Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles

McGraw-Hill, 2008

Chapter 10
VAPOR & COMBINED POWER CYCLES
-
STEAM POWER PLANT & RANKINE CYCLE

Mehmet Kanoglu

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Objectives
•  Analyze vapor power cycles in which the working fluid
is alternately vaporized and condensed.
•  Investigate ways to modify the basic Rankine vapor
power cycle to increase the cycle thermal efficiency.
•  Analyze the reheat and regenerative vapor power
cycles.

2
THE CARNOT VAPOR CYCLE
The Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle operating between two specified temperature
limits but it is not a suitable model for power cycles. Because:
Process 1-2 Limiting the heat transfer processes to two-phase systems severely limits the
maximum temperature that can be used in the cycle (374°C for water)
Process 2-3 The turbine cannot handle steam with a high moisture content because of the
impingement of liquid droplets on the turbine blades causing erosion and wear.
Process 4-1 It is not practical to design a compressor that handles two phases.
The cycle in (b) is not suitable since it requires isentropic compression to extremely
high pressures and isothermal heat transfer at variable pressures.

1-2 isothermal heat

addition in a boiler
2-3 isentropic expansion
in a turbine
3-4 isothermal heat
rejection in a condenser
4-1 isentropic
compression in a
compressor

T-s diagram of two Carnot vapor cycles.

3
 RANKINE CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR VAPOR
POWER CYCLES
•  Impracticalities associated with the Carnot cycle can be eliminated - by
superheating the steam in the boiler and condensing it completely in the
condenser.
•  Hence: the Rankine cycle - the ideal cycle for vapor power plants & does not
involve any internal irreversibilities.

The simple ideal Rankine cycle. 4

 CARNOT CYCLE vs. RANKINE CYCLE

1-2 isothermal heat addition in a boiler 1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump

2-3 isentropic expansion in a turbine 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3-4 isothermal heat rejection in a condenser 3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4-1 isentropic compression in a compressor 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser

The simple Carnot cycle The simple ideal Rankine cycle.

5
a) The impracticalities associated with Carnot cycle can be eliminated by Turbi
superheating the steam in the boiler and condensingwpump,in
it completely in the ne
condenser.Energy Analysis
This cycle that results is theof the Ideal
Rankine Rankine
cycle, which Cycle
is the ideal
Pump 4 qout
cycle for vapor power plants. The construct of power plant and T-s diagram
is shown in Figures 2.2(a) and (b).
qin 1 Condenser

Boiler
3
2 W turb,out
(a)
Turbi
wpump,in ne T
Pump 4 qout

1 Condenser 3
qin
W turb,out

(a) 2
T

3
qin
W turb,out 1 4’
qout
2
wpunp,in

s
1 4’
(b)
qout
wpunp,in
Figure 2.2 : Rankine Cycle 6
s
(b)
Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle
Steady-flow energy equation

The efficiency of power plants in

the U.S. is often expressed in
terms of heat rate, which is the
amount of heat supplied, in
Btu’s, to generate 1 kWh of
electricity.
The thermal efficiency can be interpreted
as the ratio of the area enclosed by the
cycle on a T-s diagram to the area under
the heat-addition process.
7
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9
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10
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11
DEVIATION OF ACTUAL VAPOR POWER
CYCLES FROM IDEALIZED ONES
The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle as a
result of irreversibilities in various components.
Fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings are the two common
sources of irreversibilities. Isentropic efficiencies

(a) Deviation of actual vapor power cycle from the ideal Rankine cycle.
(b) The effect of pump and turbine irreversibilities on the ideal Rankine cycle.
12
HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE?
The basic idea behind all the modifications to increase the thermal efficiency
of a power cycle is the same: Increase the average temperature at which heat is
transferred to the working fluid in the boiler, or decrease the average
temperature at which heat is rejected from the working fluid in the condenser.

Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg)

To take advantage of the increased
efficiencies at low pressures, the condensers
of steam power plants usually operate well
below the atmospheric pressure. There is a
lower limit to this pressure depending on the
temperature of the cooling medium
Side effect: Lowering the condenser
pressure increases the moisture content of
the steam at the final stages of the turbine.
The effect of lowering the
condenser pressure on the
ideal Rankine cycle.
13
Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures
(Increases Thigh,avg)
The effect of superheating the
steam to higher temperatures
on the ideal Rankine cycle.
Both the net work and heat input
increase as a result of superheating
the steam to a higher temperature.
The overall effect is an increase in
thermal efficiency since the average
temperature at which heat is added
increases.
Superheating to higher temperatures
decreases the moisture content of the
steam at the turbine exit, which is
desirable.
The temperature is limited by
metallurgical considerations. Presently
the highest steam temperature allowed
at the turbine inlet is about 620°C.
14
Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,avg)
For a fixed turbine inlet temperature, Today many modern steam power
the cycle shifts to the left and the plants operate at supercritical
moisture content of steam at the pressures (P > 22.06 MPa) and
turbine exit increases. This side have thermal efficiencies of about
effect can be corrected by reheating 40% for fossil-fuel plants and 34%
the steam. for nuclear plants.

The effect of increasing the boiler

A supercritical Rankine cycle.
pressure on the ideal Rankine cycle. 15
HOW CAN WE INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
RANKINE CYCLE?
1.  Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg)
2.  Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases
Thigh,avg)
3.  Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,avg)

1 2 3
16
IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

Further improvements:

1.  Reheating - steam

2.  Regenerating – feedwater for the boiler

17
 THE IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE
How can we take advantage of the increased efficiencies at higher boiler pressures
without facing the problem of excessive moisture at the final stages of the turbine?
1. Superheat the steam to very high temperatures. It is limited metallurgically.
2. Expand the steam in the turbine in two stages, and reheat it in between (reheat)

The ideal reheat Rankine cycle.

18
The single reheat in a modern power THE IDEAL REHEAT
plant improves the cycle efficiency RANKINE CYCLE
by 4 to 5% by increasing the
average temperature at which heat
is transferred to the steam.

The average temperature during the

reheat process can be increased by
increasing the number of expansion
and reheat stages.

As the number of stages is

increased, the expansion and reheat
processes approach an isothermal
process at the maximum
temperature.
The average temperature at
which heat is transferred during
reheating increases as the
number of reheat stages is
increased.
19
The use of more than two reheat THE IDEAL REHEAT
stages is not practical. RANKINE CYCLE

The theoretical improvement in

efficiency from the second reheat is
about half of that which results from a
single reheat.

The reheat temperatures are very

close or equal to the turbine inlet
temperature.

The average temperature at

The optimum reheat pressure is about
one-fourth of the maximum cycle
pressure.
which heat is transferred during
reheating increases as the
number of reheat stages is
increased.
20
Home > POWER GENERATION > Fossil > Applications > Reheaters and Superheaters FIND

Reheaters and Superheaters Pr

10

Pr
ac

Pr

DOW

Br

STE
​
G

http://www.vallourec.com T9
21
Application T9
 Grades

T91/P9
Application T92/P9
Reheaters and superheaters are a set of tubes located in the boiler. Steam from the
WB36 (
water walls passes to the superheaters where it is heated above its saturation
4)
temperature until the maximum required operating temperature is achieved. The
superheated steam then flows through the main steam piping to the high-pressure
VM12-S
turbine. Exhaust steam from the high-pressure turbine is guided to the boiler for reheating
and from there to the intermediate and low-pressure turbines. High reheating T23/P2
temperatures improve the output and efficiency of a power plant.
T24 (7C

Challenges
Superheaters and reheaters consist of parallel-mounted steel tubes, butt welded and
bent, with outside diameters of 38 to 76 mm. They are connected to input, output or
intermediate headers. In an ultra-supercritical power plant the final superheater steam
temperature and pressure can go up to about 600 °C and 280 bar, respectively. The
reheat steam is at a much lower pressure than the superheated steam, but the final
reheater temperature can be above the superheated steam temperature, i.e. about 620
°C.

