Project:Super Mai Khola Hydropower project

Water Hammer Analysis and thickness calculation

Design Discharge

Segments Diameter
(D)

1 Start BEND1 2
2 BEND1 BEND2 2
3 BEND2 BEND3 2
4 BEND3 BEND4 2
5 BEND4 BEND5 2
7 BEND5 BEND6 2
8 BEND6 BEND7 2
9 BEND7 BEND8 2
10 BEND8 BEND9 2
11 BEND9 BEND10 1.95
12 BEND10 BEND11 1.95
13 BEND11 BEND12 1.95
14 BEND12 BEND13 1.95
15 BEND13 BEND14 1.95
16 BEND14 BEND15 1.95
17 BEND15 BEND16 1.95
18 BEND16 BEND17 1.95
19 BEND17 BEND18 1.95
20 BEND18 BEND19 1.95
21 BEND19 BEND20 1.95
22 BEND20 BEND21 1.95
23 BEND21 BEND22 1.95
24 BEND22 BEND23 1.95
25 BEND23 BEND24 1.95
26 BEND24 BEND25 1.95
27 BEND25 BEND26 1.9
28 BEND26 BEND27 1.9
29 BEND27 BEND28 1.9
30 BEND28 BEND29 1.9
31 BEND29 BEND30 1.9
32 BEND30 BEND31 1.9
33 BEND31 BEND32 1.9
34 BEND32 BEND33 1.9
35 BEND33 BEND34 1.9
36 BEND34 BEND35 1.9
37 BEND35 BEND36 1.9
38 BEND36 BEND37 1.9
39 BEND37 BEND38 1.9
40 BEND38 BEND39 1.9
41 BEND39 BEND40 1.9
42 BEND40 BEND41 1.9
43 BEND41 Surge Tank 1.9
44 Surge Tank BEND42 1.8
45 BEND42 BEND43 1.8
46 BEND43 BEND44 1.8
47 BEND44 BEND45 1.8
48 BEND45 BEND46 1.8
49 BEND46 BY 1.8
50 BY Branch 1 1.3
51 BY Branch 1 1.3
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
 Sum

Mean area ∑LiAi/∑Li

Mean diameter
Mean velocity
static head
Elastic modulus of water
Elastic modulus of water
Pipe thickness
Wave velocity (a)
Critical time of closure
Valve closure time
Check
T/(2L/a)
0.5*aV/(gH)
Z2 From chart
Provision for corrosion
Welding efficiency
Maximum head
Water hammer head

t w   Pi * d * FOS /( 2 *  * w )  2
Static Pond Level Hn
y
Length of penstock
pipe
Youngs' modulus of
Lp
Pi   w * g * H T
steel E
4 * Qd
Yield Stress of steel σy V 
 *d2
Factor of Safety FOS
Surge Head Hs
ρw
d  20inch
Density of water t
Welding efficiency ηw 400
S.N. Seciton Penstock Adopt Factor of Check Weight of Remarks
Diameter( t(mm) safety steel
mm) (ton)

1 Start BEND1 2000 8.00 5.86 OK 33.65

2 BEND1 BEND2 2000 8.00 4.33 OK 68.94
3 BEND2 BEND3 2000 8.00 3.01 OK 102.36
4 BEND3 BEND4 2000 8.00 3.01 OK 42.70
5 BEND4 BEND5 2000 8.00 3.38 OK 76.55
6 BEND5 BEND6 2000 8.00 3.22 OK 51.21
7 BEND6 BEND7 2000 8.00 3.14 OK 27.89 increase by 5%
8 BEND7 BEND8 2000 8.00 3.04 OK 36.08
9 BEND8 BEND9 2000 8.00 2.97 OK 24.07
10 BEND9 BEND10 1950 8.00 2.98 OK 16.34
11 BEND10 BEND11 1950 8.00 2.90 OK 31.16
12 BEND11 BEND12 1950 8.00 2.85 OK 23.32
13 BEND12 BEND13 1950 8.00 2.39 OK 31.42
14 BEND13 BEND14 1950 8.00 2.46 OK 14.22
15 BEND14 BEND15 1950 8.00 2.26 OK 29.09
16 BEND15 BEND16 1950 8.00 2.60 OK 26.89
17 BEND16 BEND17 1950 8.00 2.51 OK 45.71
18 BEND17 BEND18 1950 8.00 2.44 OK 39.13
19 BEND18 BEND19 1950 8.00 2.42 OK 14.85
20 BEND19 BEND20 1950 8.00 2.40 OK 11.88
21 BEND20 BEND21 1950 8.00 2.37 OK 13.46
22 BEND21 BEND22 1950 10.00 2.93 OK 23.32
23 BEND22 BEND23 1950 10.00 2.31 OK 28.44
24 BEND23 BEND24 1950 10.00 2.28 OK 36.53
25 BEND24 BEND25 1950 10.00 2.72 OK 48.69
26 BEND25 BEND26 1900 10.00 2.70 OK 52.48
27 BEND26 BEND27 1900 10.00 2.68 OK 11.93
28 BEND27 BEND28 1900 10.00 2.61 OK 59.61
29 BEND28 BEND29 1900 10.00 2.54 OK 53.81
30 BEND29 BEND30 1900 10.00 2.52 OK 15.63
31 BEND30 BEND31 1900 10.00 2.49 OK 25.24
32 BEND31 BEND32 1900 10.00 2.47 OK 18.27
33 BEND32 BEND33 1900 10.00 2.46 OK 9.72
34 BEND33 BEND34 1900 10.00 2.41 OK 42.31
35 BEND34 BEND35 1900 10.00 2.39 OK 15.53
36 BEND35 BEND36 1900 10.00 2.38 OK 11.70
37 BEND36 BEND37 1900 10.00 2.37 OK 7.99
38 BEND37 BEND38 1900 10.00 2.35 OK 20.72
39 BEND38 BEND39 1900 10.00 2.33 OK 22.98
40 BEND39 BEND40 1900 10.00 2.31 OK 19.38
41 BEND40 BEND41 1900 10.00 2.26 OK 44.37
42 BEND41 Surge Tank 1900 10.00 2.23 OK 34.76
43 Surge Tank BEND42 1800 10.00 2.31 OK 15.97
44 BEND42 BEND43 1800 12.00 2.31 OK 36.01
45 BEND43 BEND44 1800 16.00 2.26 OK 60.74
46 BEND44 BEND45 1800 18.00 2.15 OK 47.97
47 BEND45 BEND46 1800 20.00 2.23 OK 33.24
48 BEND46 BY 1800 20.00 2.23 OK 2.69
52 BY Branch 1 1300 16.00 2.35 OK 7.79
53 BY Branch 1 1300 16.00 2.34 OK 7.79
54
55
56
57
58
59

