1))design stage …1 Preliminary design
2 Final design
3 Cost re-evaluation or value engineering
4 Construction documents and bid
specifications…
design activity Design is the fundamental
activity which commences with a market need
and the activity is completed when the
resulting product is satisfactorily delivered.
Need  economic existence  prepared to
pay the price.
(Ex. Demand for private hospitals  investors
can make a profit  design & construct)
The purpose of the construction industry is to
provide products arising from some human
need.
Core Phases of Design Activity
**Market investigation phase.**Product brief
phase.**Conceptualphase.**Detail
phase**Construction phase.*Use phase.
Conceptual design is the earliest phase of the
building design process and commences with a
set of initial concepts. Keeping in mind that
there is no single solution with optimal
performance with respect to al1 requirements
due to the fact there are conflicting objective
criteria, designers must evaluate different
competing criteria with the view to achieve a
good compromise design. That is, the selection
of a suitable solution involves making
subjective compromises between confiicting
objective criteria. The conceptual design phase
involves making decisions that can have the
maximum influence on the final design and
project cost. One study suggested that as much
as 80% of the total resources required to
constmct a building are comrnitted by the
decisions made in the first 10% of the design
process.
Schematic Design: An initial design
scheme that seeks to define the general scope
and conceptual design of the project including
scale and relationships between building
components. At the end of the
schematic design phase the architect will
present some very rough sketches to the owner
for approval.
Project brief is the final stage in the process
of defining the client's requirements for the
development of a built asset: The statement of
need is the first attempt to describe the
possible requirements of the project.
 A description of the client
 Site information
 Spatial requirements
 Technical requirements
 Component requirements
 Project requirements and other issues
Activiy model
Map of the activities that make up a process
and showing their interconnections and
interactions, inputs and outputs, types of
resources assigned, and the nature and extent
of constraints and controls. An as-is model
maps the current process without the
suggested improvements, and a to-be model
maps the process with the improvements
implemented.
Following FEED is the Detailed Design
(Detailed Engineering) phase, which may
consist of procurement of materials as well.
This phase further elaborates each aspect of
the project/product by complete description
through solid modeling, drawings as well
as specifications.
Some example specifications to be finalized
may include:[2]
 Operating parameters

 3))Approximate quantities cost
plan (from the end of detailed
design through to tender).
 Pre-tender estimate (prepared
alongside tender documentation).
 Tender pricing document (strictly
speaking this is not a priced
document, but is part of the tender
documentation issued to
the contractor for pricing).
 Contract sum (agreed with
the contractor during
the tender period and adjusted
during the construction period).
 Contract sum analysis (a break down
of the contract sum prepared by
the contractor on design and
build projects).
 Final account (agreed during
the defects liability period).
Consultancy agreement
Services, Time andAvailability.confidentiality,
Standard of Conduct, Outside Services.
Reports. IndependentContractor,Taxes, Benefi
ts, Compensation Reimbursement. TERM AND
TERMINATION Term.Termination.
Responsibility upon Termination. Survival.
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION, Obligation of
Confidentiality.
Definition. Property of the Company.
RIGHTS AND DATA,Conflict of
Interest. Non-Solicitation. RIGHT TO
INJUNCTIVE RELIE, GENERAL
PROVISIONS., Construction of Terms,
Governing Law, Complete Agreement.
Dispute Resolution,Modification. Waiver of
Breach.Successors and Assigns. No Conflict.
Bid evaluation
Small / Medium size projects.
*Completeness of the tender.
*Conformity with the instructions to tenderers.
*Conformity with the specifications and
drawings.
*Arithmetical correctness.
*Contractors qualifications and experience.
*Accuracy of unit rates.
Evaluation of tenders for large and complex
projects should be done with respect to
contractual, technical and financial aspects.
*Contractual – Conformity with instructions to
tenderers and completeness of tender, validity
of tender, insurance, administrative experience
etc. should be considered.
*Technical – Confirmation with specifications
and drawings, alternative offers, construction
method, temporary works, programme, sub
contracted work, construction plant &
equipment etc. should be considered.
*Financial – Bonds, guarantees, daywork rates
and any other financial matters should be
considered.
Inspection and test procedures
*Slump test before leaving the batching plant
and on arrival on site- for example the slump
of approved concrete design mix for your
suspended slab is 150 mm +/- 25. It means that
the drop of concrete after the slump cone is
removed should not be more than 175 mm nor
less than 125 mm
-*-Compressive strength test- Three samples
of cubes or cylinders shall be taken for
compressive strength test, but it is not
commonly three samples, sometimes it is two
depend on the specification.
