. Let us imagine a wheel spinning on an arm like a child’s propeller toy. The
arm also rotates, in a direction opposite to the spin of the wheel. The normals to both ro-
tations are parallel. We consider the rate of spinning of the wheel from the point-of-view
of two observers, one observer stationary on the ground, the other observer rotating with
the arm. Obviously the two observers will not see the same rate of spinning on the
wheel. Because the arm is rotating opposite the spin of the wheel, its rotation must be
subtracted from the wheel spin as seen by the stationary ground observer. This is not true
of the observer rotating with the arm, who will see the spin of the wheel as if there were
no arm rotation.
That would be the normal expectation. But suppose both observers see the same
rate of rotation on the wheel. Something would have to be different between the two ob-
servers. It would be time. Using designations:

tG : time as seen by the ground observer

tA : time as seen by the arm observer
wA : arm rotational velocity
wW : wheel rotational velocity
 3

qA : angular distance traveled by arm

qW : angular distance traveled by wheel

The time ratio between the ground and arm observers is as follows. Since q = w t:

qW - q A
tG =
wW

wW t A - w A t A
=
wW
†
Êw ˆ
= tA - Á A ˜t A
† Ë wW ¯

Ê w ˆ
= t A Á1- A ˜
† Ë wW ¯

tG w
\ = 1- A 2
tA wW
†
To be noted in equation 2 is that time for the ground observer is less than time for
the arm observer when wheel rotation is opposite arm rotation. If both rotations were in
the same direction it would†be more.
Let us now imagine a rotating charged disc. The disc takes the place of the arm in
the above analogy and the electrons take the place of the wheel. In addition there is a
magnetic field applied to the disc in such manner that it orients the electron spin of the
electrons in the opposite direction to disc rotation. Using designations:

t0 : time seen by a world observer (sec)

te: time seen by an observer in the rotating frame of reference (sec)
wr: disc rotational velocity (rad/sec)
we: electron property corresponding to rotation (rad/sec)
m: mass, the weight of which is to be neutralized (kg)
Eo: energy seen by a world observer (joule)
E e: energy seen by an observer in the rotating frame of reference (joule)

We note that t0 is analogous to tG in the wheel example and te is analogous to tA :

t o tG
≡
te t A

For an object to achieve weightlessness, the ratio of time seen by a world observer to
time seen by an observer on a rotating disc must be the same as the ratio of time seen on
† That is, using equation 1:
Earth to that seen in empty space.
4

to GM
= 1- 2
te Rc

We also note that wr is analogous to wA in the wheel example and we is analogous to wW :

† wr wA
≡
w e wW
Therefore, analogous to equation 2:
to w
= 1- r 3
te we
†
wr GM
\ 1- = 1- 2
we Rc
†
w r GM
= 4
w e Rc 2
†
Time and energy are reciprocal, as in KE = 1/2 Lw = 1/2 L(q/t). Therefore, equating the
ratios of time and energy using equation 3:
†
to E e w
= = 1- r
te E o we

Eo 1 w
\ = ª 1+ r
w
E e 1- r we
†
we

Ê w ˆ
E o = Á1+ r ˜ E e
† Ë we ¯

Ê w ˆ Êw ˆ
\ D E = E O - E e = Á1+ r ˜ E e - E e = Á r ˜ E e 5
† Ë we ¯ Ëwe ¯

For weightlessness an object in a gravity field must shed its energy of weight. An
object with no energy of weight has no weight. That energy of weight is – GMm/R which
must be lost,†and since this is the relative energy difference:

Êw ˆ GMm
D E = Á r ˜ Ee = -
Ëwe ¯ R
Substituting equation 4:
Ê GM ˆ GMm
Á 2 ˜ Ee = -
Ë Rc ¯ R
†

†
 5

\ Ee = – mc2 6

The meaning is that achieving the time difference required to cancel the weight of an ob-
ject with mass m, simply by rotating an electric field in a counter rotating system, re-
quires that the energy of the field have absolute value mc2. Obviously this value is tech-
nologically impossible to achieve and is the reason for no connection between magnetism
and gravity ever being experimentally confirmed.
The result, however, reveals that there is a connection. Of interest, then, is to
know whether the relative energy difference could be provoked conventionally. A levi-
tating device must lose its energy of weight but because gravitational energy is negative,
Ee – (– D E) = Ee + DE = Eo. The Electrical Levitator seen from the ground is a genera-
tor. Because gravitational energy is negative its subtraction from the time regime of
empty space means its addition as seen from the gravitational field in which the device is
immersed. By losing the relative energy difference DE = – GMm/R the device is left with
the gravitational energy it would have in empty space, which is zero.
More practical than a charged rotating disc is a magnet, where the spin of its
electrons are aligned, giving the magnetic field. The magnet is rotated in a direction op-
posite to the spin of its electrons. Although a magnetic field is not universally invariant,
while in a rotating system its time regime must follow the time regime of its electrons and
the energy generated is of the time regime of those electrons. Because electrons that
cause the time dilation are the same that create the energy generated, and it is time dila-
tion that for the most part causes gravity, a reasonable expectation is that the energy gen-
erated is the energy of gravity. This is the energy that must be lost.
Let us see, then, if energy Ee generated conventionally in the time regime of
empty space simulated by a rotating magnetic field would be the energy of gravity Eo as
seen from outside the rotating system yet from within a gravity field. That conventional
generation of electrical energy is by a magnetic field cutting a conductor. With magnetic
field B and magnetic field area AB, in the time t by Faraday’s Law the voltage V gener-
ated by one wire is:
D BAB
V=- 7
Dt

