CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT

The table 4.1 shows the deflection value of beam when load is applied at the middle of the
simply supported beam during the three point bending test.

Load (N) Load,P (KN) Deflection, ∂ (mm)

0 0 0.00
50 0.05 0.14
100 0.10 0.24
120 0.12 0.36
140 0.14 0.48
160 0.16 0.58
180 0.18 0.70
200 0.20 0.80
220 0.22 0.93
240 0.24 1.02
260 0.26 1.14
280 0.28 1.23
300 0.30 1.36
320 0.32 1.48
340 0.34 1.59
360 0.36 1.71
380 0.38 1.86
400 0.40 1.97
420 0.42 2.01
440 0.44 2.34

Table 4.1: Load applied and deflection during test on the 3 point bending beam
(a) Sketch the load, P versus deflection,∂ curve and determine the yield point, fy and

Ultimate load, Pult from the curve.

Figure 1: Graph of load applied against the deflection value of the beam

GRAPH OF LOAD VERSUS DEFELECTION

2.5

2
LOAD, P (KN)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
DEFLECTION, ∂ (MM)

4.2 ANALYSIS

4.2.1 Conduct stress-strain curve

(i) Width of beam = 4cm = 0.04 m

Height of beam = 4cm = 0.04m

Internal width of beam = 0.034 m

Internal height of beam = 0.035 m

Area of the beam = wh - wh(internal)

= (0.04 x 0.04) - (0.034 x 0.035)

= 4.10 x 10-4 m2

Stress, σ(kN/m2) = Axial Load(kN) / Cross-Sectional Area(m2)

(ii) Length of beam = 700 mm

Strain, Ɛ = ∆L / L
Table 4.2: Stress and strain value

Load,P (kN) Stress,σ (kN/m2) Deflection, ∂ (mm) Strain,Ɛ

0 0.00 0.00 0.0000

0.05 121.95 0.14 0.0002

0.1 243.90 0.24 0.0003

0.12 292.68 0.36 0.0005

0.14 341.46 0.48 0.0007

0.16 390.24 0.58 0.0008

0.18 439.02 0.70 0.0010

0.2 487.80 0.80 0.0011

0.22 536.59 0.93 0.0013

0.24 585.37 1.02 0.0015

0.26 634.15 1.14 0.0016

0.28 682.93 1.23 0.0018

0.3 731.71 1.36 0.0019

0.32 780.49 1.48 0.0021

0.34 829.27 1.59 0.0023

0.36 878.05 1.71 0.0024

0.38 926.83 1.86 0.0027

0.4 975.61 1.97 0.0028

0.42 1024.39 2.01 0.0029

 0.44 1073.17 2.34 0.0033

Figure 2: Graph of stress against strain

Stress Strain Curve

1200

1000
Stress,σ (kN/m2)

800

600

400

200

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Strain,Ɛ

To find the yield point and ultimate load for the beam, the stress-strain curve was conducted.
The graph above shows the relationship between the stress applied and the strain value of the
beam. From the graph obtained, we found that the beam is reach its yield point and ultimate
load which is 440 N. This could be understood as the beam was failed at the highest load
applied which is 44kg (0.44kN) during the three point bending test.
4.2.2 Calculate the internal force in simply supported beam

(b) Calculate the reactions of beam by considering the beam under elastic limit. Then,

Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram.

Free-Body Diagram

Figure 3: Free Body Diagram

Figure 4: Force acted at the beam support

The given beam is symmetric. Therefore, the total load (kN) will be shared equally by each
of the supports.

Ay = By = W/2 = 0.22kN

Consider a section X-X at a distance “x” from left hand support, A.

After the support reactions are calculated, Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment
Diagram (BMD) can be drawn.

Figure 5: Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram

4.2.3 Construct stress-distribution diagram

(c) Based on the maximum bending moment and shear force obtained, sketch the

stress distribution diagram of both stresses from these values.

