Scores for the Hofstede IBM study (Hofstede, 2001)

Additional notes Power Uncertainty Individualism (vs. Masculinity (vs. Long/Short-term

Hofstede Distance* Avoidance* Collectivism)* Femininity)* Orientation*
Countries

Albania
Arabic countries (Region) 80 68 38 53
Argentina 49 86 46 56
Australia total (a) 36 51 90 61 31
Australia
Austrialia Aborigines (e) 80 128 89 22 -10
(for LTO: EMS
Austria consumer survey) 11 70 55 79 31
Bangladesh (estimated) 80 60 20 55 40

total (for LTO: EMS

Belgium consumer survey)(a) 65 94 75 54 38
Belgium Dutch speakers (a) 61 97 78 43
Belgium/French
speakers French speakers (a) 67 93 72 60
Bolivia
Brazil 69 76 38 49 65
Bulgaria (estimated) 70 85 30 40
Canada total (a) 39 48 80 52 23
Canada English speakers

Canada French speakers (d) 54 60 73 45 30

Chile 63 86 23 28
China (estimated) 80 30 20 66 118
Colombia 67 80 13 64
Costa Rica 35 86 15 21
Czechia (estimated) 57 74 58 57 13
(for LTO: EMS
Denmark consumer survey) 18 23 74 16 46
East Africa (Region) 64 52 27 53
Ecuador 78 67 8 63
Egypt
El Salvador
England
Estonia (estimated) 40 60 60 30
(for LTO: EMS
Finland consumer survey) 33 59 63 26 41
(for LTO: EMS
France consumer survey) 68 86 71 43 39
Georgia
Germany 35 65 67 66 31
Germany

Germany
Great Britain 35 35 89 66 25
Greece 60 112 35 57
Guatemala 95 101 6 37
Hong Kong 68 29 25 57 96
Hungary (estimated) 46 82 80 88 50
India 77 40 48 56 61
Indonesia 78 48 14 46
(for LTO: EMS
Ireland consumer survey) 28 35 70 68 43
Iran 58 59 41 43
Israel 13 81 54 47
(for LTO: EMS
Italy consumer survey) 50 75 76 70 34
Jamaica 45 13 39 68
Japan 54 92 46 95 80
Kazakhstan
Korea (South) 60 85 18 39 75
Kuwait
Luxemburg (estimated) 40 70 60 50
Malaysia 104 36 26 50
Malta (estimated) 56 96 59 47
Mexico 81 82 30 69
Morocco (estimated) 70 68 46 53
Namibia
Netherlands 38 53 80 14 44
New Zealand 22 49 79 58 30
Nigeria
(for LTO: EMS
Norway consumer survey) 31 50 69 8 44
Pakistan 55 70 14 50 0
Panama 95 86 11 44
Peru 64 87 16 42
Philippines 94 44 32 64 19
Poland (estimated) 68 93 60 64 32
(for LTO: EMS
Portugal consumer survey) 63 104 27 31 30
Qatar
Romania (estimated) 90 90 30 42
Russia (estimated) 93 95 39 36
Singapore 74 8 20 48 48
Slovenia
South Africa 49 49 65 63
South Africa

South Africa
Salvador 66 94 19 40
Slovakia (estimated) 104 51 52 110 38
(for LTO: EMS
Spain consumer survey) 57 86 51 42 19
Surinam (estimated) 85 92 47 37
Sweden 31 29 71 5 33
 total (for LTO: EMS
Switzerland consumer survey)(a) 34 58 68 70 40
German speakers
Switzerland (a,b) 26 56 69 72

Switzerland French speakers (a) 70 70 64 58

Taiwan 58 69 17 45 87
Thailand 64 64 20 34 56
Trinidad (estimated) 47 55 16 58
Turkey 66 85 37 45
Uruguay 61 100 36 38
United States 40 46 91 62 29
Venezuela 81 76 12 73
Vietnam (estimated) 70 30 20 40 80
West Africa (Region) 77 54 2 46 16
Yugoslavia (total) (a) 76 88 27 21
Yugoslavia/Croatia (Zagreb) (c) 73 80 33 40
Yugoslavia/Serbia (Beograd)(c) 86 92 25 43
Yugoslavia/Slovenia (Ljubljana)(c) 71 88 27 19
Zambia
Zimbabwe

a=based on IBM survey data

b=see also Kopper (1993)
c=based on reanalysis of IBM survey data (Hofstede, 1993)
d=based on Hofstede's interpretation of Rokeach Value Survey scores collected by McCarrey, Edwards, and Jones (1978); of work
goal importance scores collected by Jain, Normand, and Kanungo (1979); IDV based on regression from data collected by Lambert
and Klineberg (1967); and observations by Dr. Christoph Barmeyer (personal communication, 1999)
e=Based on oberservations of Dr. Ray Simonsen, Victoria Unversitz, Darwin (personal communciations, 1998)