The minus sign is due to the conservation of energy (Lenz’s Law) and plays no part in this theory.
From Physics the power generated is:
† V2
P= 8
g

where g is electrical resistance of the armature. Substituting equation 7 into equation 8:

†
Ê B AB ˆ2
Á ˜
Ë t ¯ (B AB ) 2
P= = 9
g t2 g

Since power = energy/time, the energy generated in one rotation is:

†
6

(B AB ) 2
E= 10
t g

In the reference frame of a ground observer, this is:

† (B AB ) 2
Eo = 11
to g

Remembering that to ≡ Dt (Earth) and te ≡ Dt (empty space), from equation 1:

† to
te =
GM
1-
Rc 2

The energy seen from the rotating magnets considering equation 10 is:
† (B AB ) 2
Ee =
te g
Substituting for te:
(B AB ) 2
Ee =
Ê ˆ
† Á t ˜
o
Á ˜g
Á1 - G M ˜
Á ˜
Ë Rc 2 ¯

Ê GMˆ
(B AB ) 2 Á1 - ˜
† Ë Rc 2 ¯
=
to g

2ÊG M ˆ
(B AB ) 2 - (B AB ) Á 2 ˜
† Ë Rc ¯
=
to g

2
(B AB ) 2 (B AB ) Ê G M ˆ
= - Á ˜
† to g t o g Ë Rc 2 ¯

wr
or, using equations 11 and 4: Ee = Eo - Eo
we
†
We want to know the relative energy difference DE = Eo – Ee , that is:
†
 7

Ê w ˆ
Eo - Á Eo - Eo r ˜
Ë we ¯
w
= Eo r
we
†
This is DE as seen from the viewpoint of the rotating magnets. From the viewpoint of the
gravity-immersed ground observer, considering symmetry, it is:
†
wr
D E = Ee
we

the same evaluation as equation 5. Since equation 5 derived purely from the energy con-
siderations of equation 1 and the basic premise of this theory, we indeed conclude that the
† by a rotating magnetic field is the energy of gravity.
energy generated conventionally
This energy must be lost. For an object to levitate its weight energy in a gravity
field must equal its weight energy in empty space, which is zero:

wr GMm
D E = Ee =- =0
we R

We can understand the need for losing energy in a gravity neutralizing device by analogy
with a weight rolling down an incline that takes longer to reach the bottom than if it slid.
The explanation is that † part of its gravitational energy goes into rotation, leaving less for
falling, whereas in sliding the total use of that energy is for falling. In the case of a levi-
tating device all its gravitational energy must be lost by means other than falling.
This need for energy loss can be further understood by analogy with centrifugal
force simulating gravity on the internal side of a rotating cylinder. A mass is held to the
wall of the cylinder with its acceleration as if by gravity. This is the principle of equiva-
lence. To escape this gravity effect a wheel would have to roll in a direction opposite to
the rotation of the cylinder. When the forward speed of the wheel equals the tangential
speed of the cylinder it would float free of the cylinder wall. Expenditure of energy
against the rotational energy of the cylinder would be needed, applied at the point of
contact between the two rotating systems. By analogy, energy must be lost in Earth’s
gravity at the point of contact between the two relative time systems. If it were not for
this requirement the energy generated could be directed back to the motor driving the ro-
tating electric field, in a futile attempt at perpetual motion.
Let us, then, imagine a series of magnets on two rotating plates with a stationary
armature between the plates. Important is that the magnets do the rotating, not the arma-
ture. The armature consists of wires that cut the magnetic fields as the plates rotate. DC
current generated will be produced in the time regime of the rotating magnetic fields, the
energy of which must be lost. With the generator not being connected to any external
means of expending energy, there is only one way for energy loss to happen and that is
by electromagnetic radiation. Electric current must be accelerated to emit energy by ra-
diation, requiring that the DC current be changed to AC. Since the means of emission is
the energy contact area between the time regime of empty space and of the surrounding
8

gravity field, itself and everything immediately above it will be gravitationally separated
from the gravity field, requiring a large radiating surface.
Since this generated energy of the rotating magnetic field is the energy that must
be lost, using equation 10:
(B AB ) 2 GM m
=-
tg R

