Experiment 6

MATLAB Simulation
We draw connection as shown in figure 1 in MATLAB simulink and run the simulation.

Figure 1

Figure 2 showed phase voltage graph and figure 3 showed the line-to-line voltage graph.
Line voltage magnitude is lower than phase voltage magnitude.

Figure 2
 Figure 3

2. If the incoming generator to be increase to 300 V, the line-to-line voltages is also

increase. The graph show the perfectly match of magnitude, there are match with the
balance frequency applying.

Figure 4
3. If the incoming generator decreases to 100 V, the line-to-line voltages also decrease.

Figure 5

4. Increase the incoming frequency generator to 70 Hz will make the magnitude of line-
to-line voltages unstable. There are unstable operations on voltage showed in figure
because the frequency Generator A and Generator B (incoming generator) not match
to each other.

Figure 6
5. When frequency of incoming generator frequency is decrease to 50 Hz , line-to-line
voltage will be unstable showed in figure because frequency of Generator A and
Generator B (incoming generator) not match to each other.

Figure 7

6. After switch the phase sequence of the incoming generator, magnitude of line-to-line
voltage decrease as shown in figure.

Figure 8
Analysis and Discussion

When two synchronous generators are connected in parallel, they have an inherent
tendency to remain in step, on account of the changes produced in their armature currents by a
divergence of phase. There are a few requirements in order for the parallel generator to operate
efficiently. The first condition is that the root-mean-square (rms) of the generators must be equal
to each other. Other than that, their phase angles and phase sequences should equal with each
other. In choosing the suitable generators required, the easiest way is to generators that are
exactly alike, or at least have the same output rating and alternator pitch. For a more flexible
approach, two or more generators with variable output. In both situations, they can be
connected in parallel using paralleling switchgear to achieve max output during peak
requirement or the desired minimal output during other times.
Another factor to consider when dealing with parallel generators is that the oncoming generators
must be paralleled at a higher frequency than the running system. This is to avoid very large
current flows when the switch is closed. The generators can also potentially be damaged to high
current surge and the loads will lose power.
Parallel standby power systems have been proven to be significantly advantageous over single
generator units. The first advantage being in its reliability especially in critical loads conditions.
Should one unit breaks down, the critical loads will be redistributed among the other units, thus
reducing the stress put on each generator. This means that power can be maintained in the
power systems in the case that one of the units goes out. The second advantage is that parallel
generators allow expendability. Parallel systems allow variations in load without overrunning
budget or piling up expensive units that rarely gets used. More generators can be added should
additional power be required. Similarly, generators can also be detached from the unit and used
on other sites. Multiple units allows greater flexibility than using just only one large-sized
generator of a high capacity. Multiple smaller generators operating in parallel do need to be
grouped together can be distributed in multiple areas as contrary to having a very large footprint
for a single, larger generator. During maintenance, only individual units needs to be dismantled
and serviced without disturbing the functions of other units. This ensures multiple layers of
protection and an uninterrupted supply of power. Lastly, this type of generators usually operate
in parallel are typically of smaller capacities. The engines used in these generators are usually
industrial, on-road or high-volume engines designed with advanced manufacturing technology
that gives them a high degree of reliability and low cost of generation per unit of power.
Conclusion

There are several conditions that must be satisfied for paralleling synchronous
generator. Those conditions stated below :
I. The rms line voltages of two generators must be equal.
 Rms voltage of both generators must be the same. The voltage in phases a and
a’ will be completely identical if both their magnitude and angle are the same.
II. Both generators must have the same phase sequence.
 Ensure that the sequence in which the phase voltages peak in the two
generators is the same.
III. The phase angles of the two a phases must be equal.
IV. The frequency of incoming generator must slightly higher than frequency of running
system.

To verify same rms voltages, voltmeter is placed on output terminals of both systems. Secondly,
in order to verify same phase sequence, connect two analogues voltmeter across the switch. To
verify same phase angles, we used synchronize scope. Lastly, we are able to verify the
frequency of two generators slightly different by putting frequency meter on output terminals of
both systems.
In this experiment, we compare the sequence of two running system by using analogue
voltmeter. Another way to do this is by using three-light-bulb method and connecting a small
induction motor to the terminals of each generator. If both motors rotate in the same direction,
they are in the same phase sequence.
During synchronization, the generator terminal voltage and the system voltage are unequal.
This problem can be fixed by adjusting the generator terminal voltage. In order to change
terminal voltage, we controlled the excitation current of the generator. This can be happen
because the terminal voltage is proportional to excitation current.
To adjust the frequency and the phase angle of the generator voltage, first, we have to watch a
frequency meter until the frequencies are close and then by observing changes in the phase
between the systems. The incoming generator is adjusted to a slightly higher frequency so that
when it is connected, it will come on the line supplying power as a generator, instead of
consuming it as a motor. Once the frequencies are very equal, the voltages in the two systems
will change phase with respect to each other very slowly. The phase changes are observed, and
when the phase angles are equal, the switch connecting the systems together will be shut.
To change a phase sequence, simply swap the connections on any two of the three phases on
one of the machines. Other than that, the frequencies of the two machines must be very nearly
equal but not exactly equal. They must differ by a small amount so that the phase angles of the
oncoming machine will change slowly with respect to the phase angles of the running system.
The angles between the voltages than can be observed and the switch can be closed when the
systems are exactly in phase.