* Higher scores indicate higher levels of this dimension

** Response bias corrected scores for societal cultural scales (House et. al., 2004)

For further details and interpretation of these two seminal studies as well as a review of other cross-cultural research, please refer to these two very comprehen
Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, London: Sage
House, R.J.; Hanges, P.J.' Javidan, M.; Dorfman, P.W.; Gupta, V. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organiza-tions, The Globe Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks: Sage

References
Hofstede, G. (1993) Images of Europe (Valedictory address) Maastricht, the Netherlands: Maastricht University, Faculty of Economics and Business
Kopper (1993) Swiss and Germans: Similarities and differences in work-related values, attitudes, and behavior, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 17, pp. 1
McCarrey, M.W.; Edwards, S.; Jones, R. (1978) Personal values of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone employees and ethnolinguistic group membership, sex, and po
Jain, H.C.; Normand, J.; Kanungo, R.N. (1979) Job motivation of Canadian Anglophone and Francophone hospital employees, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, vol
Lambert, W.E.; Klineberg, O. (1967) Children's views of foreign peoples: A cross-national study, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
 Scores for the GLOBE Study**(House et. al., 2004)
Institutional In-Group Future Gender Humane
Assertiveness*
Collectivism* Collectivism* Orientation* Egalitarianism* Orientation*

Additional notes
Practices Values Practices Values Practices Values Practices Values Practices Values Practices
GLOBE

4.57 4.39 4.28 4.3 5.51 4.98 3.69 5.17 3.48 4.04 4.4

4.18 3.18 3.66 5.29 5.51 6.07 3.1 5.73 3.44 4.89 3.94

4.29 3.83 4.31 4.47 4.14 5.82 4.09 5.21 3.41 5.02 4.32

4.59 2.85 4.34 4.78 4.89 5.32 4.47 5.15 3.18 4.83 3.77

3.78 3.68 3.96 5.03 5.44 5.91 3.55 5.56 3.45 4.65 3.99
4.25 3.06 3.94 5.57 5.16 5.17 3.9 5.6 3.44 4.91 3.76

English speakers 4.09 4.15 4.36 4.2 4.22 5.94 4.4 5.34 3.66 5.04 4.51

3.77 5.52 4.67 4.52 5.86 5.12 3.68 4.7 3.03 3.73 4.29
4.16 3.45 3.84 5.27 5.59 5.99 3.35 5.52 3.64 4.85 3.72
3.83 4.04 3.95 5.14 5.26 5.94 3.64 5.1 3.56 4.59 4.38
 4.04 3.59 4.93 4.41 3.63 5.71 4.59 4.49 4.02 5.2 4.67

3.98 3.57 3.82 5.19 5.55 5.81 3.66 5.62 3.09 4.42 4.45
3.91 3.22 4.36 4.72 5.49 5.39 3.8 5.6 2.9 3.34 4.6
4.49 3.67 3.74 5.6 5.22 6.28 3.73 5.89 3.23 4.66 3.69
4.23 3.76 4.31 4.39 4.08 5.66 4.31 5.15 3.67 5.2 3.74

4.05 3.91 4.77 4.34 4.23 5.6 4.39 5.24 3.55 4.47 4.19

4.44 3.57 4.2 5.27 4.66 5.88 3.74 5.35 3.81 4.71 3.6
4.15 4.29 4.03 3.79 6.18 5.58 3.45 5.45 3.52 3.83 4.17

(former East) 4.77 3.24 3.67 4.86 4.59 5.38 4.04 5.36 3.17 4.97 3.45

(former West) 4.66 3.21 3.97 5.07 4.16 5.46 4.41 5.06 3.25 5.06 3.3

4.55 3.05 3.41 5.41 5.28 5.47 3.53 5.17 3.53 4.84 3.44
3.96 3.65 3.78 5.16 5.54 5.95 3.35 5.78 3.14 4.49 3.91
4.53 4.8 4.03 4.35 5.33 5.11 3.88 5.52 3.26 4.27 3.72
4.71 3.42 3.63 4.57 5.31 5.58 3.31 5.74 4.02 4.65 3.39
3.7 4.65 4.25 4.59 5.81 5.22 4.04 5.43 2.89 4.4 4.45
3.7 4.5 4.27 4.96 5.5 5.46 3.61 5.48 3.04 3.71 4.47

