Gear-Based Transmission System

- Terminology Used in Gears

- Gear Train Principles
- Simple and Compound Gear Train
- Gear Efficiency
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a. Parallel
Spur Gear
Helical Gear
Rack and Pinion

b. Intersecting
Bevel Gear

c. Non-intersecting and Non-parallel

Worm gears
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Teeth is parallel to axis of
rotation
Transmit power from one shaft
to another parallel shaft

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External spur gear
Internal spur gear

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The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the
gear
This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much
more smoothly and quietly than spur gears

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 To avoid axial thrust, two
helical gears of opposite hand
can be mounted side by side,
to cancel resulting thrust
forces

 Herringbone gears are mostly

used on heavy machinery.

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Rack and pinion gears are used
to convert rotation (From the
pinion) into linear motion (of the
rack)

A perfect example of this is the

steering system on many cars

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Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's
rotation needs to be changed
They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well

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Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are
needed.

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 Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder
(cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be considered to
replace.

 Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.

 Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space,

measured on the pitch circle.
 T = number of teeth
d
 d = pitch diameter Pc
T
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 Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of

a gear unit pitch diameter.

Where
T
Pd = diametral pitch
T = number of teeth Pd 
d = pitch diameter d

Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by

number of teeth. m = d/T

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 d= Diameter of the wheel
N = Speed of the wheel
ω = Angular speed

 2 N 2 d1
velocity ratio (n) =  
1 N1 d 2

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SIMPLE GEAR DRIVE
 A simple gear drive consists of two shafts, containing wheels, with
similar teeth geared together.

Figure 1
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VELOCITY RATIO OF A
SIMPLE GEAR DRIVE
It is the ratio between the We know that the pitch of the
driver,
velocities of the driver and
the follower or driven. Now ----------------(i)
consider a simple gear drive
as shown in Figure 1
Similarly, pitch of the follower,
Let N1 = Speed of the driver in rpm -----------------(ii)
T1 = No. of teeth on the driver
d1 = Diameter of the pitch circle of
the driver
N2 , T2 , d2 = Corresponding values for the
follower
P = Pitch of the two wheels.

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VELOCITY RATIO OF A
SIMPLE GEAR DRIVE
Since the pitch of both the
wheels is the same, therefore,
Equating (i) and (ii),

Therefore the Velocity ratio,

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POWER TRANSMITTED BY
SIMPLE GEAR
 Consider a simple gear drive transmitting power, from
one shaft to another.
 Let :
 F = Tangential force exerted by the driver in Newton (also
called pressure between the teeth)
 V = peripheral velocity of the driver, at the pitch point, in m/s

Power = F x v N.m/s
= F x v J/s
= F x v Watts
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 Solution:
Given T = 100; P = 40 mm; F =
100 N; N = 225 rpm
We know that circumference of
 In a spur gear arrangement, the
the pitch circle = 100 x 40 =
driver has 100 teeth of 40 mm 4000 mm = 4 m
pitch.
Velocity of diver at the pitch
 Find the power, if it can
point
transmit a tangential force of
100 N on the follower.
 Take speed of driver as 225
rpm.
And power transmitted by the
gear,

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 GEAR TRAIN
 Sometimes two or more gears are made to mesh with
each other
 There are 2 types of train of wheels depending upon
the arrangement of wheels:
 (a) Simple train of wheels
 (b) Compound train of wheels

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TYPES OF GEAR TRAINS
1) Simple gear train
2) Compound gear train
3) Planetary gear train

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SIMPLE TRAIN OF GEARS

(a) (b)

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 SIMPLE TRAIN OF GEARS
 Let: Since the driver gears with the
 N1 = Speed of the driver in intermediate wheel, therefore
rpm
------------- (i)
 T1 = No. of teeth on the
driver
 N2, T2 = Corresponding Similarly, as the intermediate wheel
values for the intermediate gears with the follower, therefore
wheel ------------- (ii)
 N3, T3 = Corresponding
values for the follower
Multiplying (ii) by (i),

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COMPOUND TRAIN OF GEARS
 In this case, each intermediate shaft has two
wheels rigidly fixed to it, so that they may
have the same speed.

Let:
N1 = Speed of the driver 1 in rpm
T1 = No. of teeth on the driver 1
Similarly,
N2, N3, …… N6 = Speed of the respective
wheels in rpm.
T2, T3, ……T6 = No. of teeth on the
respective wheels.

Figure 3
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COMPOUND TRAIN OF GEARS
Since the wheel 1 gears with the wheel 2, therefore

Multiply equations (i), (ii) and (iii)

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 The number of teeth on each wheel as given

The motor shaft is connected Gear A B C D E F

to A and rotates at 975 rpm. No. of 20 50 25 75 26 65

teeth
The gear wheels B, C, D and
E are fixed to parallel shafts
rotating together.
The final gear F is fixed on
the output shaft G.

What is the speed of F?

Figure 4

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 Given, NA = 975 rpm; TA = 20; TB = 50; TC = 25;
TD =75; TE = 20; TF = 65
 Let NF = Speed of the shaft F
 We know that

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DESIGN OF SPUR GEARS
 Sometimes the spur wheels are to be designed for the given velocity
ratio and distance between centres of their shafts.

Let x = Distance between the centres of the two shafts

T1 = No. of teeth on the driver
d1 = Diameter of the pitch circle of the driver
T2, d2 = Corresponding values for the follower, and
P = Pitch of the teeth

We know that the distance between the centres of two shafts,

And speed ratio or velocity ratio,

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EXAMPLE 3
Two parallel shafts,
about 600 mm apart are
to be connected by spur
gears.
One shaft is to run at
360 rpm and the other Given x = 600 mm; N1 = 360 rpm; N2
at 120 rpm. = 120 rpm; PC = 25 mm
Design the gears, if the d1 = Pitch circle diameter of the first
gear
circular pitch is to be 25
mm. d2 = Pitch circle diameter of the
second gear

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We know that speed ratio,

And centre distance between the

shafts (x),

From equation (i) and (ii), we find

that
d1 = 300 mm, and d2 = 900 mm
Number of teeth on the first gear,

Therefore let us make the number of teeth

on the first gear as 38.

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  Now the exact pitch circle
 And number of teeth on diameter of the first gear
the second gear

 Since the number of teeth  And the exact pitch circle

on both the gears are to diameter of the second gear
be in complete numbers,
therefore let us make the
number of teeth on the
first gear as 38.
 Exact distance between the
 Therefore for a speed two shafts
ratio of 3, the number of
teeth on the second gear
should be 38 x 3 = 113.
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 2

2
1
1

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 2

2
1
1

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EXAMPLE 4

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