Total length 10.12 1576.54 1655.37

Total cost of pipe and accessories

 Penstock optimization

Design discharge Qd
Material
Young's modulus of
Elasticity Est

Coefficient of Linear
Expansion a
Density r
Surge head Hs

Specific wt. of water g

Ultimate Tensile
Strength S
Yield strength Y
Allowable stress
2/3 yield strength
1/3 ultimate
strength
Allowable Design
Stress

Factor of Safety FOS

US$ conversion rate

Project life period
Cost per Kg
Welding efficiency ηw

at AB1 Length m
Static head m
 Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66
Total head m 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.30 8.30
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Wall thickness mm 2.43 2.78 2.82 2.85 2.89 2.92 2.96
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 8.23 7.19 7.09 7.02 6.92 6.85 6.76
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia m 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel 25240.74 46187.41 48282.07 50376.74 52471.41 54566.07 56660.74

at AB2 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025
Total head m 17.60 17.60 17.60 17.60 17.60 17.60 17.60
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Wall thickness mm 2.91 3.66 3.74 3.81 3.89 3.96 4.04
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.87 5.46 5.35 5.25 5.14 5.05 4.95
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 51715.93 94633.72 98925.5 103217.3 107509 111800.83 116092.61
at AB3 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 6.8692 6.8692 6.8692 6.8692 6.8692 6.8692 6.8692
Total head m 34.35 34.35 34.35 34.35 34.35 34.35 34.35
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
Wall thickness mm 3.81 5.32 5.48 5.63 5.78 5.93 6.08
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 5.25 3.76 3.65 3.55 3.46 3.37 3.29
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 76784.32 140505.74 146877.88 153250 159622 165994.31 172366.45

at AB4 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 6.316125 6.316125 6.316125 6.316125 6.316125 6.316125 6.316125
Total head m 31.58 31.58 31.58 31.58 31.58 31.58 31.58
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Wall thickness mm 3.65 5.03 5.17 5.31 5.44 5.58 5.72
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
 Factor of safety 5.48 3.98 3.87 3.77 3.68 3.58 3.5
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 32029.84 58610.61 61268.69 63926.77 66584.85 69242.92 71901

at AB5 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.625 3.625 3.625 3.625 3.625 3.625 3.625
Total head m 18.13 18.13 18.13 18.13 18.13 18.13 18.13
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 57419.5 105070.55 109835.65 114600.8 119366 124130.96 128896.07

at AB6 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.64115 3.64115 3.64115 3.64115 3.64115 3.64115 3.52025
Total head m 18.21 18.21 18.21 18.21 18.21 18.21 18.08
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
 Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 38411.91 70289.01 73476.72 76664.43 79852.14 83039.85 86227.56

at AB7 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.64995 3.64995 3.64995 3.64995 3.64995 3.64995 3.64995
Total head m 18.25 18.25 18.25 18.25 18.25 18.25 18.25
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 20923.68 38287.72 40024.13 41760.53 43496.94 45233.34 46969.75

at AB8 Length m
 Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.66135 3.66135 3.66135 3.66135 3.66135 3.66135 3.66135
Total head m 18.31 18.31 18.31 18.31 18.31 18.31 18.31
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 27066.73 49528.75 51774.95 54021.16 56267.36 58513.56 60759.76

at AB9 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025
Total head m 18.20 18.20 18.20 18.20 18.20 18.20 18.20
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
 Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 18052.48 33033.8 34531.93 36030.06 37528.19 39026.32 40524.45

at AB10 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.674225 3.674225 3.674225 3.674225 3.674225 3.674225 3.674225
Total head m 18.37 18.37 18.37 18.37 18.37 18.37 18.37
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 12573.75 23008.4 24051.86 25095.33 26138.79 27182.26 28225.72

at AB11 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.6843 3.6843 3.6843 3.6843 3.6843 3.6843 3.6843
Total head m 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
 Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 23970.02 43862.15 45851.36 47840.57 49829.79 51819 53808.21

at AB12 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.69185 3.69185 3.69185 3.69185 3.69185 3.69185 3.69185
Total head m 18.46 18.46 18.46 18.46 18.46 18.46 18.46
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Wall thickness mm 2.96 3.76 3.84 3.92 4 4.08 4.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.76 5.32 5.21 5.1 5 4.9 4.81
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 17938.56 32825.34 34314.01 35802.69 37291.37 38780.05 40268.72

at AB13 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 6.4045 6.4045 6.4045 6.4045 6.4045 6.4045 6.4045
Total head m 32.02 32.02 32.02 32.02 32.02 32.02 32.02
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
 Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Wall thickness mm 3.65 5.03 5.17 5.31 5.44 5.58 5.72
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 5.48 3.98 3.87 3.77 3.68 3.58 3.5
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 24167.81 44224.08 46229.71 48235.34 50240.97 52246.59 54252.22

at AB14 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m
Total head m 28.23 28.23 28.23 28.23 28.23 28.23 28.23
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
Wall thickness mm 3.49 4.74 4.86 4.99 5.11 5.24 5.36
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 5.73 4.22 4.12 4.01 3.91 3.82 3.73
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 10940.94 20020.56 20928.52 21836.48 22744.44 23652.41 24560.37

at AB15 Length m
 Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 6.989375 6.989375 6.989375 6.989375 6.989375 6.989375 6.989375
Total head m 34.95 34.95 34.95 34.95 34.95 34.95 34.95
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
Wall thickness mm 3.81 5.32 5.48 5.63 5.78 5.93 6.08
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 5.25 3.76 3.65 3.55 3.46 3.37 3.29
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 22378.28 40949.47 42806.59 44663.71 46520.82 48377.94 50235.06

at AB16 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025
Total head m 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42 19.42
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
Wall thickness mm 3.01 3.86 3.94 4.03 4.11 4.2 4.28
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.64 5.18 5.08 4.96 4.87 4.76 4.67
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
 Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 20685.43 37851.77 39568.4 41285.04 43001.67 44718.3 46434.94

