ARTICLE IN PRESS

WAT E R R E S E A R C H 41 (2007) 2256– 2264

Available at www.sciencedirect.com

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres

Design and evaluation of hydraulic baffled-channel PAC

contactor for taste and odor removal from drinking
water supplies

Young-Il Kima, Byung-Uk Baeb,

a
Korea Institute of Water and Environment, Korea Water Resources Corporation, 462-1 Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-730,
Republic of Korea
b
Department of Environmental Engineering, Daejeon University, 96-3 Yongun-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-716, Korea

ar t ic l e i n f o abs tra ct

Article history: Based on the concept of hydraulic flocculator, a baffled-channel powdered activated carbon
Received 4 August 2006 (PAC) contactor, placed before the rapid-mixing basin, was designed and evaluated for
Received in revised form removal of taste and odor (T&O) in drinking water. PAC adsorption kinetic tests for raw
6 February 2007 water samples were conducted for selection of design parameters related to contact time
Accepted 7 February 2007 and degree of mixing. Within the tested range of velocity gradient (G) from 18 to 83 s1,
Available online 2 April 2007 mixing had a relatively minor effect on the adsorption kinetics of the PAC. The
Keywords: hydrodynamic characteristics of the pilot-scale horizontally and vertically baffled-channel
Taste and odor (T&O) PAC contactor were investigated by tracer tests. It was found that the plug flow fractions of
Velocity gradient vertically baffled-channel PAC contactor (vBPC) were higher than those of the horizontally
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) baffled-channel PAC contactor (hBPC) for the same bend width or bend height. However,
Optimal design the hBPC seems to be more appropriate than the vBPC in terms of construction and
Baffled-channel PAC contactor maintenance. The geosmin and MIB removal rate increased with the number of baffles, PAC
dose and contact time increased regardless of bend width in the pilot-scale hBPC. The pair
of full-scale hBPCs at Pohang water treatment plant, having a design capacity of
6.5  104 m3/d with 20 min of hydraulic retention time with a safety factor of 2, was
designed based on lab- and pilot-scale experimental results. Under a velocity gradient of
20 s1, the number of baffles to be installed was calculated to be 20 with a space of about
2 m between each baffle, resulting in a hydraulic head loss through the contactor of about
0.056 m. The successful application of hBPC for T&O removal from drinking water supplies
should provide momentum for developing more effective treatment methods.
& 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Taste and odor (T&O) problems caused by eutrophication of
drinking water supplies have become increasingly important
because such aesthetic qualities are the primary measures by
which consumers estimate the quality of their drinking water
(Mallevialle and Suffet, 1987). Powdered activated carbon
(PAC) has been widely used for T&O removal despite its
relatively high cost, due mainly to the advantage that PAC can
be applied only as needed (Suffet et al., 1995). In conventional
water treatment plants (WTP), PAC is most commonly added
either at the intake, rapid-mixing basin or filter inlet. Another
point of addition that should be considered, although it is not
commonly used, is immediately before the rapid-mixing

Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 42 280 2535; fax: +82 42 284 0109.
E-mail address: baebu@dju.ac.kr (B.-U. Bae).
0043-1354/$ - see front matter & 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.005
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
WAT E R R E S E A R C H
basin. It is also true that PAC is often added to the rapid-
mixing basin simultaneously with coagulants, alkaline che-
micals and chlorine, and the question has been raised
whether the adsorption efficiency of PAC may be adversely
affected by those chemicals (Najm et al., 1991).
To reduce this uncertainty and to maximize adsorption
efficiency of PAC for T&O removal by minimization of
interference with other water treatment chemicals, a sepa-
rated baffled-channel contactor based on the concept of a
hydraulic flocculator was proposed for inclusion in a newly
constructed WTP in Korea. The hydraulic baffled-channel
contactor, which would use only hydraulic energy for mixing
raw water and PAC, was to be located immediately before the
rapid-mixing basin. The advantages of such a baffled-channel
contactor include good performance if the flowrate is reason-
ably constant, minimal maintenance due to lack of mechan-
ical equipment and minimal short circuiting. Although some
information related to velocity gradient and retention time
for flocculation in pilot- or full-scale baffled-channel floccu-
lators has been published (Bhargava and Ojha, 1993; Haarhoff,
1998; McConnachie et al., 1999; McConnachie and Liu, 2000),
results from experimental research for T&O removal in
drinking water using hydraulic baffled-channel contactors
have not.
The goal of this research was to gather data to inform
optimal design and operation of a full-scale baffled-channel
PAC contactor (BPC) specifically for T&O removal. The data
were provided by experiments using two pilot-scale BPCs. In
one design, channel baffles were vertical, while in the other
design, baffles were horizontal. In both designs, optimum
flow was the focus in experiments during which the number
of baffles and the dimensions of the flow paths (bend height
or width) were varied. Similarly, removal of given amounts of
introduced T&O compounds in a pilot-scale horizontally
baffled channel PAC contactor (hBPC) was the focus in
experiments during which PAC dose and contact time were
varied.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Batch PAC adsorption kinetics
Batch PAC adsorption kinetic tests were conducted to
obtain optimal mixing rate expressed by velocity gradient
(G, sec1) and contact time. Raw water samples were taken
from the Daechung Reservoir. The pH, turbidity, dissolved
organic matter (DOC), UV254 and threshold odor number
(TON) of the raw water were 7.3, 3.1 NTU, 3.65 mg/L,
0.044 cm1 and 200, respectively. Because the analytical
instruments were not available during these tests, a sensory
method was used.
A domestic coconut-based PAC (Shinki Chemical Industrial
Corporation, Korea) was used in this study. For experiments
that required carbon slurries, slurry of 2000 mg/L was used.
These slurries were prepared by mixing 2 g of the carbon in 1 L
of organic-free water. The device used for the batch kinetic
experiments was a jar test apparatus (PB900TM Program-
mable Jar Tester, 7790-912, Phipps & Bird, VA, USA) and
modified square jars (B-KER2, Phipps & Bird, VA, USA). Each
4 1 (200 7) 225 6 – 226 4 2257
jar was filled with 2 L of raw water from Daechung Reservoir
at room temperature. PAC was added from a 2000 mg/L
slurry stock solution to produce concentrations of 5, 10 and
15 mg/L. TON and UV254 were determined for samples
collected at 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. PAC was removed from
the samples prior to analysis of T&O using GF/C filter paper
and 0.45 mm membrane filters (Millipore HA type, MA, USA).
The rpm values of the 2 L square jars were converted to
velocity gradient following the procedure proposed by Hud-
son (1981).
2.2. Pilot-scale BPC
Based on the concept of a baffled-channel flocculator using
hydraulic energy for mixing (Schulz and Okun, 1984; Kawa-
mura, 2000), a pilot-scale BPC with a working volume of 288 L
was manufactured, as depicted in Figs. 1 and 2. The plan area
of the PAC contactor was 1600 mm  650 mm and the height
was 400 mm, with a total water path of 3200 mm and effective
cross section of 300 mm  300 mm. To install various sized
baffles, 25 grooves were provided on the inside walls of the
contactor. The effluent was withdrawn over a weir located at
the end of the contactor.
2.3. Tracer tests of pilot-scale BPC
The step input tracer tests were conducted for pilot-scale
horizontally (horizontal-flow with around-the-end baffles)
and vertically (vertical-flow with over-and-under baffles)
BPC with a working volume of 288 L at 20 min of contact time
using 4 mg/L of phenol as a tracer. For each flow type, several
combinations of number of baffles, bend height (the distance
between the end of baffle and the bottom of contactor) and
bend width (the distance between the end of baffle and the
side wall of contactor) were evaluated. Bend heights of 60 and
90 mm for the vertically baffled-channel PAC contactor (vBPC)
and bend widths of 30, 60 and 90 mm for the horizontally
baffled-channel PAC contactor (hBPC) were each tested with
sets of 13, 20 and 25 baffles. Samples of effluent were taken
every 2 min and analyzed for the concentration of phenol.
Generally, step inputs were done to analyze the retention
time distribution (RTD) of effluent water in the PAC contactor.
Especially, the complete mixing and plug flow fractions were
estimated using both index analysis and graphic analysis
(Rebhun and Argaman, 1965).
2.4. Evaluation performance of pilot-scale hBPC for T&O
removal
After tracer tests at the lab, the pilot-scale hBPC was moved to
the Suji WTP in order to evaluate performance of pilot-scale
hBPC for T&O removal in drinking water supplies. At Suji
WTP, taking raw water from the Paldang Reservoir, extensive
studies on T&O removal were being conducted by a govern-
ment research institute. During this experiment, tempera-
ture, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, DOC and UV254 of raw water
were 15.672.6 1C, 7.770.4, 4.9771.02 NTU, 45.575.1 mg/L,
1.5870.19 mg/L and 0.02970.004 cm1, respectively. Raw
water spiked with geosmin or MIB flowed continuously into
the pilot-scale hBPC to an initial concentration range of
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2258 WAT E R R E S E A R C H 41 (2007) 2256– 2264

