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Introduction

Rationale of the Study


Theoretical Background
Theoretical Framework
The problem
Statement of the problem
Statement of Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Definition of Term
The Effectiveness of Using Banana (Musa acuminata) peels,Rice (Oryza aristata) straw and Coffee
grounds as an Alternative Bedding Materials for Oyster (Pleurotis ostreatus) mushroom
cultivation

Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Conceptual Paradigm
Definition of Terms

Introduction
Mushrooms are rare type of fungi. Since ancient times, mushrooms have been attracting attention
of mankind and have been used as food. Nowadays, mushrooms are one of the food sources that are
common in rural areas. This is because of the abundance of food source such as fallen tree trunks and
rotting wood stumps, which intensified by the maintained temperature and humidity caused by the
environment. The team observed that more developed urban cities like the city of Imus has a very
minimal or limited production of mushroom. This whole idea encourages our team to find new ways to
cultivate mushrooms.
Mushroom cultivation has now gained popularity around the world. However, its’ present
cultivation in our country is limited, perhaps due to insufficiency of planting materials and the limited
local knowledge about its culture. Specifically, the cultivation of oyster mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms
are hard to cultivate. It requires a specific substrate to grow with.
The researcher aims to search for new and better ways to cultivate oyster mushrooms. It also
seeks how to generate these species of mushrooms without spending too much money and time.
Statement of the Problem
This study intends to investigate the effectiveness of the banana peelings and rice straws and coffee
grounds as bedding materials for mushroom cultivation. Specifically, the study seeks to determine:
1. The growth of mushroom in terms of different factors
2. Which bedding is the most effective in growing oyster mushroom easier and faster?
bedding materials: rice straw, banana peelings and corn husk
A. Bedding 1; 25 g of rice straw, 50 g of banana peels, 25 g of coffee grounds(1:2:1)
B. Bedding 2; 50 g of rice straw, 25 g of banana peels, 25 g of coffee grounds(2:1:1)
C. Bedding 3; 25 g of rice straw, 25 g of banana peels, 50 g of coffee grounds(1:1:2)
3. Is there a significant difference between the control group and the most effective
bedding materials?

Statement of Hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the control group and the most effective
bedding materials.
Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the control group and the most effective
bedding materials.

Significance of the Study


This study intends to cultivate oyster mushrooms (Pleurotis ostreatus) with the use of banana peelings,
rice straw and coffee grounds. Moreover, the study addresses itself to:

Agriculturist
They may gain insights and ways on how to cultivate mushrooms by using inexpensive materials.
Productivity in agriculturist will then level up.
Teachers (College professors major in Agriculture)
Improved teaching knowledge and manifestation
Students
Improved general knowledge in the field of mycology and agriculture
Community (Farmers)
Their easy-at-hand mushroom business cultivation.
Future researchers
If the future researchers will try do a related thesis about mushroom cultivation using raw materials, they
can use this thesis as a guide.

Scope and Limitations

This study will look into the effectiveness of banana peels, rice straw, and coffee ground as a bedding
materials for oyster mushroom. Moreover, study will further obtain a large number of productions of
these mushrooms. It will be conducted at #109 Real 1 Bacoor, Cavite from the month of April to July
2014. Portions of the experiment will too place on Ilas’ Mushroom Farm at Nia Road.
This study is limited for cultivating oyster mushrooms and the only usage of the prepared bedding
materials.

Definition of Terms
Bedding materials - added materials for cultivation and propagation of mushroom
Cap – the roof-like part of the mushroom
Mushroom Cultivation - Process of increase in growth and number of mushroom
Mushroom house - it is the place where you put the bedding
Oyster mushroom- one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, Species of Pleurotus may be called oyster,
abalone, or tree mushrooms
Spawn - the propagating material of mushrooms.