at AB17 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285
Total head m 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
Wall thickness mm 3.01 3.86 3.94 4.03 4.11 4.2 4.28
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.64 5.18 5.08 4.96 4.87 4.76 4.67
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 35163.88 64345.53 67263.69 70181.86 73100.02 76018.19 78936.35

at AB18 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285 3.91285
Total head m 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.56
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
Wall thickness mm 3.01 3.86 3.94 4.03 4.11 4.2 4.28
 Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.64 5.18 5.08 4.96 4.87 4.76 4.67
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 35163.88 64345.53 67263.69 70181.86 73100.02 76018.19 78936.35

at AB19 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.947775 3.947775 3.947775 3.947775 3.947775 3.947775 3.947775
Total head m 19.74 19.74 19.74 19.74 19.74 19.74 19.74
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
Wall thickness mm 3.01 3.86 3.94 4.03 4.11 4.2 4.28
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.64 5.18 5.08 4.96 4.87 4.76 4.67
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 11422.66 20902.04 21849.98 22797.92 23745.86 24693.8 25641.73

at AB20 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.964175 3.964175 3.964175 3.964175 3.964175 3.964175 3.964175
Total head m 19.82 19.82 19.82 19.82 19.82 19.82 19.82
 Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
Wall thickness mm 3.01 3.86 3.94 4.03 4.11 4.2 4.28
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.64 5.18 5.08 4.96 4.87 4.76 4.67
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 9141.9 16728.54 17487.2 18245.87 19004.53 19763.2 20521.86

at AB21 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.97625 3.97625 3.97625 3.97625 3.97625 3.97625 3.97625
Total head m 19.88 19.88 19.88 19.88 19.88 19.88 19.88
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Wall thickness mm 3.07 3.96 4.04 4.13 4.22 4.31 4.4
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.51 5.05 4.95 4.84 4.74 4.64 4.55
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 10356.86 18951.77 19811.26 20670.75 21530.24 22389.74 23249.23

at AB22 Length m
 Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825
Total head m 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
Wall thickness mm 4.35 6.3 6.5 6.69 6.89 7.08 7.28
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 4.6 3.17 3.08 2.99 2.9 2.82 2.75
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 14334.96 26231.18 27420.81 28610.43 29800.05 30989.68 32179.3

at AB23 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825 9.009825
Total head m 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05 45.05
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
Wall thickness mm 4.35 6.3 6.5 6.69 6.89 7.08 7.28
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 4.6 3.17 3.08 2.99 2.9 2.82 2.75
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
 Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 17484.46 31994.38 33445.37 34896.36 36347.36 37798.35 39249.34

at AB24 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.27625 4.27625 4.27625 4.27625 4.27625 4.27625 4.27625
Total head m 21.38 21.38 21.38 21.38 21.38 21.38 21.38
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Wall thickness mm 3.12 4.05 4.15 4.24 4.33 4.43 4.52
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.41 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.62 4.51 4.42
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 22456.09 41091.85 42955.43 44819 46682.58 48546.15 50409.73

at AB25 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.3041 4.3041 4.3041 4.3041 4.3041 4.3041 4.3041
Total head m 21.52 21.52 21.52 21.52 21.52 21.52 21.52
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
 Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Wall thickness mm 3.12 4.05 4.15 4.24 4.33 4.43 4.52
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.41 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.62 4.51 4.42
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 29932.64 54773 57257.03 59741.07 62225.11 64709.14 67193.18

at AB26 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.310425 4.310425 4.310425 4.310425 4.310425 4.310425 4.310425
Total head m 21.55 21.55 21.55 21.55 21.55 21.55 21.55
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Wall thickness mm 3.12 4.05 4.15 4.24 4.33 4.43 4.52
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.41 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.62 4.51 4.42
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 33106 60579.86 63327.25 66074.64 68822.02 71569.41 74316.79

at AB27 Length m
 Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.34205 4.34205 4.34205 4.34205 4.34205 4.34205 4.34205
Total head m 21.71 21.71 21.71 21.71 21.71 21.71 21.71
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Wall thickness mm 3.12 4.05 4.15 4.24 4.33 4.43 4.52
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.41 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.62 4.51 4.42
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 7528.91 13776.98 14401.78 15026.59 15651.39 16276.2 16901.01

at AB28 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.3706 4.3706 4.3706 4.3706 4.3706 4.3706 4.3706
Total head m 21.85 21.85 21.85 21.85 21.85 21.85 21.85
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Wall thickness mm 3.12 4.05 4.15 4.24 4.33 4.43 4.52
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.41 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.62 4.51 4.42
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
 Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 37609.95 68821.52 71942.68 75063.84 78184.99 81306.15 84427.31

at AB29 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.3789 4.3789 4.3789 4.3789 4.3789 4.3789 4.3789
Total head m 21.89 21.89 21.89 21.89 21.89 21.89 21.89
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Wall thickness mm 3.12 4.05 4.15 4.24 4.33 4.43 4.52
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.41 4.94 4.82 4.72 4.62 4.51 4.42
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 33945.71 62116.42 64933.49 67750.57 70567.64 73384.71 76201.78

at AB30 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.3923 4.3923 4.3923 4.3923 4.3923 4.3923 4.3923
Total head m 21.96 21.96 21.96 21.96 21.96 21.96 21.96
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
 Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 9858.95 18040.65 18858.82 19676.99 20495.16 21313.33 22131.5

at AB31 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.402 4.402 4.402 4.402 4.402 4.402 4.402
Total head m 22.01 22.01 22.01 22.01 22.01 22.01 22.01
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 15926.42 29143.37 30465.07 31786.76 33108.46 34430.15 35751.85

at AB32 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
 Surge Head m 4.40715 4.40715 4.40715 4.40715 4.40715 4.40715 4.40715
Total head m 22.04 22.04 22.04 22.04 22.04 22.04 22.04
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 11526.32 21091.74 22048.28 23004.82 23961.36 24917.91 25874.45