Fig. 1 – Schematic diagram of pilot-scale vertically baffled-channel PAC contactor: (a) cross sectional view and (b) plan view.

Fig. 2 – Schematic diagram of pilot-scale horizontally baffled-channel PAC contactor: (a) cross-sectional view and (b) plan
view.

37.6–70.8 ng/L, respectively. PAC was added to the inlet of
hBPC from a 10,000 mg/L slurry stock solution to produce
concentration of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mg/L. Samples were
collected after 10, 20 and 30 min of contact time, filtered and
analyzed for geosmin or MIB before PAC was removed from
the sample using GF/C filter papers (Whatman, UK) and
0.45 mm membrane filters (Millipore HA type, MA, USA).
2.5. Analysis
The TON as sensory analysis was measured in accordance
with Standard Methods (APHA, 1998). For measured TON, five
different volumes of sample were added to 500 mL Erlen-
meyer flasks which contain sufficient odor-free water to make
final volumes of 200 mL. Several blanks containing 200 mL of
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
WAT E R R E S E A R C H 4 1 (200 7) 225 6 – 226 4 2259

odor-free water were also prepared. All the samples and
blanks were heated to 60 1C. The samples were presented to a
panel of five or more persons, in random order. The samples
were shaken and the vapor sniffed by each member of the
panel and the odor or lack of odor recorded. The TON was
calculated based on the dilution ratio until odor was no longer
perceptible.
Closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA, Brechbühler AG,
Switzerland) combined with gas chromatography/mass spec-
trometry (Agilent 6890N GC/5973N MSD, USA) was used for
chemical analysis of geosmin and MIB. For the concentrated
geosmin and MIB in the sample using CLSA, each liter of
sample with 100 ng of internal standard was stripped for 2 h
at a water bath temperature of 45 1C and a trap temperature of
75 1C. After stripping, the carbon filter (1.5 mg) was removed
from the holder and extracted with CS2, following the
procedure cited in Standard Methods (APHA, 1998). A TFE
sleeve and a vial (50 mL) were used for extraction and repeated
extraction with decreasing amounts of CS2 (10, 5, 3 and 2 mL)
yielded a total of 20 mL. A 1 mL of extract was injected into a
GC/MS for quantification. Stock solutions of geosmin
(077–01891, 1.0 mg/mL) and MIB (134–10581, 0.1 mg/mL) were
purchased from WAKO Pure Chemical Industries (Japan).
Internal standard solutions (1-chloroalkanes, such as Cl–C6,
Cl–C8, Cl–C12 and Cl–C18) were provided by the Bureau of
Laboratory Service at the Philadelphia Water Department,
Philadelphia, USA.
UV254 was quantified using a UV/vis spectrophotometer
(UV-1601, Shimadzu, Japan), after filtering through 0.45 mm
filter paper (Millipore HA type, MA, USA). Phenol was
measured in accordance with proposed Method 5530D in
Standard Methods (APHA, 1998).

100
18 G_TON
80 36 G_TON
Percent remaining (%)

83 G_TON
18 G_UV254
60
36 G_UV254
83 G_UV254
40

20
PAC dose 5 mg/L
100

80
Percent remaining (%)

60

40

20
PAC dose 10 mg/L
100

80
Percent remaining (%)

60

40

20
PAC dose 15 mg/L
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Contact time (min)

Fig. 3 – Percent remaining TON and UV254 as a function of contact time according to PAC dose and velocity gradient (G).

