DARPA 1

DARPA
This article is about the US military research agency. For the skipper butterfly genus, see Darpa (butterfly)

Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency

Agency overview

Formed 1958

Headquarters Arlington, Virginia

Employees 240

Annual budget $3.2 billion

Agency executive Regina E. Dugan[1] , Director

Website
[2]
DARPA.mil

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an

agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the
development of new technology for use by the military. DARPA has
been responsible for funding the development of many technologies
which have had a major effect on the world, including computer
networking, as well as NLS, which was both the first hypertext system,
and an important precursor to the contemporary ubiquitous graphical
user interface.

Its original name was simply Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA headquarters in the Virginia Square
(ARPA), but it was renamed to "DARPA" (for Defense) in March neighborhood of Arlington.
1972, then renamed "ARPA" again in February 1993, and then
renamed "DARPA" again in March 1996.
DARPA was established during 1958 (as ARPA) in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik during 1957, with
the mission of keeping U.S. military technology more sophisticated than that of the nation's potential enemies. From
DARPA's own introduction,[3]
DARPA’s original mission, established in 1958, was to prevent technological surprise like the launch of
Sputnik, which signaled that the Soviets had beaten the U.S. into space. The mission statement has
evolved over time. Today, DARPA’s mission is still to prevent technological surprise to the US, but also
to create technological surprise for its enemies.
DARPA is independent from other more conventional military R&D and reports directly to senior Department of
Defense management. DARPA has around 240 personnel (about 140 technical) directly managing a $3.2 billion
budget. These figures are "on average" since DARPA focuses on short-term (two to four-year) projects run by small,
purpose-built teams.
DARPA 2

DARPA's mission
DARPA's own introduction:[3]
DARPA is a Defense Agency with a unique role within DoD. DARPA is not tied to a specific
operational mission: DARPA supplies technological options for the entire Department, and is designed
to be the “technological engine” for transforming DoD.
Near-term needs and requirements generally drive the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force to
focus on those needs at the expense of major change. Consequently, a large organization like DoD needs
a place like DARPA whose only charter is radical innovation.
DARPA looks beyond today’s known needs and requirements. As military historian John Chambers
noted, “None of the most important weapons transforming warfare in the 20th century – the airplane,
tank, radar, jet engine, helicopter, electronic computer, not even the atomic bomb – owed its initial
development to a doctrinal requirement or request of the military.”[4] None of them. And to this list,
DARPA would add unmanned systems, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Internet technologies.
DARPA’s approach is to imagine what capabilities a military commander might want in the future and
accelerate those capabilities into being through technology demonstrations. These not only provide
options to the commander, but also change minds about what is technologically possible today.

DARPA as a model
According to former DARPA Director Tony Tether and W. B. Bonvillian (“Power Play,” W. B. Bonvillian, The
American Interest, Volume II, p 39, November-December 2006), DARPA's key characteristics to be replicated to
reproduce DARPA's success are:[5]
• Small and flexible: DARPA has only about 140 technical professionals; DARPA presents itself as “100 geniuses
connected by a travel agent.”[6]
• Flat organization: DARPA avoids hierarchy, essentially operating at only two management levels to ensure the
free and rapid flow of information and ideas, and rapid decision-making.
• Autonomy and freedom from bureaucratic impediments: DARPA has an exemption from Title V civilian
personnel specifications, which provides for a direct authority to hire talents with the expediency not allowed by
the standard civil service process.
• Eclectic, world-class technical staff and performers: DARPA seeks great talents and ideas from industry,
universities, government laboratories, and individuals, mixing disciplines and theoretical and experimental
strength. DARPA neither owns nor operates any laboratories or facilities, and the overwhelming majority of the
research it sponsors is done in industry and universities. Very little of DARPA’s research is performed at
government labs.
• Teams and networks: At its very best, DARPA creates and sustains great teams of researchers from different
disciplines that collaborate and share in the teams’ advances.
• Hiring continuity and change: DARPA’s technical staff is hired or assigned for four to six years. Like any strong
organization, DARPA mixes experience and change. It retains a base of experienced experts – its Office Directors
and support staff – who are knowledgeable about DoD. The staff is rotated to ensure fresh thinking and
perspectives, and to have room to bring technical staff from new areas into DARPA. It also allows the program
managers to be bold and not fear failure.
• Project-based assignments organized around a challenge model: DARPA organizes a significant part of its
portfolio around specific technology challenges. It foresees new innovation-based capabilities and then works
back to the fundamental breakthroughs required to make them possible. Although individual projects typically
last three to five years, major technological challenges may be addressed over longer time periods, ensuring
patient investment on a series of focused steps and keeping teams together for ongoing collaboration. Continued
DARPA 3