R (B AB ) 2
\ m=-
† GM t g

-8
È (BA ) 2 ˘
B
= - (1.60 x 10 ) Í ˙ 12
† ÍÎ t g ˙˚

To be noted in equation 12 is that the mass m to be levitated can be substantially in-

creased by using materials with very low electrical resistance g, such as superconductors.
On page 14 is worked † out an example of how commonly used materials in electrical ap-
plication, such as copper and even the more electrically conductive silver, are useless for
electrical levitation. Substantial gravitational mass loss is achieved using a supercon-
ducting or electrically equivalent material.
To achieve levitation the gravitational mass energy must be radiated off, requiring
a large radiating surface and high frequency. To calculate this surface and frequency we
begin with the average Poynting expression S = Fe 2/(2 c mo), where Fe is the electric field
(volts/m); mo is the permeability constant (tesla m/amp) and c is the speed of light
(m/sec). S quantifies the average rate of energy flow per unit area radiated upon a sur-
face. Let us imagine a surface of the same area very close and parallel to the radiator
upon which its energy radiates. The amount received by that surface will be the same as
the amount radiated and we can use the Poynting expression to estimate that amount radi-
ated.
The gravitational energy that must be lost is:

GM m (6.67 x 10 -11 )(5.98 x 10 24 ) m

Eo - Ee = - =-
R 6.38 x 10 6

= – (6.25 x 107) m joules

†
The gravitational constant G [= (nt m2/kg2)] is calculated with nt [= (kg m/sec2)], so the
time unit to calibrate power is the second. When lost in one second the power dissipated
is (6.25 x 107)(- m) joules/sec or watts. Over one meter of area using the average Poynt-
ing expression this is:
2
Eo - Ee Fe
=
AP 2 c mo
or:

†
 9

2
(6.25 x 10 7 )(- m) Fe
=
AP 2 c mo

Where AP is the radiation surface area. From Physics:

† s
Fe =
y

where s: surface charge density (coul/m2) and permittivity constant y = 8.85 x 10-12
(farad/meter).
†
Ê s ˆ2
Á ˜
(6.25 x 10 7 )(- m) Ë y ¯ s2
\ = =
AP 2 c mo 2 c mo y 2

From Physics: s = q/AP where q is electrical charge (coulomb). Therefore:

†
Ê q ˆ2
Á ˜
(6.25 x 10 7 )(- m) Ë AP ¯ q2
= =
AP 2 c mo y 2 2 c mo y 2 A2P

q2
(1.25 x 10 8 )(- m) =
† c mo y 2 A P

From Physics: q = iP tC where iP (amp/sec) is the current within the radiation plate and tC
is the time of one cycle in seconds. Therefore:
†
8 (iP t C ) 2
(1.25 x 10 )(- m) =
c mo y 2 A P

Substituting values c = 3.00 x 108 m/sec, mo = 4p x 10-7 tesla m/amp and y = 8.85 x 10-12
farad/m:
†
iP2 t C2 iP2 tC2
(1.25 x 10 8 )(- m) = =
(3.00 x 10 8 )(4 p x 10 -7 )(8.85 x 10 -12 ) 2 AP (2.95 x 10 -20 ) AP

iP2 t C2
\ (3.69 x 10 -12 )(- m) =
† AP
From Physics:
0.707 V
i=
gP
†

†
10

where 70.7% of DC voltage is taken for AC voltage and gP: electrical resistance of plate
material (ohm). Let rP: resistivity of plate material (ohm m); AXP: cross sectional area of
plate1; rP: radial distance current travels in one direction in the plate. From Physics:

rP
g P = rP
AXP
Substituting into i:
0.707 V 0.707 V AXP
i= =
r P rP r P rP
†
AXP
Ê 0.707 V AXP ˆ 2 2
Á ˜ tC
-12 Ë r P rP ¯
\ (3.69 x 10 )(- m) =
† AP

V 2 A2XP t C2
(7.38 x 10 -12 )(- m) =
† r P2 rP2 AP

Since the time per cycle is the reciprocal of frequency f:

† V 2 A2XP
-12
(7.38 x 10 )(- m) = 2 2 2
r P rP f AP

Design of a levitator is therefore a balance between two unknowns, frequency and radia-
tion plate area, but since plate area can be built to the maximum physical restraint:
†
V 2 A2XP
f2=
(7.38 x 10 -12 )(- m) r P2 rP2 AP