Superheaters and reheaters are generally made of ferritic steel (up to 12 % Cr) and
austenitic stainless steel (up to 25 % Cr) to allow for a temperature rise up to 50 °C
above the steam temperature.

http://www.vallourec.com 22
THE IDEAL REGENERATIVE RANKINE CYCLE
The first part of the heat-addition
process in the boiler takes place at
relatively low temperatures.
2’ = derivative of 2
Heat is transferred to the working fluid
during process 2-2’ at a relatively low
temperature.
This lowers the average heat-addition
temperature and thus the cycle
efficiency.
In steam power plants, steam is
extracted from the turbine at various
points.
This steam, which could have
produced more work by expanding
further in the turbine, is used to heat
the feedwater instead. 23
 THE IDEAL REGENERATIVE RANKINE CYCLE
The first part of the heat-addition
process in the boiler takes place at
relatively low temperatures.
2’ = derivative of 2
The device where the feedwater is
heated by regeneration is called a
regenerator, or a feedwater heater
(FWH).
A feedwater heater is basically a heat
exchanger where heat is transferred
from the steam to the feedwater either:
1.  by mixing the two fluid streams
(open feedwater heaters - FWH)
2.  or without mixing them (closed
feedwater heaters ).
24
Feedwater Heater Operation (source: www.powermag.com)
•  Feedwater heaters are used to heat feedwater before the
water enters the boiler.
•  The higher the feedwater temperature, the less fuel is
required to produce the steam for the steam turbine.
•  However, steam is extracted from different locations on the
steam turbine to heat the feedwater, which increases the
plant heat rate.
•  The net effect of feedwater heating using extraction steam is
a reduction in the plant heat rate.

The typical coal-fired power plant has six to seven stages of

feedwater heating. The number of feedwater heaters is an
economic balance between the added capital cost (the price of
a typical feedwater heater is around $1.2 million) and improved
operating efficiency over the life of the plant (Figure 1).
25
Feedwater Heater Operation

1. Efficient water heating. The feedwater heater uses steam extracted from the steam turbine to heat the
Connected P
boiler’s incoming
water. The net effect of this process is improved boiler efficiency and a lower plant heat rate. A typical steam

plant will have

six or seven feedwater heaters.

Source: Magnetrol International
26

Feedwater heaters take advantage of the heat of condensation (energy available from the
1. Efficient water heating. The feedwater heater uses steam extracted from the steam turbine to heat the
Con
boiler’s incoming
water. The net effect of this process is improved boiler efficiency and a lower plant heat rate. A typical steam
Feedwater
plant will have
Heater Operation
-sixItortakes advantage
seven feedwater heaters. of the heat of condensation (energy
available
Source: Magnetrolfrom the change from saturated steam to saturated
International

liquid) to preheat water destined for the boiler.

Feedwater heaters take advantage of the heat of condensation (energy available from the
-change
the shell and tube C
from saturated steamheat exchanger
to saturated directs
liquid) to preheat feedwater
water destined forto
thepass
boiler. In
through the
simple terms, the tube side
shell and tubewhile extraction
heat exchanger directs steam
feedwaterfrom
to passthe turbine
through the tubeis Con
introduced on the
side while extraction steamshell side
from the (Figure
turbine 2). on the shell side (Figure 2).
is introduced (htt
g.co
ed-

2. Three-step process. A standard high-pressure feedwater heater has three sections: desuperheating,
27
condensing, and
Shinnagasaki Feedwater Heater
(http://www.shinnagasaki.com/)

28
Shinnagasaki Feedwater Heater
(http://www.shinnagasaki.com/)

29
•  The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle increases as a
result of regeneration.
•  This is because regeneration raises the average temperature at
which heat is transferred to the steam in the boiler by raising
the temperature of the water before it enters the boiler.
•  The cycle efficiency increases further as the number of
feedwater heaters is increased.
•  Many large plants in operation today use as many as eight
feedwater heaters.
•  The optimum number of feedwater heaters is determined from
economical considerations.
•  The use of an additional feedwater heater cannot be justified
unless it saves more from the fuel costs than its own cost.

30
OPEN FEEDWATER HEATERS
An open (or direct-contact) feedwater
heater (OFWH) = a mixing chamber,
where the steam extracted from the
turbine mixes with the feedwater exiting
the pump.

Ideally, the mixture leaves the heater as a

saturated liquid at the heater pressure.

31
The ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater heater.
CLOSED FEEDWATER HEATERS
Closed feedwater heater (CFWH), in which heat is transferred
from the extracted steam to the feedwater without any mixing
taking place. The two streams can be at different pressures, since
they do not mix.

The ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater heater. 32

A steam power plant with one open
and three closed feedwater heaters.