funding for DARPA projects is based on passing specific milestones, sometimes called “go/no-go’s.”
• Outsourced support personnel: DARPA extensively leverages technical, contracting, and administrative services
from other DoD agencies and branches of the military. This provides DARPA the flexibility to get into and out of
an area without the burden of sustaining staff, while building cooperative alliances with its “agents.” These
outside agents help create a constituency in their respective organizations for adopting the technology.
• Outstanding program managers: The best DARPA program managers have always been freewheeling zealots in
pursuit of their goals. The Director’s most important task is to recruit and hire very creative people with big ideas,
and empower them.
• Acceptance of failure: DARPA pursues breakthrough opportunities and is very tolerant of technical failure if the
payoff from success will be great enough.
• Orientation to revolutionary breakthroughs in a connected approach: DARPA historically has focused not on
incremental but radical innovation. It emphasizes high-risk investment, moves from fundamental technological
advances to prototyping, and then hands off the system development and production to the military services or the
commercial sector.
• Mix of connected collaborators: DARPA typically builds strong teams and networks of collaborators, bringing in
a range of technical expertise and applicable disciplines, and involving university researchers and technology
firms that are often not significant defense contractors or beltway consultants.

History
DARPA was created as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), by Public Law 85-325 and Department
of Defense Directive 5105.15, in February 1958. Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of Sputnik and
to U.S. realization that the Soviet Union had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology.
Additionally, the political and defense communities recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense
organization to formulate and execute R&D projects that would expand the frontiers of technology beyond the
immediate and specific requirements of the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission,
DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines
which address the full spectrum of national security needs.
From 1958-1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and
nuclear test detection. During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual Services. This allowed DARPA
to concentrate its efforts on the DEFENDER (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test detection),
and AGILE (counterinsurgency R&D) Programs, and to begin work on computer processing, behavioral sciences,
and materials sciences. The DEFENDER and AGILE Programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor,
surveillance, and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of radar, infrared sensing, and x-ray/gamma ray
detection.
During the late 1960s, with the transfer of these mature programs to the Services, ARPA redefined its role and
concentrated on a diverse set of relatively small, essentially exploratory research programs. The Agency was
renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972, and during the early 1970s, it
emphasized direct energy programs, information processing, and tactical technologies.
Concerning information processing, DARPA made great progress, initially through its support of the development of
time-sharing (all modern operating systems rely on concepts invented for the Multics system, developed by a
cooperation between Bell Labs, General Electric and MIT, which DARPA supported by funding Project MAC at
MIT with an initial two-million-dollar grant), and later through the evolution of the ARPANET (the first wide-area
packet switching network), Packet Radio Network, Packet Satellite Network and ultimately, the Internet and research
in the artificial intelligence (AI) fields of speech recognition and signal processing. DARPA also funded the
development of the Douglas Engelbart's NLS computer system and the Aspen Movie Map, which was probably the
DARPA 4

first hypermedia system and an important precursor of virtual reality.

The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA)
to projects with direct military application. Some contend that the amendment devastated American science, since
ARPA/DARPA was a major funding source for basic science projects of the time; the National Science Foundation
never made up the difference as expected. But the resulting "brain drain" is also credited with boosting the
development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Many young computer scientists fled from the universities
to startups and private research labs like Xerox PARC.
From 1976-1981, DARPA's major thrusts were dominated by air, land, sea, and space technology, tactical armor and
anti-armor programs, infrared sensing for space-based surveillance, high-energy laser technology for space-based
missile defense, antisubmarine warfare, advanced cruise missiles, advanced aircraft, and defense applications of
advanced computing. These large-scale technological program demonstrations were joined by integrated circuit
research, which resulted in submicrometre electronic technology and electron devices that evolved into the Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Program and the Congressionally mandated charged particle beam program. Many of
the successful programs were transitioned to the Services, such as the foundation technologies in automatic target
recognition, space based sensing, propulsion, and materials that were transferred to the Strategic Defense Initiative
Organization (SDIO), later known as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), now titled the Missile
Defense Agency (MDA).
During the 1980s, the attention of the Agency was centered on information processing and aircraft-related programs,
including the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) or Hypersonic Research Program. The Strategic Computing
Program enabled DARPA to exploit advanced processing and networking technologies and to rebuild and strengthen
relationships with universities after the Vietnam War. In addition, DARPA began to pursue new concepts for small,
lightweight satellites (LIGHTSAT) and directed new programs regarding defense manufacturing, submarine
technology, and armor/anti-armor.
On October 28, 2009 the agency broke ground on a new facility in Arlington, Virginia a few miles from the
Pentagon.[7]