2260 WAT E R R E S E A R C H
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Batch PAC adsorption kinetic tests
Typical results of the adsorption kinetic studies for investi-
gating the effect of contact time and mixing rate expressed by
velocity gradient and contact time on T&O compounds and
organics removal are shown in Fig. 3. The removal rate of T&O
compounds measured by TON and organics measured by
UV254 were increased proportional to the PAC dose. The
removal rate of T&O compounds and organics also increased
as contact time increased. However, the major portions of the
T&O compounds, which could be removed by PAC at any
given dose were removed within 10 min of contact time (Cook
et al., 2001; Graham et al., 2000). This means that, while
longer contact times would allow removal of more of the T&O
compounds, under demanding conditions, PAC contact times
of perhaps 10 min would be optimal. It was also found that
mixing had a relatively minor effect on the adsorption
kinetics of the PAC, within the tested range of velocity
gradient (G) from 18 to 83 s1. This suggests that efforts to
create velocity gradients at the higher end of this range are
not productive.
3.2. Hydrodynamic characteristics of pilot-scale BPC
Figs. 4 and 5 show the results of tracer tests at the 60 and
90 mm of bend height or width, as well as 13 and 25 baffles in
the pilot-scale vBPC and hBPC. The indices, based on the
tracer tests, calculated using the index analysis and graphic
analysis proposed by Rebhun and Argaman (1965) are
summarized in Table 1. As shown in the table, the plug flow
values for the 60 mm bend height (20% of total depth) in the
1.0
Relative concentration ratio(C/C0)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Relative time ratio(t/T)
Bend width 60 mm - 13 baffles
Bend width 60 mm - 25 baffles
Bend width 90 mm - 13 baffles
Bend width 90 mm - 25 baffles
Fig. 4 – Tracer curves from a pilot-scale vBPC with variations
of bend height and number of baffles (dimension of baffle:
300 mm (W)  210 or 240 mm (H)).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
41 (2007) 2256– 2264
1.0
Relative concentration ratio(C/C0)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Relative time ratio(t/T)
Bend width 60 mm - 13 baffles
Bend width 60 mm - 25 baffles
Bend width 90 mm - 13 baffles
Bend width 90 mm - 25 baffles
Fig. 5 – Tracer curves from a pilot-scale hBPC with variations
of bend height and number of baffles (dimension of baffle:
210 or 240 mm (W)  350 mm (H)).
vBPC were higher than those for the 90 mm bend height (30%
of total depth). The Morrill index (calculated using the index
analysis and expressed as t90/t10) showed a trend similar to
the analysis results by Rebhun and Argaman (1965). The t10/T
values increased as the number of baffles increased and as
the bend width decreased. In all cases examined, the percent
of plug flow (p values) increased as the number of baffles
increased but as the bend dimension (bend height or width)
decreased, the percent of dead volume (m values) was nearly
zero. Rebhun and Argaman (1965) suggested in their study of
a sedimentation basin that the minus values of m had no
physical meaning, since they were probably a result of
experimental error. Comparison of the p values for the vBPC
with those for hBPC, shows the former to be higher than the
latter given the same bend dimension. Several studies rating
performance of disinfection using t10/T values evaluated
vBPCs as superior, regardless of bend height (USEPA, 1989;
Teefy and Singer, 1990; Bishop et al., 1993). This result
indicates that vBPC is better than the hBPC in maintaining
plug flow. However, our experience is that the hBPC is more
convenient in terms of construction and maintenance.
3.3. Evaluation of performance of pilot-scale hBPC for
2.0 2.5 T&O removal
Figs. 6 and 7 show the results of PAC adsorption tests for
geosmin and MIB removal at 30 and 90 mm of bend width
(10% and 30% of total width) in a pilot-scale hBPC, which had
13 or 25 baffles, according to contact time and PAC dose. The
geosmin removal rate increased with the number of baffles,
increasing PAC dose and increasing contact time regardless of
bend width. When the bend width was increased, the
geosmin removal rate decreased. As shown in Fig. 6, when
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
WAT E R R E S E A R C H 4 1 (200 7) 225 6 – 226 4 2261