at AB33 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.4296 4.4296 4.4296 4.4296 4.4296 4.4296 4.4296
Total head m 22.15 22.15 22.15 22.15 22.15 22.15 22.15
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 6131.94 11220.69 11729.56 12238.44 12747.31 13256.19 13765.06
at AB34 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.43785 4.43785 4.43785 4.43785 4.43785 4.43785 4.43785
Total head m 22.19 22.19 22.19 22.19 22.19 22.19 22.19
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 26696.08 48850.51 51065.95 53281.39 55496.84 57712.28 59927.72

at AB35 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.444075 4.444075 4.444075 4.444075 4.444075 4.444075 4.444075
Total head m 22.22 22.22 22.22 22.22 22.22 22.22 22.22
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
 Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 9800.25 17933.24 18746.54 19559.83 20373.13 21186.43 21999.73

at AB36 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.4483 4.4483 4.4483 4.4483 4.4483 4.4483 4.4483
Total head m 22.24 22.24 22.24 22.24 22.24 22.24 22.24
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 7380.43 13505.27 14117.75 14730.23 15342.72 15955.2 16567.68

at AB37 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.4593 4.4593 4.4593 4.4593 4.4593 4.4593 4.4593
Total head m 22.30 22.30 22.30 22.30 22.30 22.30 22.30
 Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 5039.72 9222.07 9640.3 10058.54 10476.77 10895.01 11313.24

at AB38 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025 3.52025
Total head m 22.36 22.36 22.36 22.36 22.36 22.36 22.36
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 13074.91 23925.45 25010.5 26095.56 27180.61 28265.67 29350.72
at AB39 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.481775 4.481775 4.481775 4.481775 4.481775 4.481775 4.481775
Total head m 22.41 22.41 22.41 22.41 22.41 22.41 22.41
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 14500.65 26534.38 27737.76 28941.13 30144.5 31347.88 32551.25

at AB40 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325
Total head m 22.53 22.53 22.53 22.53 22.53 22.53 22.53
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
 Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 12228.01 22375.73 23390.5 24405.28 25420.05 26434.82 27449.59

at AB41 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325 4.505325
Total head m 22.60 22.60 22.60 22.60 22.60 22.60 22.60
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 12228.01 22375.73 23390.5 24405.28 25420.05 26434.82 27449.59

at AB42 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 4.532725 4.532725 4.532725 4.532725 4.532725 4.532725 4.532725
Total head m 22.66 22.66 22.66 22.66 22.66 22.66 22.66
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
 Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Wall thickness mm 3.17 4.15 4.25 4.35 4.44 4.54 4.64
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 6.31 4.82 4.71 4.6 4.5 4.41 4.31
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 21931.43 40131.78 41951.81 43771.85 45591.89 47411.92 49231.96

at AB43 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025
Total head m 48.50 48.50 48.50 48.50 48.50 48.50 48.50
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
Wall thickness mm 4.56 6.69 6.91 7.12 7.33 7.55 7.76
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 4.39 2.99 2.89 2.81 2.73 2.65 2.58
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 10633.86 19458.65 20341.12 21223.6 22106.08 22988.56 23871.04

at AB44 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 21.3108 21.3108 21.3108 21.3108 21.3108 21.3108 21.3108
 Total head m 106.55 106.55 106.55 106.55 106.55 106.55 106.55
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
Wall thickness mm 7.6 12.27 12.73 13.2 13.67 14.13 14.6
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 2.63 1.63 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.42 1.37
Check OK Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 19953.32 36512.09 38167.96 39823.84 41479.72 43135.59 44791.47

at AB45 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 29.13828 29.138275 29.138275 29.13828 29.13828 29.138275 29.138275
Total head m 145.69 145.69 145.69 145.69 145.69 145.69 145.69
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43
Wall thickness mm 9.63 15.98 16.62 17.25 17.89 18.52 19.16
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 2.08 1.25 1.2 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.04
Check OK Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 25188.31 46091.47 48181.79 50272.1 52362.42 54452.73 56543.05
at AB46 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 32.87013 32.870125 32.870125 32.87013 32.87013 32.870125 32.870125
Total head m 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61
Wall thickness mm 10.59 17.74 18.46 19.17 19.89 20.6 21.32
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 1.89 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.94
Check Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 17664.18 32323.25 33789.16 35255.06 36720.97 38186.88 39652.78

at AB47 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 32.87013 32.870125 32.870125 32.87013 32.87013 32.870125 32.870125
Total head m 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35 164.35
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61
Wall thickness mm 10.59 17.74 18.46 19.17 19.89 20.6 21.32
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety 1.89 1.13 1.08 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.94
Check Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
 Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 11004.07 20136.07 21049.28 21962.48 22875.68 23788.88 24702.08

at AB48 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Total head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Wall thickness mm #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 14 14 14 14 16 16
Factor of safety #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Check #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Ext Dia mm 1210 2214 2314 2414 2514 2616 2716
Avg Dia mm 1205 2207 2307 2407 2507 2608 2708
Weight of steel Kg 891.63 2286.27 2389.86 2493.45 2597.04 3087.63 3206.02

at AB49 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Total head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Wall thickness mm #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
 Adopt t(mm) mm 10 18 18 18 20 20 20
Factor of safety #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Check #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Ext Dia mm 1210 2218 2318 2418 2520 2620 2720
Avg Dia mm 1205 2209 2309 2409 2510 2610 2710
Weight of steel Kg 4458.14 14710.77 15376.71 16042.66 18572.52 19312.46 20052.4

at AB50 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Total head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Wall thickness mm #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Adopt t(mm) mm 12 18 20 20 20 22 22
Factor of safety #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Check #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Ext Dia mm 1212 2218 2320 2420 2520 2622 2722
Avg Dia mm 1206 2209 2310 2410 2510 2611 2711
Weight of steel Kg 5354.21 14710.77 17092.64 17832.58 18572.52 21251.85 22065.78