3.93 4 4.57 4.55 5.12 5.72 3.93 5.18 3.19 5.07 4.96

4.19 3.74 4.4 4.25 4.63 5.69 3.82 5.17 3.21 4.66 4.07

4.12 3.87 3.75 5.2 4.99 5.76 3.34 6.01 3.3 4.88 3.66

3.69 5.84 5.23 4.01 4.72 5.44 4.29 5.42 3.17 4.41 4.34
4.51 3.88 4.38 4.16 5.5 5.62 3.72 5.22 3.87 4.85 4.44
4.36 3.69 5.2 3.84 5.71 5.5 3.9 5.83 2.45 4.23 3.73
 3.56 3.61 4.32 5.04 5.7 5.32 3.18 5.62 2.59 3.5 4.44

3.77 4.73 4.45 4.78 5.47 5.77 4.39 5.84 3.31 3.72 4.76

4.31 3.67 3.95 4.77 5.62 5.78 3.75 5.74 3.5 4.57 3.84
4.72 3.68 4.18 5.34 6.37 6.03 3.5 6.33 3.08 4.07 4.52
3.81 3.76 4.02 4.26 4.39 6.13 3.32 6.3 3.69 4.2 3.83
4.46 3.13 4.62 4.76 3.79 5.39 4.72 5.24 3.62 5.1 4.02
3.47 3.52 4.96 4.31 3.58 6.54 3.46 5.9 3.18 4.32 4.43
4.53 3.14 4 4.86 5.34 5.31 3.95 5.8 3.04 4.16 3.96

3.85 4.93 4.37 4.55 6.14 5.86 3.92 5.66 3.42 4.36 4.88
4.11 3.95 4.51 4.24 5.55 5.69 3.23 5.17 3.94 4.53 3.67

3.75 3.61 4.02 5.4 5.64 5.97 3.77 5.5 3.69 5.12 3.96
4.39 3.72 4.78 5.1 5.07 5.55 4.08 5.92 3.86 3.49 4.79

3.86 2.9 4.57 4.01 5.83 5.9 3.06 5.6 4.07 4.34 4.04
4.06 4.28 4.77 4.42 5.66 5.46 4.88 5.46 3.52 4.43 3.29
4.01 4.61 4.09 4.36 5.49 5.71 3.56 5.43 3.84 4.78 3.75

(Black sample) 4.43 3.97 4.47 4.46 5.18 5.14 4.66 5.25 3.78 4.43 4.46

(White sample) 4.49 3.65 4.54 4.36 4.42 5.82 4.08 5.59 3.25 4.54 3.45

4.39 4.01 3.87 5.25 5.53 5.82 3.52 5.66 3.06 4.82 3.29

3.41 3.49 5.26 3.91 3.46 6.25 4.37 4.96 3.72 5.19 4.09
 4.58 3.31 4.2 4.87 4.04 5.16 4.8 4.93 3.12 5.01 3.73

French speakers 3.61 3.83 4.31 4.42 3.82 5.54 4.36 4.89 3.46 4.77 3.98
3.7 2.91 4.3 4.95 5.45 5.3 3.65 4.94 2.92 3.88 3.82
3.58 3.43 3.88 5.08 5.72 5.73 3.27 6.26 3.26 4.12 4.87

4.42 2.68 4.02 5.18 5.79 5.63 3.74 5.71 3.02 4.46 3.92

4.5 4.36 4.21 4.2 4.22 5.79 4.13 5.34 3.36 5.03 4.18
4.25 3.34 3.96 5.28 5.41 5.92 3.43 5.61 3.6 4.7 4.19

4 4.24 4.41 4.55 5.72 5.64 3.55 5.76 2.88 4.27 5.12
4.04 4.6 4.08 4.84 5.53 5.74 3.76 6.01 3.09 4.4 4.38

research, please refer to these two very comprehensive books:

Nations, London: Sage
e Globe Study of 62 Societies, Thousand Oaks: Sage

lty of Economics and Business

national Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 17, pp. 167-184.
ees and ethnolinguistic group membership, sex, and position level, Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 104, pp. 175-184.
mployees, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, vol. 11, pp. 160-163.
se et. al., 2004)
Humane Performance Power Uncertainty
Orientation* Orientation* Distance* Avoidance*