Research Design
Materials
Mushroom House
Procedure
Preparation of bedding materials
Bed processing
Harvesting the mushroom
Gathering of data
Statistical Treatment of Data

Chapter 3
Methodology
Research Design
This study will use experimental design particularly the single group, this type involves a single treatment
with two or more levels.
Materials
100 g Rice Straw
100 g Banana Peels
100g Coffee grounds
50 g Corn Husk
100 g Saw Dust
60 mL Tea
4cm x 6 cm plastic container
Indoor thermometer
Weight Caliper
Sand(unknown measurement)
Oyster Mushroom Spawn
Plywood
Height=5’8”
Width=5’6”
Length=8’

Mushroom house
1 A room temperature of 24ºC - 28ºC with diffused light and ventilation is required.
2 Lower temperature adversely affects growth and production of oyster mushroom
3 Sand must be spread on the floor up to 2-3 cm and be kept moist.
4 The room should be made rodent and insect proof.
5 The side and roofs should be partially made from rice straw

Procedure (Preparation of Bedding Materials)


1 Bundle the banana peelings and the rice straw.
2 Cut each of the banana leaves and rice straw by 10 inches.
3 Soak the banana peelings and rice straw within 4 hours.
4 Knit the banana peelings and rice straw and compactly arranged them.
5 Add the coffee grounds.

Procedure (Bed Processing)


1 Water the bed twice a day.
2 Press the layer to level of surface.
3 Insert thumb size spawns.
4 Set the second layer of straw on the top of the first layer and lastly cover with plastic sheet gauges.
5 Put the prepared container inside the mushroom house.

Procedure (Harvesting the Mushroom)


1 Harvest the mushroom as a whole.
2 Don’t leave any part of the mushroom in the bedding because the left part will degrade if mushroom
parts are left deeper.
3 Harvest the mushroom as a whole.
4 Don’t leave any part of the mushroom in the bedding because the left part will degrade if mushroom
parts are left deeper.

Procedure (Gathering of Data)


1 The data will be gathered once a week.
2 This was done by determining the growth parameter on the mushroom plant; its height, length, and
width.
3 The number of mushroom grown in each bedding is also determined.

Statistical Treatment of Data


The data that will be gathered will be analyzed through the use of one-way ANOVA. This will be use to
compare the mean growth of oyster mushroom
F = Anova Coefficient
MST = Mean sum of squares due to treatment
MSE = Mean sum of squares due to error.

END
Growth of Mushroom
Bedding 1; 25 g of rice straw, 50 g kilo of banana peels, 25 g of coffee grounds
Bedding 2; 50 g of rice straw, 25 g of banana peels, 25 g of coffee grounds
Bedding 3; 25 g of rice straw, 25 g of banana peels, 50 g of coffee grounds
Control group 50 g of saw dust, 25 g of corn husk and 50 mL of tea
Conceptual Paradigm
Chapter 2
Related Legal Basis
Related Literature
Related Study
Related Legal Basis

It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote, propagate, develop further and implement the
practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively condition and enrich the fertility
of soil, increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the
depletion of natural resources, further protect the health of farmers and, consumers and the general public,
and save on imported farm inputs. Towards this end, a comprehensive program for the promotion of
community-based organic agriculture systems which include, among others, farmers-produced purely
organic fertilizers such as compost, pesticides and other farm inputs, together with a nationwide
educational and promotional campaign for their use and processing as well as adoption of organic
agriculture system as a viable alternative shall be undertaken.

Declaration of Policy
The Civil Code of the Philippines
Art. 441. To the owner belongs:
The natural fruits;
The industrial fruits;
The civil fruits.
Art. 442. Natural fruits are the spontaneous products of the soil. Industrial fruits are those produced by
lands of any kind through cultivation or labor.
Art. 443. He who receives the fruits has the obligation to pay the expenses made by a third person in their
production, gathering, and preservation.
Art. 444. Only such as are manifest or born are considered as natural or industrial fruits.