at AB51 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Total head m #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
 Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Wall thickness mm #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Factor of safety #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Check #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!
Ext Dia mm 1210 2210 2310 2410 2510 2610 2710
Avg Dia mm 1205 2205 2305 2405 2505 2605 2705
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB52 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 33.12013 33.120125 33.120125 33.12013 33.12013 33.120125 33.120125
Total head m 165.60 165.60 165.60 165.60 165.60 165.60 165.60
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.62
Wall thickness mm 10.64 17.84 18.56 19.28 20 20.72 21.44
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 16 16 18 18 18 20
Factor of safety 1.88 1.79 1.72 1.87 1.8 1.74 1.87
Check Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin
Ext Dia mm 1210 2216 2316 2418 2518 2618 2720
Avg Dia mm 1205 2208 2308 2409 2509 2609 2710
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB53 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
 Surge Head m 33.37013 33.370125 33.370125 33.37013 33.37013 33.370125 33.370125
Total head m 166.85 166.85 166.85 166.85 166.85 166.85 166.85
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64
Wall thickness mm 10.75 18.04 18.76 19.49 20.22 20.95 21.68
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 16 16 18 18 18 20
Factor of safety 1.86 1.77 1.71 1.85 1.78 1.72 1.85
Check Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin Try AGAin
Ext Dia mm 1210 2216 2316 2418 2518 2618 2720
Avg Dia mm 1205 2208 2308 2409 2509 2609 2710
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB54 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 18 18 18 20 20 20
Factor of safety 10 18 18 18 20 20 20
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2218 2318 2418 2520 2620 2720
Avg Dia mm 1205 2209 2309 2409 2510 2610 2710
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
at AB55 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 12 18 20 20 22 22 22
Factor of safety 12 18 20 20 22 22 22
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1212 2218 2320 2420 2522 2622 2722
Avg Dia mm 1206 2209 2310 2410 2511 2611 2711
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB56 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 12 18 20 20 22 22 22
Factor of safety 12 18 20 20 22 22 22
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
 Ext Dia mm 1212 2218 2320 2420 2522 2622 2722
Avg Dia mm 1206 2209 2310 2410 2511 2611 2711
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB57 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 16 16 18 18 18 20
Factor of safety 10 16 16 18 18 18 20
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2216 2316 2418 2518 2618 2720
Avg Dia mm 1205 2208 2308 2409 2509 2609 2710
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB58 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 10 18 18 18 20 20 20
Factor of safety 10 18 18 18 20 20 20
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1210 2218 2318 2418 2520 2620 2720
Avg Dia mm 1205 2209 2309 2409 2510 2610 2710
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB59 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 12 22 22 24 24 24 26
Factor of safety 12 22 22 24 24 24 26
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1212 2222 2322 2424 2524 2624 2726
Avg Dia mm 1206 2211 2311 2412 2512 2612 2713
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB60 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 18 32 34 36 38 40 40
Factor of safety 18 32 34 36 38 40 40
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1218 2232 2334 2436 2538 2640 2740
Avg Dia mm 1209 2216 2317 2418 2519 2620 2720
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at AB61 Length m
Static head m
Penstock Diameter mm 1200 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700
Surge Head m 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025 9.700025
Total head m 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Penstock Flow
Velocity m/s 6.63 1.97 1.81 1.66 1.53 1.41 1.31
Buckling and
Handling thickness m 4.27 6.77 7.02 7.27 7.52 7.77 8.02
Internal pressure N/Mm^2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wall thickness mm 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Adopt t(mm) mm 18 32 34 36 38 40 40
Factor of safety 18 32 34 36 38 40 40
Check OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
Ext Dia mm 1218 2232 2334 2436 2538 2640 2740
Avg Dia mm 1209 2216 2317 2418 2519 2620 2720
Weight of steel Kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total length of pipe m
Total weight of steel kg 1039419 1914128 2002649 2089530
Penstock pipe cost NRs 1.87E+08344542973360476908 3.76E+08
Cost of civil works @ NRS 93547679172271487180238454 1.88E+08
Total cost of penstockNRs 2.81E+08516814460540715362 5.64E+08
2178273 2267554 2354597
3.92E+08408159686 423827379
1.96E+08204079843 211913690
5.88E+08612239529 635741069
Pipe Dia (m) Thickness (mm) Length (m) Weight (Ton) Wt. with 5% increase

