Dynamic Model of Microturbine Generation System

for Grid Connected/Islanding Operation

D. N. Gaonkar, R .N. Patel, and G. N. Pillai
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India-247667
dattgdeegiitr.emet.in, ramnpatelggmail.com, gnathfeegiitr.emet.in

Abstract-Distributed Generation (DG) is predicted to play an
important role in electric power system in the near future. The
insertion of DG system into existing distribution network has
great impact on real-time system operation and planning. It is
widely accepted that micro turbine generation (MTG) systems are
currently attracting lot of attention to meet customers need in the
distributed power generation market In order to investigate the
performance of microturbine generation systems their efficient
modeling is required. This paper presents a dynamic model of a
MTG system, suitable for grid connection/islanding operation.
The presented model allows the bidirectional power flow between
grid and MTG system. The components of the system are built
from the dynamics of each part with their interconnections. The
control strategies for both grid connected and intentional
islanding operation mode of a DG system are also given,
Index Terms-- Distributed generation, microturbine,
permanent magnet synchronous generator, power conditioning
unit, filter, islanding mode, grid connected mode.
Once connected to the power distribution system, these
generators will affect the dynamics of the system whose
gent dynamicsof thetsysem wose
wil afcan bete assessed
transient behaviour only if a detailed nonlinear
dynamic model is used. Thus, an accurate model of the MTG
system is required to analyze the factors such as transient
response, stability, power quality including harmonics, voltage
regulation and protection, when connected to distribution
network. Until now, only few works were undertaken on the
modeling, simulation and control of MTG systems. There is
also a lack of adequate information on their performances. A
dynamic model for combustion gas turbine has been discussed
in some of the previous works [3]-[6]. In these references, a
combustion gas turbine model was used to represent the gas
turbine dynamics, including speed, temperature, acceleration
and fuel controls. However, these works deal with heavy-duty
gas turbine. A dynamic model of microturbine generation
system for isolated operation is developed in [7]-[8].

I. INTRODUCTION A linearized modeling of grid connected microturbine

The integration DG systems into the main electricity generation system is reported in [9]. The dynamic behavior of
network is currently changing the paradigm we used to live
ng eluectric the grid connected split shaft microturbine generation system is
presented in [10]. The evaluation of the electromagnetic
with, where the electric power was generated in large power a grid connected
plants,
plants,ssent to the consumption areas through transmission
ent to the consumption areasthroughtransmission AC-DC-ACofconverter
transients is done inMTG
[11]. system
The study includes the
thatconsiders an

lins,iand dive red The nsegrsthough a

pive
distribution infrastructure. The* integration of DG into
dynamic models of generator, converter, power system and the
temdnmcmdlo
~~~~~~~~thermodynamic ir-ubn ytm oeigoof
model of micro-turbine system. Modeling
distribution networks in recent years has transformed them microturbine and its advanced controls for both grid-connected
from being passive to active networks [1]. The progress of DG, and islanding conditions with privileged loads are developed
as an important energy option in the present scenario is the
and presented in [12]. These methods deals with unidirectional
result of combination of utility restructuring, technology power flow between the MTG system and distribution
evolutions and recent environmental policies, network. In these models the MTG-side converter is a diode-
rectifier, a thyristor-rectifier or a Voltage-Sourced Converter
Distributed or embedded generator is generally defined (VSC) and the utility side converter is often a VSC unit. The
/accepted as a plant which is connected directly to utilities modeling of power electric interface for grid connection of
distribution network or can operate independently. They are MTG system is presented in [13].
generally considered to be less than 100MW in capacity and
are not centrally planned or dispatched. Distributed generation In this paper a single shaft MTG system model is
can be based on renewable technologies such as wind turbine, developed in Simulink/SimPowerSystems of the MATLAB.
photovoltaic or recent promising non renewable technologies The developed dX model considers bidirectional power flow
such as microturbine and fuel cell. Distributed generation using between the grid and MTG system.Two interface controls are
microturbine is a typical and practical solution because of its designed; on o nm o an t o for Isand
environment-friendliness and high energy efficiency [2]. . '
Various applications such as peak saving, ^ co-generation,^ ~~study
oprto ar ie.Teetniesmltoscridott
the performance of the model when connected to the
remote power and premium power will make its penetration distrvibution network.
wide spread.