Related Literature
Health Benefits of Edible Mushrooms: A Mini Review

A mushroom is the reproductive structure produced by some fungi and is the fleshy,spore-bearing fruiting
body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. It is somewhat like the
fruit of a plant, except that the "seeds" it produces are in fact millions of microscopic spores that form in
the gills or pores underneath the mushroom's cap. The spores blow away into the wind, or are spread by
other means, such as animal feeding. If they land on a suitable substrate (such as wood or soil) spores will
germinate to form a network of microscopic rooting threads (mycelium) which penetrate into their new
food source.

Mushroom
A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on
soil or on its food source. The standard for the name "mushroom" is the cultivated white button
mushroom, Agaricus bisporus; hence the word "mushroom" is most often applied to those fungi
(Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and gills (lamellae, sing.
lamella) or pores on the underside of the cap."Mushroom" describes a variety of gilled fungi, with or
without stems, and the term is used even more generally, to describe both the fleshy fruiting bodies of
some Ascomycota and the woody or leathery fruiting bodies of some Basidiomycota, depending upon the
context of the forms deviating from the standard morphology usually have more specific names, such as
"puffball", "stinkhorn", and "morel", and gilled mushrooms themselves are often called "agarics" in
reference to their similarity to Agaricus or their place Agaricales. By extension, the term "mushroom" can
also designate the entire fungus when in culture; the thallus (called a mycelium) of species forming the
fruiting bodies called mushrooms; or the species itself.

Edible mushroom
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies of several species of fungi.Mushrooms belong to
the macrofungi, because their fruiting structures are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. They can
appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) where they may be picked by hand.
Edibility may be defined by criteria that include absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable
taste and aroma. Edible mushrooms are consumed by humans as comestibles for their nutritional value
and they are occasionally consumed for their supposed medicinal value. Mushrooms consumed by those
practicing folk medicine are known as medicinal mushrooms. While hallucinogenic mushrooms (e.g.
Psilocybin mushrooms) are occasionally consumed for recreational or religious purposes, they can
produce severe nausea and disorientation, and are therefore not commonly considered edible mushrooms.

Features of a Mushroom
The body of almost all fungi is a mycelium, which is an interwoven mass of one-cell-thick, thread like
filaments called hypae. Depending on the species, hypae either consist of single elongated cells with
numerous nuclei or are subdivided by partitions called septa.

Mushroom
Mushrooms have been cultivated since ancient times for their nutritional value and flavour especially in
the far eastern countries. The protein found in mushrooms is less than in animals but much more than in
most plants. They have low fat content, high fibre and all essential amino acids and with the exception of
iron, contain all important minerals too.

Eat This During Winter to Radically Reduce Your Risk of the Cold and Flu
Some of the most potent immunosupportive agents come from mushrooms, and science is just beginning
to tap into this vast natural medicine warehouse. There are mushrooms that kill viruses, mushrooms that
kill bacteria, and even mushrooms that kill yeast—which may surprise you, given they're both fungi.
Some mushrooms destroy cancer cells, and others facilitate nerve regeneration. Fungi are incredibly
resilient, even surviving radioactivity.

Why Eat Mushroom?


Mushrooms are often eaten for flavor and not for their nutritional value. Properly prepared, they may be
combined with ordinary foods to add variety and flavor. Little known is the fact that mushroom is a
“veritable drug store”, for liberal servings of these vegetables have been reported to have eased colds and
arrested infection and wounds. With claims that edible mushrooms are gifted with germ-stopping
properties, one chronicler had an article written entitled, “Vegetable antibiotic on your dinner table”.

Know Your Mushrooms


There are plenty of homemade rules that supposedly tell you which mushrooms are edible and which are
not, some of which are:
1.)those with rings are poisonous
2) those which blacken when a coin is placed in the water when the mushroom is boiling, are not edible
3) those that grow on manure are poisonous
4) those with scales are dangerous
Unfortunately, these are absolutely unreliable. The only safe procedure is to know your mushroom. But
how? Through words of mouth as well as through easy-to-consult popular bulletins on edible mushrooms.
Be cautious though, because pictures are sometimes deceiving. None, not even a specialist for that matter,
may know all the thousand different kinds of mushrooms. If you are the adventurous type, however, you
can decide for yourself whether the mushroom is edible or not. Chew a very small piece of raw (but safe
cooked) mushroom. Then without swallowing the juice, spit it out. Then after 24 hours no sign of nausea,
headache or dizziness occur, then you can take
another bite, this time a little bigger. Wait for another hours and if you are still up and awake, then you
can eat it all up.