Directors[8]
Name Tenure

Roy W. Johnson 1958–1959

Austin W. Betts 1960–1961

Jack P. Ruina 1961–1963

Robert L. Sproull 1963–1965

[9] 1965–1967
Charles M. Herzfeld

Eberhardt Rechtin 1967–1970

[10] 1970–1975
Steve J. Lukasik

George H. Heilmeier 1975–1977

Robert R. Fossum 1977–1981

Robert S. Cooper 1981–1985

Robert C. Duncan 1985–1988

Ray S. Colladay 1988–1989

Craig I. Fields 1989–1990

Victor H. Reis 1990–1992

DARPA 5

Gary L. Denman 1992–1995

Verne L. "Larry" Lynn 1995–1998

Fernando L. "Frank" Fernandez 1998–2001

Anthony J. Tether 2001–2009

Regina E. Dugan 2009 – present

Organization

Current program offices

DARPA has seven program offices, all of which report to the DARPA director.
• The Adaptive Execution Office (AEO) is one of two new DARPA offices created in 2009 by the current
DARPA Director, Regina Dugan. Four thrust areas that have been identified, but not verified in DARPA
publications: technology transition, assessment, rapid productivity and adaptive systems. On the DARPA website
the AEO mission is defined as follows:
Conceive and execute novel technology and system developments that are adaptive both in end function
and in the process by which they are developed. Improve the transition worthiness of DARPA programs
across the enterprise.[11]
• The Defense Sciences Office (DSO) vigorously pursues the most promising technologies within a broad spectrum
of the science and engineering research communities and develops those technologies into important, radically
new military capabilities.[12]
• The Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) focuses on inventing the networking, computing, and
software technologies vital to ensuring DOD military superiority.
• The Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) mission focuses on the heterogeneous microchip-scale integration
of electronics, photonics, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Their high risk/high payoff technology
is aimed at solving the national level problems of protection from biological, chemical and information attack and
to provide operational dominance for mobile distributed command and control, combined manned/unmanned
warfare, and dynamic, adaptive military planning and execution.
• The Strategic Technology Office (STO) mission is to focus on technologies that have a global theater-wide
impact and that involve multiple Services.[11]
• The Tactical Technology Office (TTO) engages in high-risk, high-payoff advanced military research,
emphasizing the "system" and "subsystem" approach to the development of aeronautic, space, and land systems as
well as embedded processors and control systems. This research includes an effort within the TTO to develop a
small satellite launch vehicle.[13] This vehicle is under development by AirLaunch LLC.[14] This is part of the
Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON) effort.
• The Transformational Convergence Technology Office (TCTO) mission is to advance new crosscutting
capabilities derived from a broad range of emerging technological and social trends, particularly in areas related
to computing and computing-reliant subareas of the life sciences, social sciences, manufacturing, and
commerce.[11]
DARPA 6

Former offices
• Information Awareness Office - 2002-2003
• The Advanced Technology Office (ATO) researched, demonstrated, and developed high payoff projects in
maritime, communications, special operations, command and control, and information assurance and survivability
mission areas.
• The Special Projects Office (SPO) researched, developed, demonstrated, and transitioned technologies focused on
addressing present and emerging national challenges. SPO investments ranged from the development of enabling
technologies to the demonstration of large prototype systems. SPO developed technologies to counter the
emerging threat of underground facilities used for purposes ranging from command-and-control, to weapons
storage and staging, to the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction. SPO developed significantly more
cost-effective ways to counter proliferated, inexpensive cruise missiles, UAVs, and other platforms used for
weapon delivery, jamming, and surveillance. SPO invested in novel space technologies across the spectrum of
space control applications including rapid access, space situational awareness, counterspace, and persistent
tactical grade sensing approaches including extremely large space apertures and structures.
• The Information Systems Office (ISO) in the 1990s developed system applications of advanced information
technologies. It was a predecessor to the Information Exploitation Office.
A 1991 reorganization created several offices which existed throughout the early 1990s[15] :
• The Electronic Systems Technology Office combined areas of the Defense Sciences Office and the Defense
Manufacturing Office. This new office will focus on the boundary between general-purpose computers and the
physical world, such as sensors, displays and the first few layers of specialized signal-processing that couple these
modules to standard computer interfaces."
• The Computing Systems Technology Office combined functions of the old Information Sciences and Tactical
Technology office. The office "will work scalable parallel and distributed heterogeneous computing systems
technologies," DoD said.
• The Software and Intelligent Systems Technology Office and the Computing Systems office will have
responsibility associated with the Presidential High-Performance Computing Initiative. The Software office will
also be responsible for "software systems technology, machine intelligence and software engineering."
• The Land Systems Office was created to develop advanced land vehicle and anti-armor systems, once the domain
of the Tactical Technology Office
• The Undersea Warfare Office combined areas of the Advanced Vehicle Systems and Tactical Technology offices
to develop and demonstrate submarine stealth and counterstealth and automation.