V AXP
f = -6
(2.72 x 10 ) r P rP (-m) AP
†
This expression f = g[1/(-m)] agrees with dimensional analysis and with expectation: as
the gravitational mass loss increases its negative value decreases and the frequency in-
†

1
For a circular plate this will be at diameter da where surface area less than da equals surface area greater
than da:
2 da 2 da 2
p rp - p = p
4 4
\ da = 1.414 rP
Circumference of this circle is: 1.414 p rP ,
Then AXP = (1.414 p rP) x (plate
† thickness)
 11

creases. This is expected since with more gravitational mass higher frequency is required
to dissipate its gravitational energy. Numerically the same relation is stated by f = g(m)
with g reflected in f = 1, so the expression can become2:

Ê VA ˆÊ 1 ˆ
f modified = (3.68 x 10 5 ) ÁÁ XP
˜˜ Á2 - ˜ 13
Ë r P rP AP ¯ Ë m¯

The following schematic pictures a plate arrangement where two rotating plates
(shown in cross section) with permanent magnets have a stationary armature sandwiched
flat between†them (not at 90° as shown in the schematic). The plates and magnets do the
rotating due to the important relationship of rotation to electron spin in this theory. The
bottom of the top magnet is N, the top of the bottom magnet is S and the plates rotate
clockwise as seen from above. Electron spin is therefore opposite plate rotation, required
by equation 2. Current (considered here to be electron flow, not conventional positive
current) in the armature will be generated from its inner rim to its outer rim. This direc-
tion is desirable because of the smaller circumference of the inner rim that would build
charge to impede current if flow were opposite. DC current generated by the armature is
changed to AC by a rotor, and enters a circuit where energy generated in the time regime
of the rotating magnetic field is radiated into free space from the radiation plates. These
are two halves of a circular plate arranged in a pair so that positive and negative pulses
from the electric circuit flow in opposite directions, the same as in a dipole antenna. The
radiation plates are electrically isolated and in the form of circular arcs to fit together into
a single circular plate. This radiation plate is circular because if the entire device is levi-
tated the radiation plate plus housing of the entire device will tend to rotate in reaction to
the rotation of the magnetic plates. Since the radiation plates are the interface between
the two time regions, of the device and gravity field, to isolate the device from the gravity
field they must be located at the lowest point of the device. Anything immediately above
them will be gravitationally isolated.

2
For a rational function first reflect f = -m-1/2 in the vertical axis. f = m = 1 for m-1/2 and reflected function
in f = 1. The reflected function in f = 1 from f = 1 is as f = 1 is from f = m-1/2, which is 1 – m-1/2. Therefore
the reflected function is 1 + (1 – m-1/2) = 2 – m-1/2.
12

RADIATION
PLATES

MOTOR

ROTATING PLATE
WITH MAGNETS

LOW RESISTANCE
STATIONARY
ARMATURE

ROTATING PLATE
WITH MAGNETS

ROTOR

SCHEMATIC
 13

The association of gravity with atomic particle spin was discovered over thirty
years ago by experimenter Henry Wallace, described in his U.S. patent 3,626,605. In his
experiments Wallace produced and measured a gravity field in materials with an odd
number of nucleons when given high rotation. The effect is similar to the Barnett Effect,
in which a body of any substance given high rotation becomes magnetized. The effect is
explainable from this theory as it would be due to precession of the nucleons to give
positive alignment with rotation of the material (see comment after equation 2). What he
found is the relationship of all atomic particle spin to gravity, since the atomic spin of all
particles, whether protons, neutrons or electrons, is universally invariant and therefore
capable of producing a relative time difference. In more recent years experimenters have
discovered unexplained gravitational effects associated with rotating magnetic fields, dis-
closed in reports such as Experimental Research of the Magnetic-Gravity Effects, by V.
V. Roschin and S. M. Godin, Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sci-
ence. The report is available at the Internet address:
http://www.rialian.com/rnboyd/godin-roschin.htm. Other experimenters are also finding
a connection between rotating magnetic fields and gravity, with no theory to explain their
findings because all theoretical effort has concentrated on the magnetic fields, which
have only an indirect relationship to gravitation. The connection is in the time dilatation
property of electron spin. Magnetic fields are related to gravity only because they are
manifestations of the directional effect of massed electrons having all their spin oriented
the same.