Values Practices Values Practices Values Practices Values

5.16 4.57 5.47 4.44 3.47 4.45 5.17

5.5 3.63 6.28 5.56 2.3 3.63 4.62

5.6 4.37 5.99 4.81 2.77 4.4 3.99

5.68 4.47 6.12 5 2.52 5.1 3.65

5.11 3.57 5.98 4.46 3.31 3.32 4.64

5.52 4.11 5.98 5.24 2.59 3.74 5

5.58 4.46 6.13 4.85 2.73 4.54 3.73

5.34 4.37 5.72 5.02 3.01 4.81 5.34

5.43 3.93 6.15 5.37 2.21 3.62 4.92
5.08 4.1 5.78 4.7 2.66 3.84 4.58
5.59 4.4 5.82 4.14 2.96 5.32 4.01

5.13 4.06 5.95 5.29 2.36 3.63 4.95

5.13 4.15 5.71 4.76 3.2 3.97 5.24
5.38 3.72 6.37 5.56 2.76 3.69 5.27
5.52 4.16 6.03 5.26 2.82 4.7 4.17

5.8 4.02 6.23 5.08 2.46 5.11 4.04

5.91 4.43 6.1 5.68 2.96 4.66 4.65

5.48 3.85 5.63 5.15 2.86 3.54 5.23

5.56 4.16 6.24 5.7 2.74 5.19 4.02

5.63 4.42 6.27 5.48 2.66 5.35 3.38

5.28 3.34 5.79 5.35 2.57 3.52 5.16

5.24 3.85 5.96 5.47 2.49 3.44 4.85
5.38 4.69 5.71 4.94 3 4.17 4.52
5.48 3.5 5.97 5.57 2.59 3.26 4.74
5.2 4.11 5.87 5.29 2.58 4.02 4.58
5.06 4.14 5.54 4.93 2.38 3.92 5.04

5.45 4.3 5.99 5.13 2.66 4.25 3.94

5.51 4.03 5.71 4.71 2.72 3.97 4.34

5.57 3.66 6.11 5.45 2.51 3.85 4.52

5.53 4.22 5.37 5.23 2.76 4.07 4.4

5.66 3.72 5.57 5.4 3.19 3.76 4.52
5.61 4.53 5.41 5.69 2.39 3.52 4.74
5.06 3.79 5.89 4.97 3.02 4.02 4.65

5.43 4.16 5.96 5.09 2.75 4.59 4.81

5.1 3.97 6 5.07 2.75 4.06 5.18

5.73 4.31 6.12 6.14 3.3 3.95 5.77
5.47 3.52 6.52 5.29 2.59 4.09 5.19
5.41 4.46 5.71 4.32 2.61 4.81 3.34
4.85 4.86 6.24 5.12 3.56 4.86 4.17
5.71 3.79 5.99 5.32 2.66 4.14 5.45

5.19 4.21 6 5.15 2.54 3.69 4.92

5.32 3.96 6.06 5.09 3.19 3.71 4.75

5.4 3.65 6.41 5.5 2.45 3.96 4.5

5.31 3.76 5.94 5.05 3.18 4.26 4.82

5.62 3.53 5.68 5.61 2.73 3.09 5.26

5.66 4.81 5.7 4.92 2.84 5.16 4.08
5.31 3.62 6.41 5.32 2.5 3.76 5.03

5.23 4.72 5.09 4.31 3.8 4.64 4.92

5.53 4.07 6.13 5.1 2.67 4.06 4.65

5.63 4 5.85 5.53 2.23 3.95 4.8

5.72 3.67 6.01 4.94 2.49 5.36 3.45

5.63 5.04 6 5.05 2.54 5.42 3.2

5.68 4.36 6.17 5 2.8 5.05 3.84

5.15 4.27 5.58 5 2.77 4.04 5.14
5.05 3.84 5.76 5.62 2.74 3.79 5.71

5.4 3.82 5.34 5.43 2.52 3.67 4.61

5.51 4.45 6.14 4.92 2.88 4.15 3.99

5.24 3.41 6.11 5.22 2.43 3.55 5.19

5.37 4.01 6.08 5.23 2.37 3.92 4.45

5.2 4.2 6.33 5.54 2.65 4.12 4.68