Projects

Active Projects
• ACTUV - A project to build an unmanned Anti-submarine warfare vessel.
• Boeing X-37
• Integrated Sensor is Structure
• Boomerang (mobile shooter detection system) - an acoustic Gunshot Location Detection System developed by
BBN Technologies for detecting snipers on military combat vehicles.
• CALO or "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes" - software
• Combat Zones That See - "track everything that moves" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance
cameras
• DARPA XG - technology for Dynamic Spectrum Access for assured military communications
• EATR An autonomous tactical robotic system
• FALCON
DARPA 7

• High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System

• High Productivity Computing Systems
• Hulc Battery-powered human exoskeleton
• MAHEM Molten penetrating munition
• Northrop Grumman Switchblade - an unmanned oblique-wing flying aircraft for high speed, long range and long
endurance flight
• Persistent Close Air Support
• Protein Design Processes
• Remote-controlled insects[16]
• DARPA Silent Talk - A planned program attempting to identify EEG patterns for words and trasmit these for
covert communications.[17]
• System F6 - Fractionated Spacecraft demonstrator
• XOS - powered military exoskeleton
• Transformer - flying armoured car[18]
• WolfPack[19]

Past Projects
• Project AGILE
• ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet
• Aspen Movie Map
• ASTOVL, precursor of the Joint Strike Fighter Program[20]
• Boeing X-45
• CPOF - the command post of the future - networked information system for Command control.
• DAML
• DARPA Grand Challenge - driverless car competition
• DARPA Network Challenge[21]
• DEFENDER
• High Performance Knowledge Bases
• HISSS
• Hypersonic Research Program
• I3 (Intelligent Integration of Information),[22] supported the Digital Library research effort through NSF
• Internet
• Project MAC
• MQ-1 Predator
• Multics
• NLS/Augment, the origin of the canonical contemporary computer user interface
• Onion routing
• Passive radar
• Policy Analysis Market
• POSSE
• Rapid Knowledge Formation
• Sea Shadow
• Strategic Computing Program
• Synthetic Aperture Ladar for Tactical Applications (SALTI)
• SURAN (1983–87)
• Project Vela (1963)
DARPA 8

Notable fiction
ARPA/DARPA is well known as a high-tech government agency, and as such has many appearances in popular
fiction. Some realistic references to ARPA in fiction are in Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X (DARPA
consults on a technical threat),[23] in episodes of television program The West Wing (the ARPA-DARPA distinction),
the television program Numb3rs [24] (DARPA research into creating the first self-aware computer), and in the motion
picture Executive Decision (use of a one-of-a-kind experimental prototype in an emergency).
Other references often attribute to DARPA an operational or political role, in addition to its high-tech
responsibilities. Examples are the Matthew Reilly books Temple and Hell Island, the James Rollins' books
Sandstorm and Black Order, and the video game series Metal Gear Solid, as well as the video game Infamous.
In the 2010 film Edge of Darkness Detective Craven is told his daughter Emma worked for a fictional nuclear R&D
company who was in fact developing "foreign nuclear arms". Emma was said to have been flagged by DARPA as a
possible security risk.