*-Water Permeability test
A water permeability test is one of the tests to
determine the durability of concrete. Three
cubes shall be taken from fresh concrete and
5))Appendix A – Scope of services to be furnished.
Appendix B – Assigned resources.
Appendix C – Remuneration and payment
Schedules.
*Conditions regarding general provisions.
*Conditions regarding commencement,
completion and alteration of agreement.
*Conditions regarding postponement and
termination of agreement.
*Conditions regarding rights and duties of the
consulting engineer
*Conditions regarding liability of the
consulting engineer.
*Conditions regarding the obligations of the
client.
*Conditions regarding settlement of disputes.
*Conditions regarding personnel.
*Conditions regarding remuneration of the
Consulting Engineer.
*Conditions regarding payments to the
Consulting Engineer.
MANAGEMENT OF QUALITY IN CONSTRUCTION
Three ways of managing quality
 Prevention – quality assurance
 Inspection – quality control
 Failure – no checks on quality
failure
 No checks are made on quality.
 Non compliant products are allowed
to come out of production line.
 Rectification will be late and
expensive.
Inspection
*Inspections use observation, measurement,
testing and judgment to evaluate conformity.
*Inspection results are compared with
specified requirements in order to establish
whether conformity has been achieved – check
for compliance.
Product inspections compare product
characteristics with product requirements in
order to evaluate conformity
Prevention
*Preventive actions are steps that are taken to
remove the causes of potential
nonconformities or potential situations that are
undesirable.
*The preventive action process is designed to
prevent the occurrence of nonconformities or
situations that do not yet exist. It tries to
prevent occurrence by eliminating causes.
*While corrective actions prevent recurrence,
preventive actions prevent occurrence. Both
types of actions are intended to prevent
nonconformities.
*In general, the preventive action process can
be thought of as a risk analysis process.
Corrective action
*Identify the reason for non-conformance to
prevent recurrences. Any non-conformity upon
being reviewed may be:
*Reworked to meet the specified requirements
*Accepted with or without rectification subject
to client approval
Rejected or scrapped and disposed off
QA-All actions taken to ensure that standards
and procedures are followed to and that
delivered products or services meet
performance requirements.
*Examples of quality assurance include
process checklists and project audits as well.
*The auditor being able to tell if the
deliverable seems acceptable based on the
process used to create it (quality assurance).
Quality Assurance is the process that no matter
the complex the program; defects can be easily
fixed to ensure quality later when truly Quality
should be designed into the product
 2))
 Operating and nonoperating
environmental stimuli
 Test requirements
 External dimensions
 Maintenance and testability
provisions
 Materials requirements
 Reliability requirements
 External surface treatment
 Design life
 Packaging requirements
 External marking
The information inputs into the core phase
are very vital and are dependent on the
specific area of engineering.
 **Legislation – needs to comply with the
rules and regulations enforced by various
authorities concerned.
 **Economics–Financial aspects of the
project.
**Soil Mechanics–This information is
required for the design of foundations etc.
**Hydraulics–For water retaining structures
etc.
**Structures – This information is required to
analyze for stresses.
The needs of clients can be separated into
three distinct categories
 Time requirements.
 Cost requirements.
 Quality requireme
Factors relate with project cost
the project, scale and scope of construction,
market conditions, method of construction, site
constraints, client's financial position,
buildability and location of the project.
Analysis of variance, which tests the null
hypothesis that the opinions of the four
categories of companies are not significantly
different, shows that except for the
procurement route and contractual
arrangement factor there is no difference of
opinion, at the 5% significance level, on the
factors influencing cost estimating. Further
analysis, based on a factor analysis technique,
shows that the variables could be grouped into
seven factors; the most important factor
grouping being project complexity followed
by technological requirements, project
information, project team requirement,
contract requirement, project duration and,
finally, market requirement.
The cost planning process consists
essentially of three phases:
*..The first of these involves the establishment
of a realistic first estimate (Preliminary
Approximate Estimate)
*..The second stage plans how this estimate
should be spent among the various parts or
elements of the project (Cost Plan)
Cost plans are generally prepared by cost
consultants (often quantity surveyors). They
evolve through the life of the project,
developing in detail and accuracy as more
information becomes available about the
nature of the design, and then actual prices are
provided by specialist
contractors, contractors and suppliers:
 Initial cost appraisals (studies of options
prepared during the feasibility
study stage).
 Elemental cost plan (prepared during
the project brief stage and carried through
to detailed design).
 takes account of the circumstances and locality.
4))tested in accordance to the German
Standard DIN 1048 at 28 days age. This kind
of test shall be taken from substructures
concrete elements like foundations, concrete
water tank, retaining wall etc.
*- Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration Test
Like water permeability test, this is also one of
the tests to determine the durability of
concrete. Three cubes shall be taken from
fresh concrete delivered on site and tested at
28 days age. The test shall be done in
accordance to ASTM C1202-97.
* Water Absorption Test
Here is the other test that would determine the
durability of concrete. The three cube sample
shall be taken from the delivered fresh
concrete and kept it in the curing tank for 28
days or after 24 hours the concrete sample
would be demoulded and it will be sent
directly to the approved third party laboratory
to ensure its curing. The size of cube sample is
150 mm and tested in accordance to BS 1881-
122.
The elemental cost plan is a detailed cost
plan which is broken down into a series of
elements. Initially, the elemental cost plan will
simply be the total construction cost for the
project divided into elements on a percentage
basis. As the design becomes more detailed
however, the elemental cost plan will be
'measured', based on the actual quantities of
work and materials that will be required to
construct the project.The design of elements
maybe controlled by a theoretical cost
allocation to a particular element, based on
previous experience.
*Initial cost appraisals*feasibility
study *Elemental cost plan* project
brief* detailed design).*Approximate
quantities cost plan detailed
design to tender).*Pre-tender estimate along
side tender documentation).*Tenderpricing
document *Contract sum .*Contract sum
analysis *Final account, should consider
* Inflation.*Professionalfees
.*VAT.*Client contingency.*Statutory ees.
Lifecycle costing
Generally, cost of a project includes costs up
to completion of construction including,
 Land acquisition
 Development
 Design (architectural & structural)
 Construction
This does not reflect the overall cost of the
project over its entire life span.
Total cost of a project should include cost to
construct, operate, maintain and replace a
facility or a system for a specified life time –
‘Life Cycle Cost’
FIDIC consultancy agreement
An agreement consists of,
*Form of Agreement – formal signed agreement.
*General Conditions of Agreement (Part I) –
conditions generally applicable.
*Conditions of Particular Application (Part II) –
*Appendices –
6))QC-Quality control refers to the process,
most often implemented in manufacturing, of
monitoring the quality of finished products
through measures and an overall corporate
commitment to producing defect-free
products.
Quality Control refers to quality related
activities associated with the creation of
project deliverables. Quality control is used to
verify that deliverables are of acceptable
quality and that they are complete and correct.
Examples of quality control activities include
deliverable peer reviews and the testing
process.
ISO 9000 is a quality management standard
that presents guidelines intended to increase
business efficiency and customer satisfaction.
The goal of ISO 9000 is to embed a quality
management system within an organization,
increasing productivity, reducing unnecessary
costs, and ensuring quality of processes and
products.
Advantages-Increased marketability, Reduced
operational expenses, Better management
control—Increased customer satisfaction—
Improved internal communication—Improved
customer service—Reduction of product-
liability risks—Attractiveness to investors—
ISO 9000 DOCS The documentation required
to effectively operate a business and to satisfy
ISO 9000 requirements consist of a Quality
Policy Manual, Procedures, Work Instructions,
and Records. A company that fulfills these
requirements enhance chances for success in
their business operations. By following the ISO
9000 standards, along with having a good
company policy toward quality, procedures
that tell what will be done and who will do it,
work instructions to assure consistency of
operations, and solid record-keeping, a
company can enhance its chances for success.
the purpose of internal audit is to
determine whether the quality management
system conforms to the planned arragement to
the requirement of the international standard and
to the quality management system requirements
established by the organisation and is effectively
implemented and maintanined
To control the quality system and make sure that
everyone is working propeply. With the audit you
can ckeck every departments work and how the
people react in difficult situation. Also you can
check the training of the workers and what
improvments you can make to save hours and
increase your gain and your quality
Document Control
A construction company needs to keep following
documents – Quality Management System
Documents, Project Specific Documents,
Supporting Technical Documents
 Approving & issuing documents – keep a
master list of current documents & check
documents before issuing
 Modifying & changing documents – keep track
of any changes
Inernal Qualiy Audit
Conducted to monitor the firms effective
implementation of the quality management system
by the staff
 Carried out at regular intervals
 Results helpful to identify follow-up or
corrective actions
Benefits of ISO 9000
*Reduced number of defects – reduction of costs
*Increased customer satisfaction
*Increased marketability
*Consistency in output
*Factual approach to decision making
*Assured customer / market share
*Involvement of personnel and consequent higher
productivity
*Improved internal communication
 Environmental benefits - help reduce
negative impacts on the environment
  Attractiveness to investors
Access to new markets by preventing trade barriers