SUMMARY

The major part of spacetime curvature for small masses like the Earth is time cur-
vature. Therefore to neutralize Earth’s gravity we need to create the same time on an
object that it would have in empty space. We do that using a rotating magnetic field.
A universal constant is atomic particle “spin”. Although not an actual “spin,”
electrons exhibit dipole magnetism and precession normally associated with physically
rotating objects. Therefore, placed in a physically rotating system their “spin” property
can be used to create the time of empty space although immersed in a gravity field. But
neutralizing the gravity field by simple rotation of electrons in a counter rotating system
is technically impossible due to the high energy requirement. This is overcome using a
generator with very low electrically resistant material and radiating off the energy gener-
ated.
The radiation requirement is understood by objects rolling down an incline taking
longer to reach the bottom of the incline than if they slid. This is due to part of their
gravitational energy going into the rotation. For a levitating device all its gravitational
energy must similarly be dissipated other than by falling. An object with no energy of
weight has no weight. Because gravitational energy is negative, its loss from the simu-
lated time regime of empty space means its required generation and radiation from the
viewpoint of a gravity regime. When that energy loss equals the gravitational energy of
the mass to be levitated, it is left with the gravitational energy it would have in empty
space, which is none.
14

Experiment:
The purpose of this experiment description is to demonstrate the need in this theory for
materials with much lower electrical resistance than conventional materials for practical levitating
devices. Dimensions are in kilograms, meters, seconds (kms) units.
The experiment consists mainly of two rotating plates containing magnets, with magnetic
poles on their large faces, and first a copper plate inserted between the magnets to serve as a sta-
tionary armature. The housing containing this assembly is immersed in liquid nitrogen for cool-
ing. Electrical current generated is changed to AC by an inverter, and conducted to steel plates
that serve as electromagnetic radiators. See drawing page 17.
In this experiment 56 commercial magnets are used. To determine B at a separation of
0.005 m the magnetic field of two such magnets combined was tested against the magnetic field
of the Earth. The compass needle balanced when the magnets were 0.250 m from the compass.
Since the Earth’s magnetic field is about 6 x 10-5 tesla and the desired separation of magnets at
the armature is 0.005 m, the strength of field at that distance is:

B1 0.25 2
=
6 x 10 -5 0.005 2

B1 = 0.15 tesla

This was found from using one † pair of magnets whereas for the armature two pairs are used.
Therefore B = 0.3 tesla. These magnets have magnetic face area (0.025)(0.078) = 0.00195 m2
† and 4 are arranged in two pairs at each location on the rotating
each. Since there are 56 magnets
plates, there are 56/4 = 14 locations. The area of the magnetic field is therefore AB = 0.00195 x
14 = 0.0273 m2.

Assume 1,000 RPM = 16.67 rev /sec

Therefore t = 0.06 sec/rev

To measure any weight loss using conventional materials, cryogenic temperatures are required to
reduce electrical resistance in the armature, requiring liquid nitrogen coolant. Resistivity of cop-
per at room temperature: rC = 1.72 x 10-8 ohm m. Copper resistivity at temperature of liquid ni-
trogen (T = – 196° C) with temperature coefficient a = 0.0039 compares to resistivity at room
temperature TO = 20° C by the formula:

Resistivity: rP = rC [1 + a (T – TO)]

Ê x ˆ
Resistance at the found resistivity is: g = rP Á ˜
Ë AX ¯

where rP: resistivity of plate at reduced temperature, x: length of conductor strip, AX: cross sec-
tional area where slots in armature are closest. As described in the Parts List for item #19 and
drawing page 17, the armature † is divided into three rows of radial slots to minimize distance be-
tween slots at larger radial distance and increase the number of strips. These slots are in three
rows A, B and C. Assume the parallel resistance for each of these rows in a copper armature is:
gA = 7.20 x 10-8 ohms, gB = 6.98 x 10-8 ohms and gC = 4.00 x 10-8 ohms. Resistance of three rows
A,B,C in series is: g = 7.20 x 10-8 + 6.98 x 10-8 + 4.00 + 10-8 = 1.82 x 10-7 ohms.

For the three rows of copper strips using equation 12:

 15

-8
È (0.3 x 0.0273) 2 ˘
m = - (1.60 x 10 ) Í -7
˙
ÍÎ (0.06) (1.82 x 10 ) ˙˚

= – 9.8 x 10-5 kg
= – 0.1 gm
†
Obviously this result is not encouraging for a practical device; even the lower resistance of silver
would only give a 0.37 gm loss. But if a material could be used with a much lower resistance, as
is now possible with Type Two superconductors at the temperature of liquid nitrogen, practical
gravitational mass loss is possible.
Let us take for an example a material with resistivity rP = 1 x 10-15 ohm m. Using the
same configuration for an experiment with value x = 0.02 m for the length of material between
slots and AX = 5.3 x 10-6 m2 for the smallest cross-sectional material area between slots. The re-
sistance in one strip in row A is:
Ê 0.02 ˆ
g (1)A = (1 x 10 -15 ) Á -6 ˜
= 3.77 x 10 -12
Ë 5.3 x 10 ¯
With 150 strips in electrical parallel:
1 150
=
gA 3.77 x 10 -12
†
The resistance in row A is:
gA = 2.51 x 10-14 ohms

C. Total resistance for the three rows in series is g = 3(2.51 x 10-14)

and similarly for rows B and†
= 7.54 x 10-14 ohms.