See also
• ARPA-E - a similar organization within the Department of Energy.
• DSTL - UK equivalent
• Defence Science and Technology Organisation - Australian Equivalent
• HSARPA - a similar organization within the Department of Homeland Security
• Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA)
• People: Barry Boehm, Vint Cerf, Douglas Engelbart, Robert Fano, Anup K. Ghosh, James Hendler, Bob Kahn,
JCR Licklider, John Poindexter, Larry Roberts, Robert Sproull, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, Gio Wiederhold.
• History of the Internet

References
[1] Darpa.mil (http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ directorbio. html)
[2] http:/ / www. darpa. mil/
[3] "50 years of Bridging the Gap" (http:/ / www. arpa. mil/ Docs/ Intro_-_Van_Atta_200807180920581. pdf)
[4] John Chambers, ed., The Oxford Companion to American Military History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) p. 791.
[5] Statement by Dr. Tony Tether (Director of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) to Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional
Threats and Capabilities (House Armed Services Committee - United States House of Representatives) on March 13, 2008 (http:/ / web.
archive. org/ web/ 20080802030708/ http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ body/ news/ 2008/ hasc3-13-08. pdf) section DARPA as a model in which he
says this is content he agrees with that he is repeating from “Power Play,” W. B. Bonvillian, The American Interest, Volume II, p 39
(November-December 2006).
[6] Susan Nichols, "Overview", DARPA SBIR Presentation (March, 2009), Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association
(AFCEA) (https:/ / www. afcea. org/ smallbusiness/ files/ Presentations/ CommitteeMeetings/ PRESENTATION_Using the SBIR
Program_RBrooke_SNichols_MZammit_March2009/ PRESENTATION_DARPA_SBIR_Presentation_SusanNichols_March2009. pdf)
[7] Washington Times, "Pentagon Agency Breaks Ground", October 29, 2009.
[8] Mollet, C. (2009-02-20). "DARPA Directors, 1958–2008" (http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ Docs/ DARPA_Directors_200807171322095. pdf)
(PDF). DARPA. . Retrieved 2009-10-30.
[9] Oral history interview with Charles Herzfeld (http:/ / www. cbi. umn. edu/ oh/ display. phtml?id=131) Charles Babbage Institute, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Herzfeld discusses programs in and administration of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA).
[10] Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik (http:/ / www. cbi. umn. edu/ oh/ display. phtml?id=149). Charles Babbage Institute, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Lukasik discusses his tenure at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the development of computer
networks and the ARPANET.
[11] http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ offices. html DARPA Offices. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
[12] DSO Official homepage (http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ dso/ )
[13] "Falcon" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080822050303/ http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ tto/ programs/ Falcon. htm). DARPA. 2008. Archived
from the original (http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ tto/ programs/ Falcon. htm) on 2008-08-22. .
[14] "Airlaunchllc News" (http:/ / www. airlaunchllc. com/ News. htm). Airlaunch. .
[15] http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_6712/ is_n27_v171/ ai_n28601257/
DARPA 9

[16] Ewen Callaway (2009-10-01). "Free-flying cyborg insects steered from a distance" (http:/ / www. newscientist. com/ article/
dn17895-freeflying-cyborg-insects-steered-from-a-distance. html). New Scientist. . Retrieved 2010-04-04.
[17] Warwick, Graham (May 22, 2009). "Darpa Plans Triple-Target Missile Demo" (http:/ / www. aviationweek. com/ aw/ generic/
story_channel. jsp?channel=defense& id=news/ TRIPLE052209. xml). Aviation Week. .
[18] Transformer (TX) (http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ tto/ programs/ tx/ index. html) darpa.mil. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
[19] "STO: WolfPack" (http:/ / www. darpa. mil/ STO/ strategic/ wolfpack. html). Strategic Technology Office. Darpa.mil. . Retrieved
2010-04-04.
[20] A history of the Joint Strike Fighter Program (http:/ / www. martin-baker. co. uk/ getdoc/ d25952ab-5881-4999-8593-6f7f196c8770/
a_history_of_the_joint_strike_fighter_programme. aspx), Martin-Baker. Retrieved 4 August 2010
[21] "DARPA Network Challenge" (https:/ / networkchallenge. darpa. mil/ Default. aspx). Darpa.mil. . Retrieved 2010-04-04.
[22] Carnegie-Mellon University (http:/ / www. cs. cmu. edu/ afs/ cs. cmu. edu/ project/ theo-6/ web-agent/ www/ i3. html)
[23] Victor Appleton II, 1961. Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ files/ 17985/ 17985-h/ 17985-h. htm),
originally published by Grosset & Dunlap of New York, now re-published by Project Gutenberg. ARPA is referred to on page 68 (http:/ /
www. gutenberg. org/ files/ 17985/ 17985-h/ 17985-h. htm#chap_8) published 1961
[24] Numb3ers, Season 1, Episode 5 (http:/ / www. cbs. com/ primetime/ ncis_los_angeles/ recaps/ 105/ recaps. php?season=1), and Season 5,
Episode 17 (http:/ / www. math. cornell. edu/ ~numb3rs/ spulido/ Numb3rs_season5/ Numb3rs_517. html)

