Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Asymptomatic Dyspnea on exertion, Dyspnea on exertion Dyspnea with ADL Dyspnea at rest;
but can walk 1 flight of but unable to walk 1 intubation / ventilator
stairs without stopping flight of stairs or 1 city indicated
block (0.1km) without
stopping
GRADE 1 - GRADE 2
NON – URGENT:
Support, teaching & follow-up care as required
Pharmacologi
cal Medications that may improve respiratory muscle function (e.g. theophylline, aminophylline,
Management caffeine)
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids for chemotherapy or radiation induced dyspnea, COPD
Opioids (e.g. morphine, codeine, fentanyl)
URGENT:
Requires medical attention within 24 hours
Patient Assessment and Care
Dyspnea is a subjective experience that may not always correlate with
laboratory results of respiratory status. Tests that may be indicated
include:
Complete blood count (CBC) – assess for anemia, neutropenia,
infection Serum electrolytes – assess for any imbalances
Arterial blood gases – assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in
the blood
Chest X – Ray – assess for tumor involvement, pneumonia,
pleural effusion or other.
If above not adequate, further evaluation may be required
Pulmonary function tests, CT scan, ventilation – perfusion scans
Oxygen therapy is effective for hypoxic patients.
Trigeminal nerve stimulation through ambient air flow (e.g. fan,
open window, cool cloth on face) is helpful for hypoxic and
nonhypoxic patients
Strategies for management – energy conservation, positioning,
breathing techniques
Provide ongoing psychosocial and emotional support to patient/
family, encourage family members to do so
Pharmacological Management
Opioids (e.g. morphine, codeine, fentanyl)
Patient Education
and Provide ongoing education to patients/family
Follow-Up Effective use of any prescribed medications – role of medication,
administration of medications (e.g. how to use inhalers correctly),
importance of regular dosing and break through medications
Reinforce with patients when to seek immediate medical attention:
T ≥ 38° C
Acute onset of respiratory distress (severe dyspnea, unable to talk)
Acute onset of chest pain
If breathing doesn’t improve or begins to deteriorate:
Instruct patient/family to call back
Arrange for nurse initiated telephone follow – up
Physician follow – up in ambulatory care setting may be indicated
Document assessment, intervention, and follow – up plan
Communicate to health care team as appropriate
Possible Referrals
Respiratory therapist
Physiotherapist
Home oxygen program
Physiotherapist
Home health nursing (home care)
Pain and Symptom Management/ Palliative Care (PSMPC)
GRADE 4
Or the presence of the following: T ≥ 38° C, acute respiratory distress (sudden onset of
dyspnea, unable to speak, lie flat, air hunger), new acute onset of chest pain
EMERGENT:
Requires IMMEDIATE medical attention
Patient Assessment and Care
Tests that may be indicated include:
Complete blood count (CBC) – assess for anemia,
neutropenia, infection Serum electrolytes – assess
for any imbalances
Arterial blood gases – assess oxygen and carbon
dioxide levels in the blood
Chest X – Ray – assess for tumor involvement,
pneumonia, pleural effusion or other.
Pharmacological Management
Opioids (e.g. morphine, codeine, fentanyl) – as severity of
dyspnea increases, consider higher doses of opioids or
shifted to another route (e.g. oral to sublingual, rectal, or
Transdermal)
Opioid adalah kelas agen farmakologis yang paling banyak dipelajari dan dipekerjakan
untuk menghilangkan dispnea. Efek dari opioid dipostulasikan sebagai dampak sekundernya
terhadap respons ventilasi terhadap karbon dioksida, hipoksia, beban resistif, dan penurunan
konsumsi oksigen dengan olahraga dan pada istirahat pada individu sehat. Selain itu, efek
vasodilatasi pada tekanan vaskular paru pada hewan telah ditunjukkan.Opioid secara historis
telah digunakan untuk mengobati kecemasan dan rasa sakit, yang seringkali merupakan bagian
integral dari siklus dyspnea
Keamanan opioid
Dengan titrasi yang tepat, opioid dapat digunakan untuk meredakan dyspnea dengan
menurunkan laju pernafasan sambil menghindari hiperflaria iatrogenik atau hipoksia. Manfaat
yang ditunjukkan ini, dan kurangnya bukti kematian yang meningkat, telah menyebabkan
American College of Chest Physicians dalam '' 2010 Pernyataan Konsensus tentang Dispnea
pada Pasien dengan Penyakit Paru Lanjutan atau Penyakit Jantung '' untuk merekomendasikan
agar dokter meniru oral dan / atau opioid orang tua untuk menghilangkan dispnea.
2. Anxiolytics
3. inhalasi furosemid
Furosemide telah digunakan untuk mengurangi dyspnea karena efek menghambat refleks
batuk, efek pencegahan pada bronkokonstriksi pada asma, dan efek tidak langsung pada ujung
saraf sensorik di epitel saluran napas.