Table 1 – Index and graphic analysis of tracer tests for comparing vBPC and hBPC with varying numbers of baffles and
bend dimensions

Type Bend dimension—no. of baffles t90/t10 ta/T ti/T t10/T p (%) 1p (%) m (%)

vBPC 60 mm—25 1.41 0.93 0.60 0.85 87 13 2

60 mm—20 1.87 0.88 0.50 0.68 77 23 2
60 mm—13 2.31 1.00 0.50 0.65 74 26 2
90 mm—25 1.63 1.00 0.70 0.78 85 15 2
90 mm—20 2.07 0.90 0.60 0.72 73 27 0.4
90 mm—13 2.34 0.95 0.50 0.66 71 29 6
hBPC 30 mm—25 1.80 1.00 0.50 0.75 83 17 5
30 mm—20 2.50 0.94 0.50 0.66 63 37 2
30 mm—13 2.67 1.00 0.50 0.66 64 36 8
60 mm—25 1.86 0.96 0.50 0.67 72 28 3
60 mm—20 2.33 0.93 0.50 0.64 70 30 0.4
60 mm—13 2.67 1.00 0.50 0.59 63 37 8
90 mm—25 1.73 0.99 0.50 0.72 77 23 3
90 mm—20 2.31 0.91 0.50 0.60 67 33 1
90 mm—13 2.50 0.95 0.30 0.56 65 35 6

Note: T ¼ theoretical retention time, t90 ¼ time when 90% of tracer is recovered, t10 ¼ time when 10% of tracer is recovered, ta ¼ average
retention time, ti ¼ time when tracer is initially detected, t90/t10 ¼ Morrill dispersion index, ta/T ¼ index of dead space, ti/T ¼ index of short
circuiting, t10/T ¼ t10 as percentage of T, p (%) ¼ fraction of active flow volume acting as plug flow, 1p (%) ¼ fraction of active flow volume
acting as mixed flow and m (%) ¼ fraction of total basin volume that is dead space.

20 mg/L of PAC was added to the pilot-scale hBPC at 10 min contactor was estimated to be about 0.056 m:
contact time, the geosmin removal rate reached 80%. If the    
QrghL 1=2 rghL 1=2
desired number of baffles cannot be added, the PAC dose G¼ ¼ , (1)
mV mt
could be increased to achieve the same geosmin removal rate.
Fig. 7 shows the MIB removal rate with the same conditions as where G is velocity gradient (s1), Q is flow rate (m3/s), r is
performed in the above geosmin experiments. The MIB density of water (kg/m3), g is gravitational constant (9.81 m/s),
removal rate increased as the number of baffles and PAC hL is total head loss (m), m is dynamic viscosity (kg/m s), V is
dose increased, similar to the geosmin results. When the volume (m3) and t is hydraulic retention time (Q/V, s).
bend width was small, the MIB removal rate appeared to On the other hand, according to Schulz and Okun (1984), the
correspond with the number of baffles. Consequently, the relationship between the number of baffles and velocity
number of baffles was increased and the bend width gradient can be computed from Eq. (2). The number of baffles
decreased in order to maximize the design efficiency of the needed to achieve the desired velocity gradient (20 s1) is
hBPC. computed to be 49. However, the effect of bend width was not
considered
3.4. Design of full-scale hBPC for T&O removal in Pohang (" #  )1=3
2mt ðHLGÞ 2
WTP n¼   , (2)
r 1:44 þ f Q