• This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed
under the GFDL.
• Castell, Manuel The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,
Cheltenham UK 2004
• "The Men from Darpa" by John Sedgwick, Playboy magazine, August 1991

External links
• DARPA Home Page (http://www.darpa.mil/)
• DARPA TransTac speech-to-speech translation project (http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/transtac/
transtac.asp)
• DARPA Technology Transition - A lengthy presentation of DARPA technology successes (http://web.archive.
org/web/20080415050359/http://www.darpa.mil/body/pdf/transition.pdf)PDF (1.59 MB)
• Ongoing Research Programs (http://www.darpa.mil/off_programs.html)
• Defense Sciences Office (http://www.darpa.mil/dso/programsexp.htm)
• Information Processing Techniques Office (http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/programs.asp)
• Microsystems Technology Office (http://www.darpa.mil/MTO/Programs/index.html)
• Strategic Technology Office (http://www.darpa.mil/sto/programs/index.html)
• Tactical Technology Office (http://web.archive.org/web/20080822011218/http://www.darpa.mil/tto/
programs.htm)
• Hybrid Insect MEMS (http://www.darpa.mil/MTO/Programs/himems/index.html)
• Surveillance Dust, DARPA website (http://websearch.darpa.mil/search?client=default_frontend&
site=default_collection&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=default_frontend&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&
as_q=+Surveillance+Dust&num=10&btnG=Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&lr=&as_ft=i&
as_filetype=&as_occt=any&sort=date:D:S:d1&as_dt=i&as_sitesearch=&as_lq=)
• Surveillance Dust, Conversation with C. Keers and N. Marano, U.S. Marine Corps. Background information
provided by Dr. Bill Howard, Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office. (http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/
projects/mac/arpa-info/memsisat/sld016.htm), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• DARPA Network Challenge 2009 (https://networkchallenge.darpa.mil/Default.aspx)
Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and Contributors

DARPA  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=384522580  Contributors: 172, A Man In Black, Acegikmo1, AdnanSa, Aegicen, Aerovistae, Akradecki, Alex '05, Alexr1129,
AndrewKemendo, Andy Marchbanks, Anyeverybody, Apupunchau, Arbustoo, Arctic-Editor, Aude, Avnjay, Awiseman, Bawolff, BehemothCat, Benjiboi, BilCat, Bill37212, Bly1993,
Bobblewik, Bongomatic, Buckshot06, Bunthorne, C7L5N9, CINCABF, CapitalR, Carnotcournot, Cgingold, Chaosdruid, Charley000, Chenzw, Cla68, ConstantineChernabog, Conversion script,
Coolcaesar, Creidieki, Cremepuff222, Cyanoa Crylate, Czarbender, DARPAOutreach, Daniel Lawrence, DanielPenfield, Darkwind, Darsie from german wiki pedia, David Biddulph,
Davidgothberg, December Mike, Deodar, DerHexer, Dmccreary, DmitryKo, DoubleCross, Dougweller, Duffman, Dysmorodrepanis, Dysprosia, Eagleal, Emperorbma, FF2010, Fakekris,
Falcon9x5, Faradayplank, Fconaway, Flatterworld, Fnlayson, Frecklefoot, GGG65, GTBacchus, Gabriel1907, Gcaw, Geezer1942, General Wesc, GerardM, Gilliam, GioCM, Goodoldpolonius2,
Helixweb, Henriok, Hong620, Howrealisreal, I hate to register, IceUnshattered, Infinitjest, IraqVet225, Isis1212, J.delanoy, JTN, Jagged, Jared Preston, Jeff G., Jim E85, Jmlk17, Jnc, John
Cumbers, JorgeGG, Justme89, Jwinston2, K a r n a, Kblakes, Ketone16, Kilrothi, Kingpin13, Kjeserud, Kurt Jansson, Kwertii, LMB, LanceBarber, LedgendGamer, Lightmouse, LinoPop,
Looxix, Lotje, LouScheffer, MER-C, MGTom, MK8, Maokart444, Martorell, Matthew166, Maurreen, Maury Markowitz, Mboverload, Mhhfive, Mightyms, Minesweeper, Mrufrgeson03,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

file:DARPA_Logo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DARPA_Logo.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DARPA
Image:Darpaheadquarters.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Darpaheadquarters.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Coolcaesar

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