1-4244-0726-5/06/$20.OO '2006 IEEE 305

 II. MICROTURBINE GENERATION SYSTEM The model parameters are given in Appendix [5]. Speed
MODELING control is usually modeled by using a lead-lag transfer function
There are essentially two types of micro turbine designs. or by a PID controller [3]. In this work a lead lag transfer
One is a high-speed single-shaft design with the compressor function has been used to represent the speed controller. The
and turbine mounted on the same shaft as the permanent governor controls are shown in the Fig. 2 with parameters X,
magnet synchronous generator. The generator generates a very Y, Z and gain (K), which can be adjusted so that the governor
high frequency three phase signal ranging from 1500 to 4000 can act with droop or as isochronous governor. Acceleration
Hz. The high frequency voltage is first rectified and then control can be used primarily during turbine start-up to limit
inverted to a normal 50 or 60 Hz voltage. the rate of the rotor acceleration prior to reaching operating
speed.
The output of the governor goes to a low value select to
machine side lieSide produce a value for the fuel demand signal. The other signal
highospeednoverter corDLerter ifr miute gid into the low value select is from the temperature controller
PMSM _which is not considered here. The per unit value for fuel
demand signal, corresponds directly to the per unit value of
rnicrotufiruine * 1 |mechanical power on turbine base in steady state. The fuel
iLterface T T load +flow control system consists of series of blocks including the
sls
valve position and flow dynamics. The value of fuel demand
signal is scaled by the gain value of 0.77 and offset by value
Fig. 1. Microturbine generation system (MTGS). which is the fuel flow at no load, at rated speed condition. The
time delay preceding the fuel flow control represents delay in
Another is a split-shaft design that uses a power turbine the governor control using digital logic in place of analog
rotating at 3600 rpm and a conventional generator (usually devices. The fuel burned in the combustor results in turbine
induction generator) connected via a gearbox. The power torque.
electronic interfacing is not needed in this design. Along with
the turbine there will be control systems including speed and
acceleration control, fuel flow control, and temperature control. B Permanent magnete fnchronesrmachine (pMSM)pole
A micro turbine can generate power in the range of 25 KW to
500 KW. Fig. 1 shows the basic components of microturbine
The
magnet
synchron or gene
synchronous machine (PMSM)
permanent
with a non-salient
generation stem s rotor. At 1600 Hertz (96 000 rpm), the machine output power
is 30 kW and its terminal line-to-line voltage is 480 V. The
electrical and mechanical parts of the machine are each
A. Microturbine represented by a second-order state-space model. The model
The simplified single shaft gas turbine including its control assumes that the flux established by the permanent magnets in
systems which is implemented in Simulink of the MATLAB is the stator is sinusoidal, which implies that electromotive forces
shown in Fig. 2. The model consists of fuel control, turbine are sinusoidal. The following equations expressed in the rotor
dynamics, and speed governor blocks. The electromechanical reference frame (dq-frame) are used to implement PM
behaviour is of main interest in this work. Therefore, the synchronous machine.
recuperator and the heat exchanger unit are not included in the
model as it only serves to increase the turbine efficiency. The Electrical system:
speed control operates on the speed error formed between d . 1 R Lq
reference (one per-unit) speed and the MTG system rotor d d - +L ) q ()
speed. It is the primary means of control for the microturbine dt Ld Ld Ld
under part load conditions [8]. d. 1 RL Ld Pid _ L_
dt 1q -vq
i __ (2)
2 Fuel demand
Lq L q LqP ' Lq
r

Value Positioner Fuel System Combustor T= 1.5p (Aiq + (Ld Lq)iqid)

(3)
K- H *5s 4Mechanical system:
Gas Turbine Dynamics
Xs+1 Speed Governer 1a
d 1
Y.s+Z
X H1 J
1.3*(u-0.23)
J
O.s1o
d~~~~~~~~~~~~~t
) J (Te -Fo) TM
(4
(4)
SpeH P.U. System Speed Turbine Torqu
RfSpeeds~
Ref d
input output O5(-)d

Fig. 2. Simulink model of the Microturbine.