33
•  Closed feedwater heaters:
ü  More complex because of the internal tubing network;
ü  They are more expensive;
ü  Heat transfer - is less effective since the two streams are not
allowed to be in direct contact;
ü  They do not require a separate pump for each heater since
the extracted steam and the feedwater can be at different
pressures.
•  Open feedwater heaters:
ü  Simple and inexpensive;
ü  Good heat transfer characteristics;
ü  For each heater, however, a pump is required to handle the
feedwater

•  Most steam power plants use a combination of open and closed

feedwater heaters. 34
 4
the Rankine cycle are illustrated below with
Thean example.
effects of lowering the condenser pressure, superheating to a higher
2 temperature, and increasing the boiler pressure on the thermal efficiency of
1 4
the Rankine cycle are illustrated below with an example.
s
EXAMPLE 10–3 Effect of Boiler Pressure
and Temperature
s on Efficiency
EXAMPLE 10–3 Effect of Boiler Pressure
cle. Consider a steam
FIGURE 10–9 power plant operating on the ideal Rankineandcycle. Steam on Efficiency
Temperature
enters the turbineRankine
A supercritical at 3 MPa and 350°C and is condensed in the condenser at
cycle. Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. Steam
a pressure of 10 kPa. Determine (a) theenters thermal efficiency
the turbine of this
at 3 MPa power and is condensed in the condenser at
and 350°C
plant, (b) the thermal efficiency if steam isa superheated
pressure of 10tokPa.
600°C instead(a)ofthe thermal efficiency of this power
Determine
350°C, and (c) the thermal efficiency if the boiler
plant, pressure
(b) the thermal is raised iftosteam
efficiency 15 is superheated to 600°C instead of
MPa while the turbine inlet temperature is 350°C,
maintained atthe
and (c) 600°C.
thermal efficiency if the boiler pressure is raised to 15
MPa while the turbine inlet temperature is maintained at 600°C.
Solution A steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle is con-
Solution A steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle is con-
sidered. The effects of superheating the steam to a higher temperature and
sidered. The effects of superheating the steam to a higher temperature and
raising the boiler pressure on thermal efficiency
raising are to be pressure
the boiler investigated.
on thermal efficiency are to be investigated.
Analysis The T-s diagrams of the cycle Analysis
for all three cases are ofgiven
The T-s diagrams in for all three cases are given in
the cycle
Fig. 10–10. Fig. 10–10.
T-s representations for
the three conditions
T T T
T T
T3 = 600°C
3
T3 = 600°C 3 T3 = 600°C
3
3 T3 = 600°C 15 MPa
3 T = 350°C
3
3 MPa 153MPa
MPa
3 T = 350°C
3
3 MPa

2 2 2
10 kPa 10 kPa 10 kPa
2 1 4 2 1 4 1 4
10 kPa 10 kPa
4 1 4 s 1 4 s s
(a) (b) (c)

s s s
FIGURE 10–10
(b) (c)
T-s diagrams of the three cycles discussed in Example 10–3. 35

ee cycles discussed in Example 10–3.

 Ch

(a) This is the steam power plant discussed in Example 10–1, except that
the condenser pressure is lowered to 10 kPa. The thermal efficiency is
T T T
determined in a similar manner:
State 1: P1 !T310= 600°C
kPa h1 ! hf @ 10 kPa ! 191.81 kJ>kg
f 3
Sat. liquid3 v1 ! vf @ 10 kPa ! 0.00101 m3>kg T3 = 600°C

3 T = 350°C State 2: P2 ! 3 MPa 15 MPa

3
3 MPa 3 MPa s2 ! s1
1 kJ
wpump,in ! v1 1P2 " P1 2 ! 10.00101 m3>kg 2 3 13000 " 10 2 kPa4 a b
1 kPa # m3
2 2 ! 3.02 kJ>kg 2
10 kPa 10 kPa
h2 ! h1 # wpump,in ! 1191.81 # 3.02 2 kJ>kg10!kPa
194.83 kJ>kg
1 4 1 4 1 4
State 3: P3 ! 3 MPa h3 ! 3116.1 kJ>kg
f
T3 ! 350°C s3 ! 6.7450 kJ>kg # K
s s s
(a) State 4:(b) P4 ! 10 kPa 1sat. mixture2 (c)
s4 ! s3