2 8 1169.7 463.4 486.6

1.95 8 770.0 297.5 312.4

1.95 10 283.3 137.0 143.8

1.9 10 990.1 466.4 489.8

1.8 10 35.8 16.0 16.8

1.8 12 67.1 36.0 37.8

1.8 16 84.7 60.7 63.8

1.8 18 59.4 48.0 50.4

1.8 20 40.0 35.9 37.7

1.3 16 30.0 15.6 16.4

Total 3530.3 1576.5 1655.4

 137.68272
57826.7424
57.8267424

= 240028650
 2800
1.66
8.30

1.22

8.27
0.08
3
10
6.67
OK
2810
2805
58755.41

2800
3.52025
17.60

1.22

8.27
0.17
4.12
10
4.85
OK
2810
2805
120384.39
 2800
6.8692
34.35

1.22

8.27
0.34
6.23
10
3.21
OK
2810
2805
178738.6

2800
6.316125
31.58

1.22

8.27
0.31
5.86
10
 3.41
OK
2810
2805
74559.08

2800
3.625
18.13

1.22

8.27
0.18
4.24
10
4.72
OK
2810
2805
133661.17

2800
3.52025
18.08

1.22
 8.27
0.18
4.24
10
4.72
OK
2810
2805
89415.27

2800
3.64995
18.25

1.22

8.27
0.18
4.24
10
4.72
OK
2810
2805
48706.15
 2800
3.66135
18.31

1.22

8.27
0.18
4.24
10
4.72
OK
2810
2805
63005.96

2800
3.52025
18.20

1.22

8.27
0.18
4.24
10
4.72
OK
2810
 2805
42022.59

2800
3.674225
18.37

1.22

8.27
0.18
4.24
10
4.72
OK
2810
2805
29269.19

2800
3.6843
18.42

1.22

8.27
0.18
4.24
 10
4.72
OK
2810
2805
55797.42

2800
3.69185
18.46

1.22

8.27
0.18
4.24
10
4.72
OK
2810
2805
41757.4

2800
6.4045
32.02

1.22
 8.27
0.31
5.86
10
3.41
OK
2810
2805
56257.85

2800

28.23

1.22

8.27
0.28
5.48
10
3.65
OK
2810
2805
25468.33
 2800
6.989375
34.95

1.22

8.27
0.34
6.23
10
3.21
OK
2810
2805
52092.18

2800
3.52025
19.42

1.22

8.27
0.19
4.36
10
4.59
OK
2810
 2805
48151.57

2800
3.91285
19.56

1.22

8.27
0.19
4.36
10
4.59
OK
2810
2805
81854.51

2800
3.91285
19.56

1.22

8.27
0.19
4.36
 10
4.59
OK
2810
2805
81854.51

2800
3.947775
19.74

1.22

8.27
0.19
4.36
10
4.59
OK
2810
2805
26589.67

2800
3.964175
19.82
 1.22

8.27
0.19
4.36
10
4.59
OK
2810
2805
21280.52

2800
3.97625
19.88

1.22

8.27
0.2
4.49
10
4.45
OK
2810
2805
24108.72
 2800
9.009825
45.05

1.22

8.27
0.44
7.48
10
2.67
OK
2810
2805
33368.92

2800
9.009825
45.05

1.22

8.27
0.44
7.48
10
2.67
OK
2810
 2805
40700.33

2800
4.27625
21.38

1.22

8.27
0.21
4.61
10
4.34
OK
2810
2805
52273.31

2800
4.3041
21.52

1.22
 8.27
0.21
4.61
10
4.34
OK
2810
2805
69677.22

2800
4.310425
21.55

1.22

8.27
0.21
4.61
10
4.34
OK
2810
2805
77064.18
 2800
4.34205
21.71

1.22

8.27
0.21
4.61
10
4.34
OK
2810
2805
17525.81

2800
4.3706
21.85

1.22

8.27
0.21
4.61
10
4.34
OK
2810
 2805
87548.47

2800
4.3789
21.89

1.22

8.27
0.21
4.61
10
4.34
OK
2810
2805
79018.85

2800
4.3923
21.96

1.22

8.27
 0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
22949.67

2800
4.402
22.01

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
37073.54

2800
 4.40715
22.04

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
26830.99

2800
4.4296
22.15

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
14273.94
 2800
4.43785
22.19

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
62143.16

2800
4.444075
22.22

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
 10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
22813.03

2800
4.4483
22.24

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
17180.17

2800
4.4593
22.30
 1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
11731.47

2800
3.52025
22.36

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
30435.78
 2800
4.481775
22.41

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
33754.63

2800
4.505325
22.53

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
28464.36

2800
4.505325
22.60

1.22

8.27
0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
28464.36

2800
4.532725
22.66

1.22

8.27
 0.22
4.74
10
4.22
OK
2810
2805
51051.99

2800
9.700025
48.50

1.22

8.27
0.48
7.97
10
2.51
OK
2810
2805
24753.52

2800
21.3108
 106.55

1.22

8.27
1.05
15.07
10
1.33
Try AGAin
2810
2805
46447.35

2800
29.138275
145.69

1.22

8.27
1.43
19.8
10
1.01
Try AGAin
2810
2805
58633.37
 2800
32.870125
164.35

1.22

8.27
1.61
22.04
10
0.91
Try AGAin
2810
2805
41118.69

2800
32.870125
164.35

1.22

8.27
1.61
22.04
10
0.91
Try AGAin
2810
 2805
25615.28

2800
#REF!
#REF!

1.22

8.27
#REF!
#REF!
16
#REF!
#REF!
2816
2808
3324.41

2800
#REF!
#REF!

1.22

8.27
#REF!
#REF!
 22
#REF!
#REF!
2822
2811
22879.72

2800
#REF!
#REF!

1.22

8.27
#REF!
#REF!
22
#REF!
#REF!
2822
2811
22879.72

2800
#REF!
#REF!

1.22
 8.27
#REF!
#REF!
10
#REF!
#REF!
2810
2805
0

2800
33.120125
165.60

1.22

8.27
1.62
22.16
20
1.81
Try AGAin
2820
2810
0

2800
 33.370125
166.85

1.22

8.27
1.64
22.41
20
1.78
Try AGAin
2820
2810
0

2800
0
0.00

1.22

8.27
0
2
22
22
OK
2822
2811
0
 2800
0
0.00

1.22

8.27
0
2
24
24
OK
2824
2812
0

2800
0
0.00

1.22

8.27
0
2
24
24
OK
 2824
2812
0

2800
9.700025
0.00

1.22

8.27
0
2
20
20
OK
2820
2810
0

2800
9.700025
0.00

1.22

8.27
0
 2
22
22
OK
2822
2811
0

2800
9.700025
0.00

1.22

8.27
0
2
26
26
OK
2826
2813
0

2800
9.700025
0.00
 1.22

8.27
0
2
40
40
OK
2840
2820
0

2800
9.700025
0.00

1.22

8.27
0
2
40
40
OK
2840
2820
0
 2443726.73
439870811.4
219935405.7
659806217.1
 Design discharge 7.5 80000000
Length of the pipe 3530.25
Overall efficiency of the system 86.5% 72000000
Project life period 25.0
Discount rate 12.0% 64000000
Capital recovery factor 0.127
Dry season energy rate 8.400 56000000
Wet season energy rate 4.800
Dry season outage 5% 48000000
Wet season outage 5%
U.S. Dollar conversion rate 110 40000000

32000000
Flow
Monthly Availabl Operating Operating 24000000
Month
Flow e days hrs
flow
16000000
January 2.96 2.73 31 707
February 2.62 2.39 28 638
8000000
March 2.35 2.12 31 707
April 3.05 2.82 30 684
0
May 4.50 4.27 31 707 1.00 1.10
June 10.12 9.89 30 684
July 19.78 19.55 31 707
August 19.27 19.04 31 707
September 18.06 17.83 30 684
October 12.93 12.70 31 707
November 7.95 7.72 30 684
December 5.34 5.11 31 707 Darcy's friction factor
Roughness value k (mm)
k/d
Reynold's no. vD/mu
f

Headloss in pipe From Darcy's equation fLv2 Pipe dia.