Where
Lq 'd:qaddainutne
R Resistance of the stator windings

306
iqi id q and d axis currents 1) Machine Side Converter Control: Fig. 3 shows high
Vqi Vd :q and d axis voltages efficiency drive control system for the MTG. The commanded
FrAnguluxinducdtby permannto
ofthe magnetsinspeed oref is pre-calculated according to the turbine output
stator windings. power and set to the optimum speed. Based on the speed error
P :sNumber of pole pairs the commanded q axis magnetizing current iqref is determined
Te Electromagnetic torque through the speed controller. In this system the following PI
j Combined inertia of rotor and load controller is employed as the speed controller
F Combined viscous friction of rotor and load
0 :Rotor angular position
Tm Shaft mechanical torque. 'qref = Kp,e,K0
+ , Je,dt (6)

C Power Conditioning Where, Kpe, and KC,, are the proportional and integral gains
The power conditioning is a critical component in the single- respectively. The commanded d axis current idref is pre-
shaft microturbine design and represents significant design determined and set to the optimum magnetizing current value.
challenges, specifically in matching turbine output to the Based on the current errors, the commanded dq-axes voltages
required load. There are different configurations available for are determined through the current controller. In this system,
this purpose. One possibility is to use a three-phase diode the following PI controllers with decoupling terms are utilized
rectifier, a voltage source inverter (VSI) and filter. This for the current controllers.
requires separate start up inverter during starting. The
configuration used in this paper uses back to back voltage Vd = Kpled + Kj feddt-wrLqiq (7)
source converters (VSC). This topology allows bi-directional
power flow between the converter and the grid and hence no vq = Kpieq + Ki, Jeqdt + r (Ldid + A) (8)
separate starting arrangement is required. During the starting
PMSM acts as motor and draws power from the grid to bring The commanded dq-axes voltages (vd, vq) are transformed
the turbine to certain speed. In this line side converter acts as into the abc quantities (Va,Vb,Vc) and given to PWM generator to
controlled rectifier and machine side converter acts as inverter generate the gate pulse.
and provides AC supply to the motor; this is also referred as
motoring mode of operation of PMSM. During the generating 2) Line Side Converter Control: The MTG system line side
mode PMSM acts as generator and power flows from MTGS to converter can operate both in grid connected control mode and
grid. The machine side and line side converters act as stand alone control mode.
controlled rectifier and inverter respectively.
In both the mode of operation the grid-side converter
regulates the DC bus voltage while the machine-side converter
controls the PMSM speed and displacement factor. This P
Pr vd
control structure decouples effectively the two converters id I PA
control scheme. Synchronization of the grid-side converter is iabc d wq ab M
carried out by a phase lock loop (PLL). Both converters use _ a
PWM modulation technique. Depending on the status of the + PLL Theta L P1 _
MTG system two different control strategies for the line side vabc 1
converter have been considered: PQ control strategy with dc
voltage control is used for grid connected mode of operation
and voltage /frequency control for stand alone or islanding Fig. 4. Line side converter control for grid connected mode.
Operation mode.
Grid Connected Mode: The control structure for grid-
connected mode is shown in Fig. 4. The grid-side converter
operates as a controlled power source. The standard PI-
theta |
te > | controllers are used to regulate the grid currents in the dq
theta d te to PWM gen synchronous frame in the inner control loops and the dc
abcdq [ L current controller
abc voltage in the outer loop. It is seen that a PI controller regulates
iabc vd vq the DC bus voltage by imposing an Id current component. Id
m + represents the active component of the injected current into the
DP -L' grid and'q is its reactive component. In order to obtain only a
speed z-li | iqref ~~~~~~~~~transferof active power, the iq current reference is set to zero.
The decoupling terms are used to have independent control of
Fig. 3. Machine side converter control. id and iq in. A PLL is used to synchronize the converter with

307
the grid. The philosophy of the PLL is that the difference
between grid phase angle and the inverter phase angle can be
reduced to zero using PI controller, and thus locking the line
side inverter phase to the grid.
Island operation Mode: In island control mode, no grid
exists so the output voltages need to be controlled in terms of
amplitude and frequency and thus, the reactive and active
power flow is controlled. The control structure for islanding
control mode is depicted in Fig. 5. It consists of output voltage
controller and dc-link voltage controller. The output voltage
controller will control the output voltage with a minimal
influence from the shape of the load currents or load transients.
vd
ih_
PI
vd + the model is studied for different values of reference output
d voltage controller
theta vd
vabc
Where, the series resistance of the inductors is neglected for
simplicity. Using the above equation and considering
resonance frequency and low ripple current, inductors values
are determined. In addition the capacitor value is rated with the
accepted reactive power level of the capacitor for LCL filters.
The procedures for designing of LCL filters are given in [14].
In this model for LCL configuration supply side (L1) and
inverter side inductance (L2) values are lmH and 6.5mH.
III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The model used for study the performance of MTG system
in Grid connected/islanding mode is shown in Fig. 6. The
distribution network, to which MTG system is connected, is
represented by balanced 3 phase source. The performance of
vdvq pow er.
dq toPWM ge.