FIGURE 10–10 s4 " sf 6.7450 " 0.6492

x4 ! ! ! 0.8128
sfg 7.4996
T-s diagrams of the three cycles discussed in Example 10–3.
Thus,
h4 ! hf # x4hfg ! 191.81 # 0.8128 12392.1 2 ! 2136.1 kJ>kg
qin ! h3 " h2 ! 13116.1 " 194.83 2 kJ>kg ! 2921.3 kJ>kg
qout ! h4 " h1 ! 12136.1 " 191.81 2 kJ>kg ! 1944.3 kJ>kg
and
qout 1944.3 kJ>kg
h th ! 1 " !1" ! 0.334 or 33.4%
qin 2921.3 kJ>kg
Therefore, the thermal efficiency increases from 26.0 to 33.4 percent as a
result of lowering the condenser pressure from 75 to 10 kPa. At the same
time, however, the quality of the steam decreases from 88.6 to 81.3 percent
(in other words, the moisture content increases from 11.4 to 18.7 percent).
36
(b) States 1 and 2 remain the same in this case, and the enthalpies at
state 3 (3 MPa and 600°C) and state 4 (10 kPa and s4 ! s3) are deter-
mined to be
 result of lowering the condenser pressure from 75 to 10 kPa. At the same
time, however, the quality of the steam decreases from 88.6 to 81.3 percent
(in other words, the moisture content increases from 11.4 to 18.7 percent).
(b) States 1 and 2 remain the same in this case, and the enthalpies at
T T state 3 (3 MPa and 600°C) and state 4 (10 kPa and s4 ! s3) are deter-
mined to be
T3 = 600°C h3 ! 3682.8
3 kJ>kg
3 T3 = 600°C
h4 ! 2380.3 kJ>kg 1x4 ! 0.9152
3 T = 350°C Thus, 15 MPa
3 qin ! h3 " h2 ! 3682.8 " 194.83 ! 3488.0 kJ>kg
3 MPa 4/25/05 3:56 PM Page 564
cen84959_ch10.qxd
qout ! h4 " h1 ! 2380.3 " 191.81 ! 2188.5 kJ>kg
and
qout 2188.5 kJ>kg
2 2 h th ! 1 " !1" ! 0.373 or 37.3%
qin 3488.0 kJ>kg
564 10 kPa
| Thermodynamics 10 kPa
4 1 4 1 4
Therefore, the thermal efficiency increases from 33.4 to 37.3 percent as a
result of superheating the steam from 350 to 600°C. At the same time, the
s s quality of the steam increases from 81.3 tos 91.5 percent (in other words,
the moisture content decreases from 18.7 to 8.5 percent).
(b) (c)
(c) State 1 remains the same in this case, but the other states change. The
enthalpies at state 2 (15 MPa and s2 ! s1), state 3 (15 MPa and 600°C),
and state 4 (10 kPa and s4 ! s3) are determined in a similar manner to be
h 2 ! 206.95 kJ>kg
cycles discussed in Example 10–3.
h 3 ! 3583.1 kJ>kg
h 4 ! 2115.3 kJ>kg 1x 4 ! 0.804 2
Thus,
qin ! h 3 " h 2 ! 3583.1 " 206.95 ! 3376.2 kJ>kg
qout ! h 4 " h 1 ! 2115.3 " 191.81 ! 1923.5 kJ>kg
and
qout 1923.5 kJ>kg
h th ! 1 " !1" ! 0.430 or 43.0% 37
qin 3376.2 kJ>kg
Discussion The thermal efficiency increases from 37.3 to 43.0 percent as a
result of raising the boiler pressure from 3 to 15 MPa while maintaining the
 Therefore, the thermal efficiency increases from 33.4 to 37.3 percent as a
result of superheating the steam from 350 to 600°C. At the same time, the
quality of the steam increases from 81.3 to 91.5 percent (in other words,
the moisture content decreases from 18.7 to 8.5 percent).
T (c) State 1 remains the same in this case, but the other states change. The
enthalpies at state 2 (15 MPa and s2 ! s1), state 3 (15 MPa and 600°C),
= 600°C
3 and state 4 (10 kPa and s4 ! s3) are determined in a similar manner to be
3 T3 = 600°C
h 2 ! 206.95 kJ>kg
15 MPa
h 3 ! 3583.1 kJ>kg
h4 ! 2115.3 kJ>kg 1x4 ! 0.804 2
Thus,
qin ! h 3 " h 2 ! 3583.1 " 206.95 ! 3376.2 kJ>kg
2
10 kPa qout ! h 4 " h 1 ! 2115.3 " 191.81 ! 1923.5 kJ>kg