Figure 6: Cross-sectional area of the beam

Stress, σ = - (My / I)

Moment = 0.077kN•m

𝑏ℎ3 (0.04)(0.04)3 (0.034)(0.035)3

𝐼= = −
12 12 12

= (2.13 × 10−7 ) − (1.21 × 10−7 )

= 0.92 × 10−7

Table 4.5: Stress calculation at different point

Point Stress, σ (MPa)

σA

(0.077)(0.02)3
A =−
(0.92 × 10−7 )

= −6.696𝑀𝑃𝑎

B σB
 (0.077)(0.0175)3
=−
(0.92 × 10−7 )

= −4.486𝑀𝑃𝑎

σC

(0.077)(−0.0175)3
C =−
(0.92 × 10−7 )

= 4.486𝑀𝑃𝑎

σD

(0.077)(−0.02)3
D =−
(0.92 × 10−7 )

= 6.696𝑀𝑃𝑎

Figure 7: Stress distribution diagram

4.2.4 Construct shear force diagram

Figure 8: Method to calculate shear stress distribution for hollow rectangular section

Figure 9: Shear stress diagram

At top and bottom section, Ʈ = 0

At Junction of Flange and Web,

Ʈ = VQ / It

Q = Aӯ

Point Shear Stress,Ʈ (Pa)

Ʈtop & Ʈbottom Ʈ=0

Ʈ1 0.003
(0.22)(0.003 × 0.04) (0.0175 +
Ʈ1 = 2 )
-A=Bxt (0.92 × 10−7 )(0.04)

- ӯ = h + t/2 = 136.34 × 103 𝑃𝑎

𝐵
Ʈ2 = (Ʈ )
2𝑏 1
Ʈ2 0.04
Ʈ2 = (136.34 × 103 )
2(0.003)
= 908.93 × 103 𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑄
Ʈ3 = Ʈ2 +
𝐼𝑡
Ʈ3=Ʈmax
0.0175
(0.22)(2)(0.003 × 0.0175) (
- A = 2(b x h)
Ʈ3 = (908.93 × 10 3)
+ 2 )
- y = h/2 (0.92 × 10−7 )(2 × 0.003)

- t = 2b = 912.59 × 103 𝑃𝑎
4.2.5 Calculate deflection using Macaulay Method

(d) With specific method given, prove ∂max = -fyL3/48EI.

Boundary condition,
(i) At x  0, y  0
(ii)At x  L, y  0
Put (i) boundary condition in eq.3,
f y x3 fy L
EIy    ( x  ) 3  C1 x  C2
12 6 2
0  0  0  C2
C2  0
Put (ii) boundary condition in eq.3,
f y x3 fy L
EIy    ( x  ) 3  C1 x  C2
12 6 2
f y L3 fy L
0  ( L  ) 3  C1 L  0
12 6 2
f y L3 fy L 
3
0     C1 L
12 6 8
f y L3 f y L3  f y L3  4 f y L3
C1 L    
48 12 48
3 f y L2
C1 
48
3 f y L2
 C1  , C2  0
48
Put " C1" and " C 2 " in eq.3
f y x3 L fy 3 f y L2
EIy   
( x  )3  x0
12 6 2 48
1  fyx L 3 3 fyL 
3 2
fy
y   ( x  )  x
EI  12 6 2 48 
At maximum deflection , x  L/2
 f y L 3 f y L L 3 3 f y L2  L 
1
y  ( )  (  )   
 12 2
EI 6 2 2 48  2 

1  fyL 3 fyL 
3 3

   
 3 f y L2
C1 
48
3 f y L2
 C1  , C2  0
48
Put " C1" and " C 2 " in eq.3
f y x3 fy
L 3 3 fyL
2

EIy    (x  )  x0
12 6 2 48
1  fyx L 3 3 fyL 
3 2
fy
y   (x  )  x
EI  12 6 2 48 
At maximum deflection , x  L/2
1  f y L 3 f y L L 3 3 f y L2  L 
y  ( )  (  )   
EI  12 2 6 2 2 48  2 

1  f y L3 3 f y L3 
3 3

  1  f y L  3 f y L 
y   EI  96  96 
EI  96 96 
1   2 f L3

  1  2 f y L3 
y

y   EI  96 
EI  96 
f y L3
 y  ymax  ( proved )
48EI

Cut Section at X-X

 ∑𝑀 = 0

−0.22𝑥 + 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35) + 𝑀 = 0

𝑀 = 0.22𝑥 − 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35)