vq 10 Mlc.t,,,b ne Model

| tk 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ X ~~~~~~~~Line Side Mach ne Sideu n r

vqe Theta Converter DC link Converter pmsm Measurement

F ig. 5. Line side converter control iislaningamoe.-

forT bXdcP

A standard PI controller operating in the synchronously -n:nco'ladg

- - ecoT I p

rotating coordinate system where vq is kept to zero is used. The VCcln

dc-voltage PI controller maintains the dc voltage to the 1
reference. The dc-link voltage controller is acting only when
the dc-link is below the reference and it lowers the voltage Fi.6SmPerytsiplenaonfMTsse.
reference of the main voltage controller in order to avoid 8000
inverter saturation. For fast response there is a direct forward
connection to the voltage controller output. The frequency
regulation has been done using virtual PLL block, which is 6000
available in the SimpowerSystems. 4000
D. FilterDesign a)3000/
The primary function of the AC filter is to filter out the high n 200
frequency components caused by the inverter switching c000
operation. However, the filter also affects the low order 1000/
harmonic performance of the system. In this paper LCL filter is C() 02 04
used for
used for GridsideTconverter.
Grneside The passive LCL filter design
sidverter controlforislandieFig 7 Time-(sec)
SpeedvariationofPMSM.
depends on the attenuation needed in order to reduce the high
frequency component of the line current. Standards such as 2x104
IEG 1000-3-4 regulation on current harmonic emissions into
the power grid, must be used to rate this attenuation. The IEG 1.5
1000-3-4 regulation states that current harmonics above the
33rd should be less than 0.60o of the nominal current. The /
transfer function of the LCL Filter designed by the output 0.5
voltage to the input Current is given as follows [14].

L, L2C 01 0. 0.l . .
Gth(s)e = i beLow (9) 0f2nTime (sec) 08 1
L l C Fig. 8. Active power variation during motoring /generating mode at the grid
1 2 ~~~~~~~~~~side
of MTG system.

308
 Grid Connected Mode: During the start up, the PMSM voltage regulated at 760 V when the machine is operating in
operates as a motor to bring the turbine to a speed of 30000 grid-connected mode.
rpm. In this case power flows from grid to MTG system. Fig. 7 Island Operation Mode: At t=1 s the interface circuit breaker
shows that the microturbine reaches the set value of speed in between MTG system and grid is opened and the voltage-
0.35s. At this speed MTG System draws fundamental current frequency (Vf) control scheme for island operation is activated.
of 14.43 A resulting an absorptive power of 5.2 kW as shown Fig.12 shows the line current variations of MTG system both
in Fig. 8. The machine terminal voltage reaches 192 V at a during grid connected and islanding operations.
frequency of 500 Hz at this speed. To ensure this operating 1000
condition at a unity displacement factor the pre-calculated [15] 800
reference speed and direct current component id are set to 3142
rad/s and -5.36 A respectively. The speed regulator provides 0 600
the reference for the iq current component. 00
When motor is switched to generating mode as shown in >
Fig. 7, the power flows from MTG system to the grid. To 200
ensure this operating condition at a unity displacement factor, o0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.41.5
the reference speed is set at 5849 rad/s and the reference for the Time (sec)
direct current idref is set at -15.89 A. This reference speed Fig 11. DC link voltage.
corresponds to the output power of 14 kW and at this speed,
the generator line to line voltage is 330 V, the frequency is 931 80
Hz and the fundamental RMS output current value is 24.84 A. 60
The reference current iqref is therefore imposed by the speed 40
controller. E
20
60 0
-20
40 3
-40
0- -60
E
0 -80
a.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
Time (sec)

-401 -Fig. 12. Line current at the MTG side of the interface.
-60 1000
0.82 0.521 0.822 0.823 0.824 0.825 0.826
Time (sec)

Fig. 9. Line current of PMSM in generating mode at 14 kW. 500

20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0

Q) 0
15 0

10~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cl) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-500-
5 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-5 -'b.8 0.9 1 1. 1.2

-10-
0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Time (sec)

-15 Fig. 13. Voltage across the load terminals.

-2C 80
0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Time (sec) 60

Fig. 10. Current iq injected into the grid. 40

~-20
E
Fig. 9 shows the line current of the PMSM when operating
in generating mode, supplying 14kW to the grid. Fig. 10 shows (D2
the reactive component of current injected into the grid for zero C)-0
 There is momentary transient at the time of transfer and after plants in power system studies," IEEE Trans. on Power System, vol. 9,
that current reaches new value. Fig.that13 curent
showsreches
the voltage
ne value at the
Fig.13show[5] no. M.