Substituting into equation 12:

-8
È (0.3 x 0.0273) 2 ˘
m = - (1.60 x 10 ) Í -14
˙
ÍÎ (0.06) (7.54 x 10 ) ˙˚

= – 237 kg

† improved result. Much lower resistivities than 1 x 10-15 ohm m are possible us-
– a significantly
ing Type Two superconductors. Their resistance can become 0 at the temperature of liquid nitro-
gen and do not have their superconductivity destroyed by a limited amount of magnetism. If
magnetism becomes a problem the value of (B Ad)2 can be maintained by decreasing the magnet-
ism B but increasing the area Ad by the same proportion. Graphene is a new material and another
with low electrical resistance.

The voltage generated by each armature row is roughly over 1/3 AB = 1/3 (0.0273) = 0.0091 m2.
Over row A the voltage generated using equation 7, assuming 150 material strips, is:

È(0.3)(0.0091) ˘
VA = 150 Í ˙˚ = 150 (0.0455) = 6.8 volts
Î 0.06

and similarly assume the same voltages for VB and VC.

†
16

The total voltage generated is therefore: V = 3(6.8) ª 20 volts.

In this experiment the plate antennae do not need to be circular because they will not be rotating,
but circular plates achieve a slight frequency reduction. Therefore, assume two semi-circular
steel plates placed adjacent to each other in the same plane but isolated, each connected to the DC
ÆAC inverter. Assume radius rP = 1 m for a full circular plate. The surface area of this plate,
both sides, is AP = 2 p rP2 = 6.28 m2. Using #16 ga steel sheet, thickness: 0.0598” = 0.0015 m.
From footnote 1, page 10, average cross sectional area is AXP = [1.414 p (1)](0.0015) = 0.0067
m2. Resistivity of steel: rS = 1.87 x 10-7 ohm m. Substituting values into equation 13, the fre-
quency of radiation is:
Ê (20) (0.0067) ˆÊ 1 ˆ
f = (3.68 x 10 5 ) Á -7 ˜ Á2 - ˜
Ë (1.87 x 10 ) (1) 6.28 ¯ Ë 237 ¯

= 2.04 x 1011 cycles/sec

which is in the†microwave frequency range.

Increasing the number of radiation plates and hence AP can marginally reduce this fre-
quency. Assume an electrically isolating material between the plates of 0.002 thickness. Com-
bined thickness of plate and insulation is: 0.0015 + 0.002 = 0.0035 m. If maximum allowable
thickness of radiation stack is 0.05 m, this gives 0.05/0.0035 = 14 plates. Then AP = 14(6.28) =
87.92 m2. Substituting this total area into equation 13, the frequency is:

Ê (20) (0.0067) ˆÊ 1 ˆ
f = (3.68 x 10 5 ) Á -7 ˜ Á2 - ˜
Ë (1.87 x 10 ) (1) 87.92 ¯ Ë 237 ¯

= 5.44 x 1010 cycles/sec

which is still†in the microwave range. With increased voltage generated this frequency will be
higher.
Another problem to be overcome by anyone wishing to develop this technology will be
that of an inverter, which must supply the energy of gravity, (6.25 x 107) m watts in AC power to
the radiation plates. Such equipment is not likely available. The purpose of this essay, however,
is not to resolve the purely technological difficulties associated with electrical levitation, but only
to outline its theoretical possibility for anyone interested in pursuing the immense advantages
neutralizing gravity can give.
 17

EXPERIMENT
NOT TO SCALE

HALF PLAN OF ARMATURE PLATE

34
33
vent hole 4
2 1
32 20
32 11

26 22 4 15 17 30 6
27 4 24
4
31 10

19
12
28 7 25
4 35 4
13 31 36 37 8
3 5 14
26 23 38 16
32 18

21
9
DC - AC INVERTER wood
support
29

wood support

CROSS SECTION
18

Parts List
(Measurements in kms when Imperial not indicated)

1) Adapter: to be determined by liquid nitrogen supplier – 1 required

2) Bearing: for 1/2”f shaft item #33, mounted type, with electrically isolating rubber pad on bottom
– 2 required

3) Bolt: machine, 1/2”f, 0.090 long with nut and washer, to attach steel plate items #21 and #28 to
wooden support – 2 required