The pair of full-scale hBPCs at Pohang WTP having a design
capacity of 6.5  104 m3/d was designed based on the concept
of a baffled-channel flocculator using hydraulic energy for
mixing (Schulz and Okun, 1984; Kawamura, 2000). Contact
time, velocity gradient, number of baffles, head loss and PAC
dose were selected as design parameters for the hBPC. When
the design hydraulic retention time is 20 min, with a safety
factor of 2, the total volume of the contactors is calculated to
be 900 m3. Considering a reasonable water depth of 3 m, the
length and width of each contactor were 25 and 6 m,
respectively.
The velocity gradient of the full-scale hBPC was selected as
20 s1 for preventing the precipitation of PAC, because mixing
had a relatively minor effect on T&O compounds and organics
removal by lab-scale PAC adsorption tests. According to Camp
and Stein (1943), the total head loss across the contactor is
determined by Eq. (1). The total head loss through the
where n is number of baffles, H is depth of contactor (m), L is
length (m) of contactor and f is friction coefficient of the
baffles (0.02 for concrete). Thus, in this design, the number of
baffles was determined to be 20 and the distance between
each baffle to be 2 m. It was assumed that when head loss
accumulated through 20 bendings, reach a total head loss of
0.056 m, the contactor would produce the desired velocity
gradient (20 s1).
The head loss through each bend was calculated to be
0.0028 m by dividing the total head loss (0.056 m) by the
number of baffles (20). The flow velocity through each bend
can be computed
 2
v
h¼k , (3)
2g
where h is head loss through each bend, v is flow velocity
(m/s) through each bend and k is an empirical coefficient
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2262 WAT E R R E S E A R C H 41 (2007) 2256– 2264

100 100
Percent Geosmin remaining (%)

Percent MIB remaining (%)

80 80

60 60

40 40

20
20

100
100

Percent MIB remaining (%)

Percent Geosmin remaining (%)

80
80

60
60

40
40

20
20

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
PAC dose (mg/L)
Bend width 30 mm - Contact time 10 min
Bend width 30 mm - Contact time 20 min
Bend width 30 mm - Contact time 30 min
Bend width 90 mm - Contact time 10 min
Bend width 90 mm - Contact time 20 min
Bend width 90 mm - Contact time 30 min
Fig. 6 – Percent geosmin remaining as a function of PAC dose
in the pilot-scale hBPC with various bend width and contact
time: (a) 13 baffles and (b) 25 baffles.
0
5 10 15 20 25 30
30 PAC dose (mg/L)
Bend width 30 mm - Contact time 10 min
Bend width 30 mm - Contact time 20 min
Bend width 30 mm - Contact time 30 min
Bend width 90 mm - Contact time 10 min
Bend width 90 mm - Contact time 20 min
Bend width 90 mm - Contact time 30 min
Fig. 7 – Percent MIB remaining as a function of PAC dose in
the pilot-scale hBPC with various bend width and contact
time: (a) 13 baffles and (b) 25 baffles.

(varies from 2.5 to 4). In this design, the flow velocity

through each bend was calculated to be about 0.135 m/s at a
k value of 3.
The bend width for each baffle (w) was calculated from Eq.
(4). Under the given value of flowrate (Q), velocity (v) and
depth (H), the bend width was calculated to be 0.93 m. In this
design, the bend width of 1 m was selected, considering the
ease of construction
 