4 1 4 and
qout 1923.5 kJ>kg
h th ! 1 " !1" ! 0.430 or 43.0%
s s qin 3376.2 kJ>kg
(c) Discussion The thermal efficiency increases from 37.3 to 43.0 percent as a
result of raising the boiler pressure from 3 to 15 MPa while maintaining the
turbine inlet temperature at 600°C. At the same time, however, the quality
of the steam decreases from 91.5 to 80.4 percent (in other words, the mois-
ture content increases from 8.5 to 19.6 percent).

INTERACTIVE
10–5 ■
THE IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE
TUTORIAL We noted in the last section that increasing the boiler pressure increases the
SEE TUTORIAL CH. 10, SEC. 3 ON THE DVD. thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle, but it also increases the moisture
content of the steam to unacceptable levels. Then it is natural to ask the fol-
lowing question:
How can we take advantage of the increased efficiencies at higher boiler
pressures without facing the problem of excessive moisture at the final
38
stages of the turbine?

Two possibilities come to mind:

 would be no Tneed
State 3:
for the reheat
3 ! 600°C
cycle.
s3 ! 6.6796 kJ>kg # K
P3 ! 15 MPa h 3 ! 3583.1 kJ>kg
f
s T3 ! 600°C s3 ! 6.6796 kJ>kg # K
State 4: P4 ! 4 MPa h 4 ! 3155.0 kJ>kg
f
EXAMPLE
State 4: 10–4
s4 !P4s! The 1T
3 4 MPa Ideal Reheat
! 3155.0
h4 ! kJ>kg Rankine Cycle
375.5°C2
f
Thus s4 ! s3 1T4 ! 375.5°C2
ich heat Consider
Thus a steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle.
q
Steam enters in ! the 1h 3 "high-pressure
h 2 2 # 1h 5 " h 4 2turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is con-
q in ! 1h 3 " h 2 2 # 1h 5 " h 4 2cen84959_ch10.qxd 4/19/05 2:17 PM Page 566
eat densed in the condenser
! 13583.1 at a2 pressure
" 206.95 of 10 "
kJ>kg # 13674.9 kPa. If the
3155.0 moisture content of
2 kJ>kg
! 13583.1 " 206.952 kJ>kg # 13674.9 " 3155.02 kJ>kg
the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4 per-
! 3896.1 3896.1 kJ>kg
cent, determine!(a) thekJ>kgpressure at which the steam should be reheated and
q out h
out !6 6 h
(b) the thermal efficiency12335.1
q
! h
" " 1 h
! 1 !12335.1 "
of the 191.812 2kJ>kg
" 191.81
cycle. kJ>kg
Assume the steam is reheated to the
inlet temperature !
! 2143.3 the high-pressure turbine. Thermodynamics
of kJ>kg
2143.3 kJ>kg 566 |
T The reheat cycle was introduced in the mid-1920s, but it was abandoned
in the 1930s because of the operational difficulties. The steady increase in
Solution A steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine boiler cycle
pressures over the years made it necessary to reintroduce single
T, °C Tavg,reheat
is considered. For a specified moisture content at theT,turbine °C exit, the reheat
reheat in the late 1940s and double reheat in the early 1950s.
The Reheating
reheat temperatures are very close or equal to the turbine inlet tem-
pressure and the thermal efficiency are to be determined. Reheating
3 perature.
3 The5 optimum reheat pressure is about one-fourth of the maximum
Assumptions 151MPa Steady operating conditions exist. 600 2 Kinetic and cycle potential
pressure. For example, the optimum reheat pressure for a cycle with a
3 3 5
energy changes
15 MPa are negligible. 15 MPa 600 boiler pressure of 12 MPa is about 3 MPa.
Analysis The schematic 15 ofMPa
the power
High-P Low-P
plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle that the sole purpose of the reheat cycle is to reduce the mois-
Remember
15 MPa
ture content of the steam at the final stages of the expansion process. If we
are shown Boiler
in Fig. 10–13. We note that
4 turbine turbinethe power plant operates on the ideal 4
had materials that could withstand sufficiently high temperatures, there
reheatBoiler
Rankine cycle. High-P Low-P
Reheater Therefore, the pump and the turbines are isentropic, 15 MPa
would be no need4 for the reheat cycle.
4 turbine turbine
there are no pressure
P4 = Pdrops
5 = Preheat in the boiler and condenser, 2 and steam
s leaves
10 kPa
and enters the pump6 FIGURE
the condenserReheater as saturated
10–12
liquid at the 10 condenser
kPaEXAMPLE 10–4 The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle
pressure. P4 = P5 = P 5
reheat Condenser 1 2 heat
The average temperature at which Consider a 6steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle.
15 MPa 6 10 kPa
Pump is transferred during reheating Steam
10 kPaenters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and is con-
(a) The reheat pressure is determined
10 kPa increasesfrom the requirement
as the number of reheat that
densed the
in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
5
entropies 15
atMPa
states
2 5 and 6 Condenser
be the same:
stages is increased. 1 the steam at the exit6ofs the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10.4 per-
1 cent, determine (a) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and
Pump (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the
State 6: P ! 10 kPa
FIGURE 10–13 6 10 kPa inlet temperature of the high-pressure turbine.
2 s
Schematic and x 6 ! 0.896
T-s 1sat. mixture2
diagram for Example 10–4.
1 Solution A steam power plant operating on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle

FIGURE 10–13 s6 ! sf " x6sfg ! 0.6492 " 0.896 17.4996 2 ! 7.3688 kJ>kg # K and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
pressure
is considered. For a specified moisture content at the turbine exit, the reheat

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential

Schematic
Also, and T-s diagram for Example 10–4. energy changes are negligible.
Analysis The schematic of the power plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle
h6 ! hf " x6hfg ! 191.81 " 0.896 12392.1 2 ! 2335.1 kJ>kg
are shown in Fig. 10–13. We note that the power plant operates on the ideal
reheat Rankine cycle. Therefore, the pump and the turbines are isentropic,
there are no pressure drops in the boiler and condenser, and steam leaves
Thus, the condenser and enters the pump as saturated liquid at the 39condenser
pressure.
State 5: T5 ! 600°C P5 ! 4.0 MPa
f (a) The reheat pressure is determined from the requirement that the
s5 ! s6 h5 ! 3674.9 kJ>kg entropies at states 5 and 6 be the same:
 b there are no pressure drops in the boiler and condenser, and steam leaves
1 kPa # m3 the condenser and enters the pump as saturated liquid at the condenser
pressure.
T, °C
Reheating
# 15.14 2 kJ>kg ! 206.95 kJ>kg (a) The reheat pressure is determined from the requirement that the
3 3 5
15 MPa entropies
600 at states 5 and 6 be the same:
kJ>kg 15 MPa
J>kg # K State 6: P6 ! 10 kPa
High-P Low-P
Boiler turbine turbine x6 15
!MPa
0.8964 1sat. mixture2
>kg 4

2 Reheater s6 ! sf " x6sfg ! 0.6492 " 0.896 17.4996 2 ! 7.3688 kJ>kg # K

P4 = P5 = Preheat 2
6 10 kPa Also, 10 kPa
5
Condenser 1 h6 ! hf " x6hfg 6! 191.81 " 0.896 12392.1 2 ! 2335.1 kJ>kg
15 MPa
13674.9 " 3155.0 2 kJ>kg Pump
10 kPa Thus,
2 s
1 State 5: T5 ! 600°C P5 ! 4.0 MPa
1 2 kJ>kg f
FIGURE 10–13 s5 ! s6 h5 ! 3674.9 kJ>kg
Schematic and T-s diagram for Example 10–4. Therefore, steam should be reheated at a pressure of 4 MPa or lower to pre-
vent a moisture content above 10.4 percent.