4) Bolt: machine, 1/4”f, 0.030 long with nut and washer, to attach steel plate items #22 and #26.
Note: before welding the heads of these bolts are to be tack-welded to steel ring item #26 with
threads on outside of container – 8 required. For attaching steel plate items #28 and #21 – 10 re-
quired. For attaching steel plate items #20 and #27 – 12 required. For bearing item #2, to be
electrically isolated with heat shrunk rubber sleeve – 4 required. For attaching Plexiglas plates
item #30 to steel plate items #24 and #25 – 16 required (50 total required)

5) Bolt: machine, 1/4”f, 0.050 long with 2 nuts and washers, extra nut and washers to attach plates
items #21, #23 and #26, extra nuts and washers to be used as spacers for ª 0.010 gap between
bottom plates items #21 and #23 – 8 required

6) Bolt: machine, 1/8”f, counter-sunk, 0.027 long with nut and washer, for attaching magnets item
#10 to Plexiglas plates item #30, 2 per magnet location x 28 magnet locations = 56 required.

7) Bolt: machine, 1/8”f, 0.013 long, full thread, to attach armature plate item #19 to support item
#35. Note: to be electrically isolated with heat shrunk rubber sleeve – 8 required. Also for sup-
port item #36 – 4 required (12 total required)

8) Insulation: heat, to wrap securely around all exposed plate and pipe

9) Inverter: DCÆAC, to transmit energy to radiation plates item #29, 62.5 kwatts per kilogram of
gravitational mass loss, microrange frequency, see last paragraph page 16 – 1 required

10) Magnet: neodymium, magnetic field on face, for experimental purposes magnets procured have
dimensions 0.025 x 0.078, doubled for higher magnetic field to give 14 magnetic locations bolted
to Plexiglas plate item #30, each to have 2 holes 0.004 drilled through, half of magnets counter-
sunk for 1/8”f bolt item #6, 14 of these counter sunk on N face and 14 counter sunk on S face.
Magnets are radially arranged on a 0.013f circle, with field of top magnets to have magnetic pole
N facing down, and field of bottom magnets to have magnetic pole S facing up – 56 required

11) Nitrogen, liquid, required to reduce electrical resistance, to fill space between 14”f pipe item #13
and 16”f pipe item #12.

12) Pipe: 16”f, steel, sch. 60, 0.170 long – 1 required

13) Pipe: 14”f, steel, sch.10, 0.135 long, with 4 – 0.004”f holes drilled 90° apart, 0.025 from one end.
– 1 required Note: When in operation the chamber formed by this pipe will experience lowered
temperature caused by the liquid nitrogen bath. Since 80% of the atmosphere is nitrogen, this will
tend to condense.

14) Pipe: 1”f, steel, sch. 160 (0.815” I.D.), 0.030 long, machined to slide over 7/8”f copper tube item
#38, welded to steel plate #25, with drilled and tapped hole on side for 1/8”f machine screw for
securing, hole 0.007 from end opposite welded plate – 1 required
 19

15) Pipe: 3/4”f, steel, sch. 40, 0.013 long, use as sleeve, to be welded on one end to top plate item #22
centered on center hole of plate – 1 required

16) Pipe: 3/4”f, steel, sch. 40, 0.030 long, use as sleeve, to be welded as sleeve through bottom plates
items #21 and #23 – 1 required

17) Pipe: 1/2”f, steel, sch. 160 (0.464” I.D.), 0.025 long, machined to slide over 1/2”f shaft item #33,
welded to steel plate item #24 at 0.005 from one end, with drilled and tapped hole on side for
1/8”f machine screw for securing, hole 0.007 from opposite end to plate – 1 required

18) Pipe: 1/2”f, steel, sch. 160 (0.464” I.D.), 0.010 long, machined to fit over 1/2”f shaft item #33
and welded 0.020 from end of shaft – 1 required

19) Plate: low resistance material, sufficiently self-supporting, circular 0.320f, with slots divided into
three rows A, B and C as discussed on page 14 and drawing page 17, with center hole 0.030f and
4 - 0.005 x 0.030 ear lugs at 90° along external edge with 0.004f hole for bolt item #7 – 1 re-
quired. Note: In this experiment a magnetic field of B = 0.3 tesla is used. If this is too large for a
superconducting plate, increasing the separation between the two rotating plates with magnets can
reduce it, and this can be done using the slot arrangement for item #35.