Q
w¼ , (4)
vH
Fig. 8 depicts the full-scale hBPC designed using the results
from this study. Small weep holes (about 0.15 m) were
installed at the bottom of each baffle to prevent the
accumulation of sediment in the bottom of the contactor
(Schulz and Okun, 1984).
4. Conclusions
(1) The removal rate of T&O compounds and organics
increased as PAC contact time increased. However, the
major portions of the T&O compounds, which could be
removed by PAC at any given dose, were removed within
10 min of contact time. This means that while longer
contact times would allow removal of more of the T&O
compounds, under demanding conditions PAC contact
times of perhaps 10 min would be optimal. It was also
found that mixing had a relatively minor effect on the
adsorption kinetics of the PAC, within the studied range of
velocity gradient from 18 to 83 s1. This suggests that
efforts to create velocity gradients at the higher end of this
range are not productive.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
WAT E R R E S E A R C H
Fig. 8 – Design view of full-scale horizontally baffled-channel PAC contactor at Pohang WTP.
(2) The percent of plug flow increased as the number of
baffles increased but as the bend dimensions decreased.
Thus, smaller bend dimensions are preferable. The pilot-
scale vBPC was better than the pilot-scale hBPC in
maintaining plug flow. However, the hBPC is more
convenient in terms of construction and maintenance.
(3) The geosmin and MIB removal rate increased with
increasing number of baffles: PAC dose and contact time
increased regardless of bend width in pilot-scale hBPC. For
these reasons, the number of baffles was increased and
the bend width decreased in order to maximize design
efficiency of the hBPC.
(4) As a result of this study, the pair of full-scale hBPCs were
designed with a capacity of 6.5  104 m3/d and 20 min of
hydraulic retention time based on lab- and pilot-scale
experimental results. The velocity gradient of the full-
scale hBPC was selected as 20 s1 for preventing the
precipitation of PAC, because mixing had a relatively
minor effect on T&O compounds and organics removal.
The optimal number of baffles to be installed was
calculated to be 20 with a space of about 2 m between
each baffle, resulting in a hydraulic head loss through the
contactor of about 0.056 m.
4 1 (200 7) 225 6 – 226 4 2263
Acknowledgments
This study was fully supported by the Korea Water Resources
Corporation (Kwater), for which grateful acknowledgement is
given. The authors would like to thank Professor David Dugas
for his technical editing of this paper.
R E F E R E N C E S
APHA, AWWA, WEF, 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. American Public Health
Association, Washington, DC.
Bhargava, D.S., Ojha, C.S.P., 1993. Models for the design of
flocculating baffled channels. Water Res. 27 (3), 465–475.
Bishop, M.M., Morgan, J.M., Cornwell, B., Jamison, D.K., 1993.
Improving the disinfection detention time of a water plant
clearwell. Am. Water Works Assoc. 85 (3), 68–75.
Camp, T.R., Stein, P.C., 1943. Velocity gradients and internal work
in fluid motion. J. Boston Soc. Civil Eng. 30, 219–237.
Cook, D., Newcombe, G., Sztajnbok, P., 2001. The application of
powdered activated carbon for MIB and geosmin removal:
predicting PAC doses in four raw waters. Water Res. 35 (5),
1325–1333.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
2264 WAT E R R E S E A R C H
Graham, M., Summers, R., Simpson, M., MacLeod, B., 2000.
Modeling equilibrium adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol and
geosmin in natural water. Water Res. 34 (8), 2291–2300.
Haarhoff, J., 1998. Design of around-the-end hydraulic floccula-
tors. J. Water SRT-Aqua. 47 (3), 142–152.
Hudson, H.E., 1981. Water Clarification Process, Practical Design,
and Evaluation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Kawamura, S., 2000. Integrated Design and Operation of Water
Treatment Facilities, second ed. Wiley, New York.
Mallevialle, J., Suffet, I. H., 1987. Identification and treatment of
tastes and odors in drinking water. Report of American Water
Works Association Research Foundation. AWWA. Denver, CO.
McConnachie, G.L., Liu, J., 2000. Design of baffled hydraulic
channels for turbulence-induced flocculation. Water Res. 34
(6), 1886–1896.
McConnachie, G.L., Folkard, G.K., Mtawali, M.A., Sutherland, J.P.,
1999. Field trials of appropriate hydraulic flocculation pro-
cesses. Water Res. 33 (6), 1425–1434.
41 (2007) 2256– 2264
Najm, I.N., Snoeyink, V.L., Lykins Jr, B.W., Adams, J.Q., 1991. Using
powdered activated carbon: a critical review. Am. Water Work
Assoc. 83 (1), 65–76.
Rebhun, M., Argaman, Y., 1965. Evaluation of hydraulic
efficiency of sedimentation basins. San. Eng. ASCE 91 (5),
37–45.
Schulz, C.R., Okun, D.A., 1984. Surface Water Treatment for
Communities in Developing Countries. Wiley, New York.
Suffet, I. H., Mallevialle, J., Kawczynski, E., 1995. Advances in
taste and odor treatment and Control. Report of American
Water Works Association Research Foundation. AWWA.
Denver, CO.
Teefy, S.M., Singer, P.C., 1990. Performance and analysis of tracer
tests to determine compliance of a disinfection scheme with
the SWTR. Am. Water Work Assoc. 82 (12), 88–98.
USEPA, 1989. Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration
and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems
Using Surface Water Sources. Washington, DC.