Oyster Pleurotus ostreatus


White to light gray or grayish yellow, fan shaped to shallowly funnel shaped cup. Stalk very short or
lacking: attached at one side or of center if present. Grow in clumps, on stumps, logs and rotting wood.

How I grow mushrooms


Mushrooms prefer shady, moist environments, but they don't necessarily need soil to grow in. Some kinds
are attracted to freshly cut wood, or wood chippings so one thing you can do is leave stacks of these
around the garden. Given time, different mushrooms will find these wood piles and start growing.
Mushrooms don't need light to grow. Give them moisture and a cool climate and they'll grow overnight.
Mushrooms and other fungi could pop up anywhere in your garden, even without you trying to grow any,
so please get them safely identified – if you're lucky they may be edible

Training Manual on Mushroom Cultivation technology


In addition to their good proteins, mushrooms are a relatively good source of the following individual
nutrients: fat, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, ergosterine and
niacin. They are low in calories, carbohydrates and calcium. Mushrooms also contain a high proportion of
unsaturated fat.

Small-scale mushroom cultivation


Mushrooms belong to the kingdom of Fungi, a group very distinct from plants, animals and bacteria.
Fungi lack the most important feature of plants: the ability to use energy from the sun directly through
chlorophyll. Thus, fungi depend on other organisms for food, absorbing nutrients from the organic
material in which they live.

On exposure to UV-light, mushrooms also produce large amounts of vitamin D, which is normally
difficult to obtain from a regular diet intake. In light of the growing incidences of cancer in today’s world,
it is high time people woke up to the beneficial effects of mushrooms and utilized their cancer-fighting
qualities

Trends in Mushroom cultivation and breeding


Non-Sterile mushroom Cultivation
Hydrogen peroxide simplifies the whole process or growing fungi. There’s no need to build a sterile
laboratory, buy a special giant pressure cooker, or even construct a glove box. A low concentration of
peroxide keeps out the contaminants, while allowing healthy growth of mushroom tissue. And as the
mushroom tissue grows, it converts the peroxide to water and oxygen, leaving a clean, vigorous
mushroom culture.

Training Manual on Mushroom Cultivation Technology


Mushroom cultivation technology is friendly to the environment. The production of edible and medicinal
mushrooms utilizing, for example, paddy straw, cotton wastes, coffee waste, water hyacinth, tree saw
dust, sugar cane bagasse, wild grasses and various categories of refuse and lignocellulosic wastes, could
readily be adopted in Asian and Pacific communities in sophisticated, but low technology approaches.

Small Scale Mushroom Cultivation


There are plenty of reasons to do so. Mushrooms are good cash crop; they are rather easy to grow and are
brimming with protein, B vitamins and minerals. They even have medicinal properties. Time between
spawning and harvesting can be as short as three weeks. Furthermore, after the cultivation, you can still
use the substrate as a good soil conditioner.

Mushroom Cultivation and Marketing


These are the steps in mushroom production— a cycle that takes about 15 weeks (time varies by species)
from start to finish. Choosing a growing medium. Pasteurizing or sterilizing
the medium. Seeding the beds with spawn (material from mature mushrooms grown on sterile media)
Maintaining optimal temperature, moisture, and other conditions for mycelium growth and the conditions
that favor fruiting (This is the most challenging step.) Harvesting, packaging, and selling the mushrooms.
Cleaning the facility and beginning again.

