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Chapter 3
Behaviors
Maintaining Antecedents
In Theory 3-1: It’s Where You Are (Not Who You Are) That Counts:
A Critical Distinction
In Theory 3-3: Don’t Look Back: The Role of Past Events on Current Behaviors
SUMMARY
REFERENCE NOTES
Guiding Questions
3-1. What is behavior, and what is the difference between overt behavior and covert behavior?
3-2. What are the four modes of behavior that are assessed and treated by behavior therapy?
3-3. How are covert behaviors assessed, and what is the limitation associated with assessing them? How
can the limitation be overcome?
3-4. What are traits, and how are they different from behaviors?
3-5. What are the problems associated with using trait descriptions?
3-6. What are the advantages to using behavioral descriptions rather than trait descriptions?
3-8. What is the specific question that behavior therapists ask clients when they use trait descriptions?
3-10. What is the ABC model, and what are the three components that comprise it? How do each of the
components influence one another?
3-11. Why are not all antecedents and consequences of a behavior also maintaining antecedents and
maintaining consequences?
3-17. Why is the term probable maintaining conditions more accurate than just maintaining conditions?
3-18. What is meant by symptom substitution, and what is the origin of the concept?
3-19. What is the difference between present maintaining conditions and past originating conditions? Why
is this distinction important?
3-21 What is the major role played by heredity and biology in determining behavior, according to the
behavioral approach?
3-22. What is the behavioral view of the role of past events on current behaviors, including the status of
memories of past conditions?
3-23. What does reciprocal determinism refer to in the context of the behavioral approach?
1. experience.
2. do.
3. learn.
4. perceive.
1. covert.
2. imaginal.
3. depressive.
4. physiological.
1. personality traits.
2. environmental conditions.
3. overt behaviors.
4. standard deviations.
Concentrating is a(n)
1. overt behavior.
2. covert behavior.
3. pseudo behavior.
4. trait behavior.
One probable reason for the widespread use of trait descriptions is that they
1. describe the person over time.
2. are the briefest alternative.
3. provide a lot of specific information.
4. paint a more favorable picture.
1. Trait; behavioral
2. Behavioral; trait
3. Personality; trait
4. Covert; overt
1. do.
2. believe.
3. are.
4. experience.
Although behavior therapists deal with behaviors rather than traits, they must be able to “translate” traits
into behaviors because
The question, “What specific things do you do that lead you to describe yourself as…?” suggests the
1. uninfluenced decisions.
2. present conditions.
3. genetic factors.
4. developmental experiences.
Antecedents and consequences designated maintaining differ from other antecedents and consequences
in that they are
1. greater in number.
2. maintained by the behavior.
3. constant over time.
4. causal for the behavior.
The specific antecedents and consequences that cause a person to perform a behavior are called its
1. setting events.
2. causal factors.
3. maintaining conditions.
4. stimulus controls.
1. causal.
2. fundamental.
3. singular.
4. potent.
Prerequisites are the more basic type of maintaining antecedents because they
1. originating conditions.
2. prompts.
3. setting events.
4. situational markers.
1. breadth.
2. frequency
3. intensity.
4. efficacy.
The note which reminded Susan to take out the trash would be all of the following EXCEPT a(n)
1. prompt.
2. setting event.
3. maintaining antecedent.
4. antecedent.
3-21 (p. 36, d)
While in the Dean’s office, Ari spoke quietly and sat in a dignified fashion. Ari then went to a soccer game
where he jumped up and down and yelled encouragement to the players. This contrast in Ari’s behaviors
can best be explained by the concept of
1. multidimensionality.
2. past originating conditions.
3. reciprocal determinism.
4. situation specificity.
1. Antecedents
2. Probability
3. Consequences
4. Expectations
1. memory.
2. attention.
3. change agents.
4. the behavior.
1. Behavioral symptoms
2. Maintaining conditions
3. Target behaviors
4. Unconscious conflicts
The symptom substitution conflict highlights a disagreement between psychoanalytic and behavioral
theories concerning the
In the behavioral model, past events have _____ influence on present behaviors.
1. a direct
2. no
3. an indirect
4. a significant
When loud music disrupts Michael’s focus, he considers how to alter his environment. This is an example
of _____ influencing _____.
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