L. 3, pp. 1698-1708,
Hajagos and G.August 1994. "Utility experience with gas turbine
R. Berube,
load terminals. The Vf controller controls the terminal voltage testing and modelling," in Proc. IEEE PES Winter Meeting, vol. 2, Jan /
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N. Hannet, and A. Khan, "Combustion turbine dynamic model validation
reference values vdref and refeencfin
Vq,,ef ln dq coordinate.
coord1nate. The Vqef
Vqref inln [6] from tests," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol.8, no.1, pp.152-158, Feb
this simulation taken as zero. Fig. 14 shows that the load 1993.
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distributed generator," in Proc. 34th South eastern Symposium on system
moue AttnehmeOf
islandingmode.
islanding wltnmgIro
At the time of switching gra cnnetea
from grid connected Theory, Huntsville, Alabama,2002, pp. 209-213.
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in Fig. 1 I.The dc voltage controller in V-f control scheme microturbine based distributed generation system," in Proc IEEE Power
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[10] A.
split shaft microturbine distributed generator," in Proc. of the 35th South-
The modeling of modeling generation
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2004.
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Exposition, 2004, pp.360-365.
model provides a useful tool suitable to study and to perform [13] 0. Fethi, L. A. Dessaint, and K. Al-Haddad, "Modeling and simulation of
accurate analysis of most electrical phenomena that occur the electric Part of a grid connected micro turbine," in Proc. IEEE PES
general
when a micro turbine is connected to the grid or is operated in [14] M. Liserre, meeting, 2004, pp. 2212-2219.
F, Blaabjerg and S. Hansen, "Design and control of an LCL-
islanded mode. The simulation results show that the developed filter-based three-phase active rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industry
model of the MTG system has the ability to adjust the supply Applications, vol. 4, no. 5, pp.1281-1291, September / October 2005.
phase"High
per the power
asasper . , ., ,. , , of .the load. ,.within
requirements rating. [15] N. Urasaki,drive
, .,MTG's,.,.,.efficiency
T. Senjyu, K. Uezato, T. Funabashi, and H. Fujita,
for micro-turbine generator based on current and
The intentional islanding helps in providing higher reliability revolving speed optimization," in Proc.IEEE International Conference
for the customer. Presented model shows good performance in on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS),vol. 1, pp. 737-
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[16] R. J. Yinger, 'Behavior of capston and honeywell microturbine
generators during load changes'CERTS consultancy report LBNL-49095,
Feb 2004.
APPENDIX [17] MATLAB Documentation available:http://www.mathworks.co.in.
The Speed governor parameters: Gain (K) =25, X=0.4,
Y=0.05, Z=1. BIOGRAPHIES
Parameters of PMSM: Rs = 0.25 Q, No. of poles = 2, D. N. Gaonkar received M-Tech degree from the National Institute of
Ld = Lq= 0.6875 mH, X =0.0534 wb. Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka, India in the year 2003. He is currently in
Grid parameters: R=0.4 Q, L=2mH, 480V, 60Hz. Indian institute of Technology Roorkee, pursuing his Ph.D. degree. His
Load parameters: 25 kW, 480 Load
V, 60 Hz. kW, V,
parameters: 25 480 60 Hz. research interests are in the area of distributed generation and, power quality.
R. N. Patel is working as a faculty in the Electrical Engineering
Department of Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. He received his
REFERENCES Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi in the year 2003. He
has published many papers s inin reputed international journals/conferences. His
[1] P. P. Barker, and R. W. de Mello, "Determining the impact of distributed mainpresea
main research interes reauofdpowersytem
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[2] W. G. Scott, "Micro-turbine generators for distribution systems," IEEE G. N. Pillai is working as an Assistant professor in the Electrical
Industry Applications Magazine. vol. 4, no.3, May-June, 1998, pp. 5 - Engineering Department of Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. He
62. received his Ph.D. degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in the
[3] W. I. Rowen, "Simplified mathematical representations of heavy duty gas y 2 H w
turbines," ASME Trans. Journal of Engineeringfor Power, vol. 105, no. Newtownabbe U.rk.d as pbshed an pae inireutetinernUlster,
4, pp. 865-869. Oct 1983. Newtownabbey U. K. and has published many papers in reputed international
[4] Working Group on Prime Mover and Energy Supply Models for System journals / conferences. His main research interest is in the area of power
Dynamic Performance Studies, "Dynamic models for combined cycle system operation and control system.

310