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9. At 25°C, cyclohexanol has a surface tension of 32.92 mN/m2, whereas the surface tension of
cyclohexanone, which is very similar chemically, is only 25.45 mN/m2. Why is the surface
tension of cyclohexanone so much less than that of cyclohexanol?
As the structures indicate, cyclohexanol is a polar substance that can engage in hydrogen
bonding, much like methanol or ethanol; consequently, it is expected to have a higher surface
tension due to stronger intermolecular interactions.
10. What phase changes are involved in each process? Which processes are exothermic, and
which are endothermic?
a. ice melting
b. distillation
c. condensation forming on a window
d. the use of dry ice to create a cloud for a theatrical production
11. Vanadium is used in the manufacture of rust-resistant vanadium steel. It forms bcc crystals
with a density of 6.11 g/cm3 at 18.7°C. What is the length of the edge of the unit cell? What
is the approximate metallic radius of the vanadium in picometers?
12. 1 kg of water at 10º C is added to 10 kg of water at 50º C. What is the temperature of the water
when it reaches thermal equilibrium?
13. Given the mass of the substance is 12 grams. 3 joules of heat energy is required to raise it
temperature by 6 °C. Find the specific heat capacity of the substance
14. A biatomic ideal gas undergoes a cycle starting at point A (2 atm, 1L). Process from A to B is
an expansion at constant pressure until the volume is 2.5 L, after which, it is cooled at constant
volume until its pressure is 1 atm. It is then compressed at constant pressure until the volume
is again 1L, after which it is heated at constant volume until it is back to its original state. Find
(a) the work, heat and change of internal energy in each process (b) the total work done on
the gas and the total heat added to it during the cycle.
15. A system consisting of 0.32 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas occupies a volume of 2.2 L, at a
pressure of 2.4 atm. The system is carried through a cycle consisting:
a. The gas is heated at constant pressure until its volume is 4.4L.
b. The gas is cooled at constant volume until the pressure decreases to 1.2 atm
c. The gas undergoes an isothermal compression back to its initial point.
1) What is the temperature at points A, B and C
2) Find W, Q and ΔEint for each process and for the entire cycle
16. Define Gibbs Free energy and hence Derive the Relationship between Equilibrium Constant
and Gibbs free energy and hence Calculate ΔG0 for conversion of oxygen to ozone
3/2 O2 (g) → O3 (g)
at 300 K, if Kp for this conversion is 9.47×10-29.
17. A rapidly spinning paddle wheel raises the temperature of 200mL of water from 21 degrees
Celsius to 25 degrees. How much a) work is done and b) heat is transferred in this process?
18. How many btu are needed to change 10 pounds of ice at 5 degree Fahrenheit to steam at 250
degree Fahrenheit?
19. Three real heat engines have the same thermal efficiency and are connected in series. The first
engine absorbs 2400 kJ of heat from a thermal reservoir at 1250 K and the third engine ejects
its waste of 300 kJ to a sink at 150 K. Determine the work output from each engine.
20. What is the physical significance of entropy?