𝐸𝐼𝑑2 𝑣
= 0.22𝑥 − 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35)
𝑑𝑥 2

Macaulay Method

Condition of loading

Case 1: 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥 − 𝑃(𝑋 − 𝑎)1

The (𝑋 − 𝑎)𝑛 cannot be extended, for Integration purpose, Therefore,

(𝑋 − 𝑎)𝑛+1
∫(𝑋 − 𝑎)𝑛 =
n+1
If (𝑋 − 𝑎) < 0, hence
(𝑋 − 𝑎) = 0
If (𝑋 − 𝑎) > 0, hence
(𝑋 − 𝑎) = (𝑋 − 𝑎)

𝐸𝐼𝑑 2 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2
= 0.22𝑥 − 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35) − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐸𝐼𝑑𝑣 0.22𝑥 2 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35)2

= − + 𝐶1 − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑥 2 2

0.22𝑥 3 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35)3

𝐸𝐼𝑣 = − + 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2 − 𝑒𝑞(𝑖)𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
6 6

Boundary Conditions

(a) At x = 0, v = 0

(b) At x = 0.7, v = 0

(c) At x = 0.7/2, v = vmax , dv/dx = 0

To find C2,

(1）put boundary condition (a) into eq. (iii).

0.22𝑥 3 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35)3

𝐸𝐼𝑣 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6

0.22(0)3 0.44(0 − 0.35)3

0= − + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
6 6

𝐶2 = 0

To find C1,

(1) put boundary condition(b) into eq.(iii);

(2) put boundary condition(c) into eq.(ii)

0.22𝑥 3 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35)3

𝐸𝐼𝑣 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6

0.22(0.7)3 0.44(0.7 − 0.35)3

0= − + 𝐶1 (0.7) + 0
6 6

𝐶1 = −0.0135

To find ∂max (maximum deflection occur at x = 0.7/2 = 0.35),

 put C1 = 0.0135, C2 = 0 into eq.(iii);

(By assume that Modulus of Elasticity is 14.97MPa which is E for Birch Wood )

0.22𝑥 3 0.44(𝑥 − 0.35)3

𝐸𝐼𝑣 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6

1 0.22(0.35)3 0.44(0.35 − 0.35)3

𝑣= [ − + (−0.0135)(0.35) + 0]
𝐸𝐼 6 6

1
𝑣= (−3.153 × 10−3 )
(14.97 × 106 )(0.92 × 10−7 )

𝑣 = −2.289 × 10−3 𝑚

𝑣 = −2.289𝑚𝑚

Therefore, the theoretical deflection value is 2.289mm acting downward.

∂max ≈ 2.0mm
(e) Examine the Modulus of Elasticity, (MOE) of the beam.

f y L3
ymax 
48EI

2.289 = (440) (0.7)3 / 48E (0.92 x 10-7)

E = 1.493 GPa

DISCUSSION

From the calculation above, we found that the theoretical value of deflection is 2.289 𝑚𝑚. The
theoretical value is small than the experimental value which is 2.34 𝑚𝑚. This is probably
because of the occurrence of random error such as the load is not applied at the middle top of
beam but the beam still failed under loading upon downwards. The percentage difference
between theoretical and experimental value is:

2.34 − 2.289
× 100 = 2.2%
2.34

The Young’s Modulus of Elasticity for satay sticks based on the gradient of stress strain curve
plotted is:

E = σ/∂

= (121.95x103)/0.0002

= 0.610 GPa

The E value is too small as the curve is not yet reached its yield point (0.2% offset) so it is not
suitable to use. While the E value get from the formula of ymax = fyL3/48EI is 1.493 GPa at
which we use the highest point of deflection as ymax and highest load applied as fy. The E value
from the formula is also not accurate as the beam did not failed at the fy=0.44kN (highest load
applied). Thus we assumed the E value by referring to the E value of birch wood which is
14.97GPa.

The beam is failed under the 3 point bending test although the highest load (0.44kN) is applied
on it. Thus, we can conclude that the beam cannot endure the load that is more than 0.44 kN.