20) Plate: steel, 1/4” thick, circular 0.450f, with 12 – 0.008f holes equally spaced for 1/4”f bolts item
#4, bolt circle 0.43f, one center hole 0.018f and 2 – 0.008f holes for 1/4”f bolts item #4 at 180°
on bolt circle determined by bearing item #2, centered on plate – 1 required

21) Plate: steel, 1/4” thick, circular 0.450f, with 10 – 0.008f holes spaced at 30°, half on opposite
sides of ear lugs for 1/4”f bolts item #4, bolt circle 0.430f; also with 8 – 0.008f holes equally
space for 1/4” bolts item #5, bolt circle 0.320f; also with two ear lugs 0.040 wide at 180° apart
along external edge, external edge of lug to be 0.235 from center of plate, each lug having 0.015f
hole for 1/2”f bolt item #3, bolt circle on lugs 0.440f – 1 required

22) Plate: steel, 1/4” thick, circular 0.360f, one hole in center 0.018f, with 8 – 0.008f holes equally
spaced for 1/4” bolts #4, bolt circle 0.320f – 1 required

23) Plate: steel, 1/4” thick, circular 0.360f, with 2 – 0.008f holes for 1/4”f bolts item #4 at 180° to
each other on bolt circle determined by bearing item #2, centered on plate. Plate to have 8 –
0.008f holes equally spaced for 1/4” bolts item #5, bolt circle 0.320f – 1 required

24) Plate: steel, 1/4” thick, circular 0.140f, with 8 – 0.008f holes for 1/4”f bolts item #4 equally
spaced, bolt circle 0.110f, and one center hole 0.023f – 1 required

25) Plate: steel, 1/4” thick, circular 0.140f, with 8 – 0.008f holes for 1/4”f bolts item #4 equally
spaced, bolt circle 0.110f, and one center hole 0.035f – 1 required

26) Plate: steel ring, 3/8” thick, circular ring, outside 13-1/2”f, inside 0.300f, with 8 – 0.008f holes
equally spaced for 1/4”f bolts item #4 on top ring and #5 on bottom ring, bolt circle 0.320f – 2
required

27) Plate: steel ring, 3/8” thick, circular ring, outside 0.455f, inside 16”f, with 12 – 0.008f holes
equally spaced for 1/4”f bolts item #4, bolt circle 0.430f – 1 required.

28) Plate: steel ring, 3/8” thick, circular ring, outside 0.455f, inside 16”f, with 10 – 0.008f holes
spaced at 30° on opposite sides of ear lugs for 1/4”f bolts item #4, bolt circle 0.430f; also 2 ear
lugs 0.04 wide at 180° apart, external edge of lugs 0.235 from center of plate, each lug having a
0.015f hole for 1/2”f bolt item #3, bolt circle 0.440f – 1 required
20

29) Plate: steel, #16 gage sheet, 0.0598” = 0.0015 thick, circular, 1 meter radius with electrical insula-
tion between plates – quantity determined by inverter

30) Plate: Plexiglas or strong non-metallic material, circular 0.320f, 1/2” thick, with 8 – 0.008f holes
for 1/4”f bolts item #4 for steel plate attachment items #24 and #25, bolt circle 0.011f. Plate to
have center hole 0.040f and 14 pairs of 0.004f holes for 1/8”f bolts item #6, each pair in radial
alignment at 25.7°.

31) Sheet: copper, 8 gage (0.00326 thick), 0.01 wide x length required for fastening, to be freely
placed on rotating copper tube item #38 above and below steel pipe item #14, for use as electrical
“brushes”. For “brush” pressure against conducting copper tube a steel wire for use as a spring to
be brazed to the back of each “brush” – 4 required, 2 for top placement and 2 for bottom place-
ment.

32) Sheet: rubber, 1/16” thick, cut to various sizes for gaskets and electrically isolating separators – 1
square meter

33) Shaft: steel, 1/2”f, 0.215 long – 1 required

34) Sheave: for 1/2”f shaft item #33, 3”f, with belt to motor. (A second sheave also required for
motor, not shown in drawing. For a motor of 1,700 RPM and a generator required to rotate at
1,000 RPM, the motor sheave must have diameter 3”f x 1,000/ 1,700 = 1-3/4”f – 1 required.

35) Support: steel, made from 1/8” thick plate 0.015 wide x 0.050 long, bent at 0.020 from one end.
Short end to have 0.004f hole drilled 0.008 from end for 1/8”f bolt item #7, and long end to have
0.004 x 0.010 slot for 1/8” bolt item #7, slot to have center 0.012 from end to adjust for close
proximity of armature to bottom magnets – 4 required

36) Support: steel, made from 1/8” thick plate 0.015 wide x 0.073 long, bent at 0.020 from one end.
Both ends to have 0.004f holes for 1/8”f bolt item #7, located 0.008 from end. Bolts to be elec-
trically isolated from plate item #23 with heat shrunk rubber sleeves – 2 required

37) Thermometer: with support, to measure -196° C – 1 required

38) Tube: copper, 7/8”f O. D., 0.4375” I. D., cold-drawn, 0.065 long, machined internally for heat
shrinking on 1/2”f steel shaft item #33 – 1 required