HL 
2 gD C/s Area
Wetted Perimeter
Loss in capacity (kW) C  g * H L * Q * Hydraulic Radius
Flow velocity (v)
headloss
Max. Cpacity loss

Design flow
2.73
2.39
2.12
2.82
4.27
 7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.50
5.11

Total energy loss

Total energy loss cost
Cost of Pipe
Uniform annual cost
Increment in pipe cost
Cost of pipe/m
Total cost
 80000000

72000000 Total cost

Energy loss Cost
64000000
Incremental Pipe Cost

56000000

48000000

40000000

32000000

24000000

16000000

8000000

0
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50

on factor
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.0001500 0.0001364 0.0001250 0.0001154 0.0001071
7.35E+06 6.68E+06 6.12E+06 5.65E+06 5.25E+06
0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013

1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40

0.79 0.95 1.13 1.33 1.54
3.14 3.46 3.77 4.08 4.40
0.25 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35
9.55 7.89 6.63 5.65 4.87
213.30 132.44 85.72 57.45 39.66
13572.86 8427.68 5454.63 3655.56 2523.66

460133.14 285706.48 184917.19 123927.23 85554.59

278641.30 173014.32 111979.69 75046.20 51809.01
215137.00 133583.15 86458.74 57942.65 40001.38
490883.86 304800.26 197275.21 132209.30 91272.21
1764172.72 1095412.46 708981.45 475143.00 328020.45
 9283833.56 5764530.21 3730964.49 2500406.30 1726184.32
9593294.67 5956681.22 3855329.97 2583753.17 1783723.80
9593294.67 5956681.22 3855329.97 2583753.17 1783723.80
9283833.56 5764530.21 3730964.49 2500406.30 1726184.32
9593294.67 5956681.22 3855329.97 2583753.17 1783723.80
9283833.56 5764530.21 3730964.49 2500406.30 1726184.32
3025319.41 1878485.33 1215808.02 814806.48 562511.05

62865672.12 39034636.31 25264303.67 16931553.28 11688893.04

311518473.22 193428462.55 125192287.66 83900982.03 57922010.40
233861496.30 257131292.40 280643038.20 304194733.20 327504492.00
29817333.72 32784232.02 35781978.90 38784819.30 41756812.84
0 2966898.30022 5964645.17989 8967485.58135 11939479.12462
66244.94 72836.47 79496.54 86167.93 92770.78
311518473.224 196395360.852 131156932.837 92868467.6155 69861489.52653
 Total cost
Energy loss Cost
Incremental Pipe Cost

2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

0.0001000 0.0000938 0.0000882 0.0000833 0.0000789
4.90E+06 4.59E+06 4.32E+06 4.08E+06 3.87E+06
0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013

1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90

1.77 2.01 2.27 2.54 2.84
4.71 5.03 5.34 5.65 5.97
0.38 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.48
4.24 3.73 3.30 2.95 2.65
28.09 20.34 15.02 11.29 8.61
1787.37 1294.41 955.93 718.30 548.15

Energy loss
60593.66 43881.72 32407.01 24351.23 18582.99
36693.50 26573.30 19624.60 14746.30 11253.24
28330.80 20517.06 15152.02 11385.51 8688.55
64643.14 46814.33 34572.77 25978.63 19824.89
232319.04 168244.62 124250.03 93363.81 71248.07
 1222562.44 885375.36 653856.94 491320.43 374937.90
1263314.53 914887.87 675652.17 507697.77 387435.83
1263314.53 914887.87 675652.17 507697.77 387435.83
1222562.44 885375.36 653856.94 491320.43 374937.90
1263314.53 914887.87 675652.17 507697.77 387435.83
1222562.44 885375.36 653856.94 491320.43 374937.90
398395.97 288516.94 213072.12 160106.41 122180.87

8278607.03 5995337.69 4427605.89 3326986.49 2538899.78

41023008.82 29708716.70 21940130.11 16486227.18 12581018.50
351116529.30 374768521.20 398529231.30 421902901.80 445659178.50
44767346.89 47782975.14 50812464.96 53792607.24 56821531.80
14950013.16751 17965641.4207 20995131.2411 23975273.52419 27004198.08622
99459.26 106159.06 112889.65 119510.61 126239.95
55973021.98713 47674358.12068 42935261.35448 40461500.70543 39585216.58443

Recommended
 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.0000750 0.0000714 0.0000682 0.0000652
3.67E+06 3.50E+06 3.34E+06 3.19E+06
0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013

2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30

3.14 3.46 3.80 4.15
6.28 6.60 6.91 7.23
0.50 0.53 0.55 0.58
2.39 2.17 1.97 1.81
6.67 5.22 4.14 3.31
424.15 332.33 263.36 210.88

14379.16 11266.45 8928.33 7148.98

8707.54 6822.59 5406.70 4329.19
6723.03 5267.67 4174.47 3342.53
15340.12 12019.39 9525.01 7626.75
55130.40 43196.11 34231.64 27409.55
 290119.80 227316.45 180141.57 144240.81
299790.46 234893.67 186146.29 149048.84
299790.46 234893.67 186146.29 149048.84
290119.80 227316.45 180141.57 144240.81
299790.46 234893.67 186146.29 149048.84
290119.80 227316.45 180141.57 144240.81
94541.23 74075.53 58702.67 47003.70

1964552.25 1539278.10 1219832.38 976729.68

9734952.29 7627589.85 6044639.45 4839991.80
469455822.90 492953893.20 516814460.10 540715362.30
59855603.25 62851606.50 65893828.06 68941192.37
30038269.52879 33034272.78262 36076494.34201 39123858.65
132980.72 139636.92 146395.80 153166.11
39773221.81704 40661862.62979 42121133.79675 43963850.44789
 Viscosity[5]
η = 1.7921 mPa·s (cP) at 0 °C
η = 1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C
η = 1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C
η = 1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C
η = 1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C
η = 0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C
η = 0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C
η = 0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C
η = 0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C
η = 0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C

kinematic viscosity of water 1 mm^2 per sec

The Swamee-Jain equation is used to solve directly for the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flow

Where f is a function of:

roughness height, ε (m, ft)

pipe diameter, D (m, ft)
Reynolds number, Re (unitless).