Acidity of coffee
In terms of the pH profile, coffee rates as low-acid, coming in at 4.5 – 6.0, depending on the coffee (A pH
of 7.0 is neutral). Most regular sodas, diet sodas, orange juice and lemonade are significantly more acidic,
at 2.0 – 3.0 pH. Coffee has a multitude of chemical constituents; it’s more complex than wine. It is
possible that the acids (of which there are many) are the culprit, but coffee does contain other components
that are potentially irritating to the human gut. Despite all the research that’s been done, there is still much
that is unknown about how
the different elements in coffee react in our bodies.Acidity in coffee is not related to its level,
and is actually considered to be a desirable quality.

Acidity of Banana peelings


Acidity level that oyster mushroom can sustain
Environmental Needed
-pH Edible mushrooms vary in pH requirements. Most edible mushroom grows well over the range pH 3
to 7.
-Temperature The majority of edible mushroom are wesophilic, growing at temperatures within the
optimum temperatures between 20 oC and 25 oC.
-Light. No mushrooms can manufacture their own food and thus have to rely on dead plant material.
Therefore, they do not need light for photosynthesis, especially during mycelium growth, when light
would slow down the process. The majority of edible mushroom grow well in the dark. While the light is
necessary during the fruiting phase.
-Aeration. All edible mushroom are aerobic, when grown in tubes, bottles or plastic bags, obtain
sufficient oxygen through cotton wood plugs, lose bottle caps or plastic bags.
-Watering During the spore production phase, the amount of water needed is not much. Generally 1 litter
of drinking water is needed to make mixture of potato and agar in order to cut the internal tissue for first
spore propagation. But in watering mushrooms it is advisable to use a fine sprayer. The watering
frequency depends on the surrounding atmospheric humidity. If the humidity is low, watering should be
done more often and vice versa. If the humidity is more than about 80%, do not water too often.

Related Study
Comparative study on growth and yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) on different
substrates
Experiment was carried out in the mushroom cultivation laboratory, Horticulture Center, Khairtala,
Jessore to evaluate the better performance of oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida in different substrate
compositions as well as to find out the better substrate for mushroom cultivation. Highest mycelium
running rate was found in banana leaves and rice straw (1:1) but the lowest in control. Completion of
mycelium running time was lowest in banana leaves and rice straw (1:3 and 3:1). Number of total
primordia and effective primordia, found highest in control but the maximum pileus thickness was
measured from rice straw. Highest biological yield and economic yield (164.4 g and 151.1 g) was
obtained from rice straw which was much higher than control.

Cultivation Of Mushroom (Pleurotus Florida) By Using Two Different Agricultural Wastes In Laboratory
Condition
An approach for cultivation of paddy straw and cotton mushroom (Pleurotus florida) was experimented in
our lab condition. The result of trail conducted during the month of March 2008 reveled the possibility of
culturing Pleurotus florida in our lab conditions.Mushroom packs or mushroom beds with paddy straw
and cotton as a substrates were put in the lab and maintained temperature at 230C and humidity 80% for 4
weeks for paddy straw and for cotton 7 weeks. An average yield of ½ kg/pack was obtained in 4 weeks in
paddy straw and 1 kg was obtained in cotton waste after 7 weeks. So cotton waste gave more amount of
mushrooms comparatively paddy straw mushroom.

Effects of Oryza sativa (rice straw mulch) on the growth of Brassica junsea (Mustard)
Conclusion- Using rice straw mulch gave the most significant results
Mulches shade and insulate the soil and thus lower the soil temperature, reduction is as good thing on a
hot summer day, but is a detriment when it slows plant growth in the spring or delays field work because
the soil stays wet too long. It gives plant more uniform temperature about the roots. Mulch act as blanket,
protecting soil from sun; converse moisture.

A Project: Feasibility Study on Oyster Mushroom Production in Tagaytay city


Composting: Sawdust is mixed with lime and sugar in proportion adopted by the operator. The
mixture is moistened with water and is piled in a heap. The pile is covered with a plastic sheet
and is allowed to compost for 30-40 days.

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