T, °C
Reheating
3 5
600

w-P 15 MPa
bine 4

100% – 10.4% = 89.6%

2
10 kPa
10 kPa

1 6

s
40
 b
1 kPa # m3
Chapter 10
T, °C

# 15.14 2 kJ>kg ! 206.95 kJ>kg (b) To determine the Reheating

thermal efficiency, we need to know the enthalpies at
all other states: 3 5
3
15 MPa 600
kJ>kg State 1: P1 ! 10 kPa h 1 ! h f @ 10 kPa ! 191.81 kJ>kg
15 MPa f
J>kg # K
Sat. liquid v1 ! vf @ 10 kPa ! 0.00101 m3>kg
High-P Low-P
Boiler turbine turbine
State 2: 15 MPaP2 !4 15 MPa
>kg 4
s2 ! s1
Reheater
2 wpump,in ! v1 1P2 " P1 2 ! 10.00101 m3>kg 2
P4 = P5 = Preheat 2
6 10 kPa 1 kJ
10 kPa $ 3 115,000 " 102kPa4 a b
5 1 kPa # m3
Condenser 1 6
15 MPa ! 15.14 kJ>kg
13674.9 " 3155.0 2 kJ>kg Pump
10 kPa h 2 ! h 1 # wpump,in ! 1191.81 # 15.142 kJ>kg ! 206.95 kJ>kg
2 s
1 State 3: P3 ! 15 MPa h 3 ! 3583.1 kJ>kg
f
1 2 kJ>kg T3 ! 600°C s3 ! 6.6796 kJ>kg # K
FIGURE 10–13
Schematic and T-s diagram for Example 10–4. State 4: P4 ! 4 MPa h 4 ! 3155.0 kJ>kg
f
s4 ! s3 1T4 ! 375.5°C2
Thus

T, °C cen84959_ch10.qxd 4/25/05 3:56 PM Page 568 q in ! 1h 3 " h 2 2 # 1h 5 " h 4 2

Reheating ! 13583.1 " 206.952 kJ>kg # 13674.9 " 3155.02 kJ>kg

3 5 ! 3896.1 kJ>kg
600
q out ! h 6 " h 1 ! 12335.1 " 191.812 kJ>kg
! 2143.3 kJ>kg
568 | Thermodynamics
w-P 15 MPa
bine 4 and
T, °C
q out 2143.3 kJ>kg
h th " 1 # " 1# " 0.450 or 45.0% Reheating
q in 3896.1 kJ>kg
3 3 5
2 15 MPa
Discussion This problem was solved in Example 10–3c for the600 same pres-
10 kPa
10 kPa sure and temperature limits but
15 without
MPa the reheat process. A comparison of
the two results reveals that reheating reduces the moisture content from
1 6 19.6 to 10.4 percent while High-P
increasing theLow-P
thermal efficiency from 43.0 to 15 MPa
Boiler
45.0 percent. 4
4 turbine turbine

Reheater
s P4 = P5 = Preheat 2
INTERACTIVE
10–6 ■
THE IDEAL REGENERATIVE
6 RANKINE CYCLE 4110 kPa
10 kPa

TUTORIAL
SEE TUTORIAL CH. 10, SEC. 4 ON THE DVD.
A careful examination of the5 T-s diagram of the Rankine cycle redrawn in
1 6
15 MPa that heat is Condenser
Fig. 10–14 reveals transferred to the working fluid during
Pump
process 2-2! at a relatively low temperature.
10 kPa This lowers the average heat-
 EXERGY - The maximum useful
SECOND-LAW ANALYSIS OF work which can be extracted from a
VAPOR POWER CYCLES system as it reversibly comes into
equilibrium with its environment.
Exergy destruction for a steady-flow system

Steady-flow, one-
inlet, one-exit

Exergy destruction of a cycle

For a cycle with heat transfer

only with a source and a sink

Stream exergy

A second-law analysis of vaporpower cycles reveals where the

largest irreversibilities occur and where to start improvements.

42
 Summary
•  The Carnot vapor cycle
•  Rankine cycle: The ideal cycle for vapor power cycles
ü  Energy analysis of the ideal Rankine cycle
•  Deviation of actual vapor power cycles from idealized ones
•  How can we increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle?
ü  Lowering the condenser pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg)
ü  Superheating the steam to high temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg)
ü  Increasing the boiler pressure (Increases Thigh,avg)
•  The ideal reheat Rankine cycle
•  The ideal regenerative Rankine cycle
ü  Open feedwater heaters
ü  Closed feedwater heaters

43