The equation was found to match the Colebrook-White equation within 1.0% for 10 -6 < ε/D < 10-2 and 50

Head loss form

where

hf is the head loss due to friction;

L is the length of the pipe;
D is the hydraulic diameter of the pipe (for a pipe of circular section, this equals the internal diameter
V is the average velocity of the fluid flow, equal to the volumetric flow rate per unit cross-sectional w
g is the acceleration due to gravity, a physical constant;
f is a dimensionless coefficient called the Darcy friction factor.
 Viscosity[5]
η = 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C
η = 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C
η = 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C
η = 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C
η = 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C
η = 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C
η = 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C
η = 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C
η = 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C
η = 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C
η = 0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C

water 1 mm^2 per sec

e Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f for a full-flowing circular pipe. It is an approximation of the implicit Colebrook-White equation.

quation within 1.0% for 10 -6 < ε/D < 10-2 and 5000 < Re < 108.

cular section, this equals the internal diameter of the pipe);

volumetric flow rate per unit cross-sectional wetted area;
-White equation.
S.N. Seciton Length(m) dia Cummulative length,m
Plan Actual Plan Actual
1 Start BEND1 155.2854 155.31 2000 155.2854 155.31
2 BEND1 BEND2 96.6946 96.8475 2000 251.98 252.1575
3 BEND2 BEND3 146.2918 146.4776 2000 398.2718 398.6351

4 BEND3 BEND4 116.0891 116.1998 2000 514.3609 514.8349

5 BEND4 BEND5 115.9472 115.9734 2000 630.3081 630.8083
6 BEND5 BEND6 186.172 186.4352 2000 816.4801 817.2435
7 BEND6 BEND7 133.452 133.4521 2000 949.9321 950.6956
8 BEND7 BEND8 64.4382 64.4382 2000 1014.3703 1015.1338
9 BEND8 BEND9 93.6766 93.6766 2000 1108.0469 1108.8104
10 BEND9 BEND10 60.0026 60.0026 2000 1168.0495 1168.813
11 BEND10 BEND11 48.2307 48.2307 2000 1216.2802 1217.0437
12 BEND11 BEND12 58.6694 58.6694 2000 1274.9496 1275.7131
13 BEND12 BEND13 79.2285 79.2285 2000 1354.1781 1354.9416
14 BEND13 BEND14 76.4936 77.3471 2000 1430.6717 1432.2887
15 BEND14 BEND15 49.8447 49.9596 2000 1480.5164 1482.2483
16 BEND15 BEND16 64.666 65.1338 2000 1545.1824 1547.3821
17 BEND16 BEND17 69.2214 69.2214 1900 1614.4038 1616.6035
18 BEND17 BEND18 116.9459 116.946 1900 1731.3497 1733.5495
19 BEND18 BEND19 71.205 71.2048 1900 1802.5547 1804.7543
20 BEND19 BEND20 35.9638 35.9641 1900 1838.5185 1840.7184
21 BEND20 BEND21 44.0842 44.0842 1900 1882.6027 1884.8026
22 BEND21 BEND22 25.6718 25.6719 1900 1908.2745 1910.4745
23 BEND22 BEND23 49.1372 49.1372 1900 1957.4117 1959.6117
24 BEND23 BEND24 35.515 35.5154 1900 1992.9267 1995.1271
25 BEND24 BEND25 69.077 71.987 1900 2062.0037 2067.1141
26 BEND25 BEND26 66.6087 66.6087 1900 2128.6124 2133.7228
27 BEND26 BEND27 79.4823 81.7972 1900 2208.0947 2215.52
28 BEND27 BEND28 62.9929 62.9922 1900 2271.0876 2278.5122
29 BEND28 BEND29 64.399 64.3998 1900 2335.4866 2342.912
30 BEND29 BEND30 30.363 30.363 1900 2365.8496 2373.275
31 BEND30 BEND31 117.9428 117.9429 1900 2483.7924 2491.2179
32 BEND31 BEND32 111.8581 111.8579 1900 2595.6505 2603.0758
33 BEND32 BEND33 36.7906 36.7908 1900 2632.4411 2639.8666
34 BEND33 BEND34 49.0785 49.0785 1900 2681.5196 2688.9451
35 BEND34 BEND35 46.4073 46.4074 1900 2727.9269 2735.3525
36 BEND35 BEND36 20.6317 20.632 1900 2748.5586 2755.9845
37 BEND36 BEND37 93.6244 93.6238 1900 2842.183 2849.6083
38 BEND37 BEND38 51.6954 51.6958 1900 2893.8784 2901.3041
39 BEND38 BEND39 6.0439 6.0436 1900 2899.9223 2907.3477
40 BEND39 BEND40 40.3807 40.3807 1900 2940.303 2947.7284
41 BEND40 BEND41 42.3433 42.3433 1900 2982.6463 2990.0717
42 BEND41 BEND42 58.4206 58.4206 1900 3041.0669 3048.4923
43 BEND42 BEND43 41.1425 41.1425 1900 3082.2094 3089.6348
44 BEND43 BEND44 94.1789 94.1845 1900 3176.3883 3183.8193
45 BEND44 Surge Tank 73.7911 73.7955 1900 3250.1794 3257.6148
46 Surge TankBEND45 38.5858 38.5881 1800 3288.7652 3296.2029
47 BEND45 BEND46 61.0677 64.1854 1800 3349.8329 3360.3883
48 BEND46 BEND47 70.8906 84.7584 1800 3420.7235 3445.1467
49 BEND47 BEND48 50.5175 59.4324 1800 3471.241 3504.5791
50 BEND48 BEND49 33.832 36.9663 1800 3505.073 3541.5454
51 BEND49 BY 2 2 1800 3507.073 3543.5454
52
53
54
55
Adopt t(mm) Weight of ste

10 76.9965586
10 48.0131621
10 72.6178038
Diameter Thicknes Length Weight
10 57.6072675 (mm) s (mm) m MT
10 57.4950273 2000 10 1547.38 767.1
10 92.4272024 1900 10 1710.23 805.68
10 66.1602758 1800 10 38.58 17.23
10 31.9459123 1800 12 64.1854 34.42
10 46.4411552 1800 16 84.7584 60.74
10 29.7469172 1800 18 98.4 79.4
10 23.9108745
10 29.0859693
10 39.2783584
10 38.3456346
10 24.7679948
10 32.2907633 1547.382 767.1309
10 32.6099087
10 55.0927659
10 33.5442801
10 16.9425354
10 20.7678801
10 12.0939235
10 23.1483271
10 16.7311547
10 33.9127712
10 31.3790768
10 38.5343149
10 29.675359
10 30.3384734
10 14.3038809
10 55.5624013
10 52.6957835
10 17.3319903
10 23.1206737
10 21.8623298
10 9.71964793
10 44.1057762
10 24.3536727
10 2.8471144
10 19.023177
10 19.9477495
10 27.5216975
10 19.3820577
10 44.3699195
10 34.7647479 1710.233 805.6834
10 17.2269268
12 34.4232229
16 60.742745
18 47.9695329
18 29.8365226
18 1.61425529 98.3987 79.42031