Area of Biomedical Technology ANSWER:

Specialization a. 42 kW QUESTION:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Apparatus for measuring blood pressure
𝑚𝐴 𝑥 𝑘𝑉𝑝
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.7)𝑥 ANSWER:
QUESTION: 1000
(500)(120) d. sphygmomanometer
A mammography service examined 327 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (0.7)𝑥
1000
patients during the third calendar quarter of
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 42 𝑘𝑊
1996. 719 films were exposed during this
period, eight of which were repeats. What is QUESTION:
the repeat rate? Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J
QUESTION: imparted to an electron stream by an X-ray
Who completes the development of first device, calculate the frequency in MHz.
ANSWER: computed tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI,
c. 1.1% Ltd.) in 1973?
ANSWER:
ANSWER: c. 10^10 MHz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
a. Hounsfield SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
𝑛𝑜. 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚𝑠 𝐸
𝑓=
QUESTION: ℎ
8 It is the study of the response of an image 6.624𝑥10−18 𝐽
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥 100% 𝑓=
719 receptor to x-rays 6.624𝑥10−34 𝐽 − 𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 1.1%

ANSWER: 𝑓 = 10^10 MHz

a. sensitometry

QUESTION:
QUESTION: It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887
QUESTION:
A type of luminescence where the visible and won Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in
Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to
light is emitted only during the stimulation of 1905. It refers to the emission of electrons
that without a grid
the phosphor. from a clean metallic surface (phototube)
when electromagnetic radiation (light
ANSWER: waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
ANSWER: b. contrast improvement factor
a. fluorescence
ANSWER:
a. Photoelectric effect
QUESTION: QUESTION:
If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to Analysis of persons irradiated
side at its widest point, and its image on therapeutically with superficial x-rays has
chest radiograph measures 14.7 cm, what is shown that the skin erythema dose required
QUESTION:
the magnification factor? to affect 50% of persons so irradiated is
Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-
about
ray radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9
ANSWER: ion pairs per cubic centimetre of air at
b. 1.18 ANSWER: standard temperature and pressure (STP).
c. 600 rad
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
ANSWER:
𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 b. Roentgen
𝑀𝐹 =
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 QUESTION:
14.7 𝑐𝑚 ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05
𝑀𝐹 =
12.5 𝑐𝑚 to ____ Hz
𝑀𝐹 = 1.18
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
An optical electronic device that measures
c. 100
the color concentration of a substance in
solution.
QUESTION: QUESTION:
Radiation doses in the range of Find the potential generated if blood
approximately200 to 1000 rad produce the flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a ANSWER:
magnetic field of 250 G. Assume a volume a. colorimeter

ANSWER: flow rate of 175 cubic cm per second.

c. Hematologic syndrome
ANSWER: QUESTION:
b. 309 uV Recording of heart sounds
QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation
through a grid ratio of patient dose with 𝑄𝐵 ANSWER:
and without grid 𝐸= d. phonocardiography
50𝜋𝑎
(175 𝑐𝑐. 𝑠)(250 𝐺)
𝐸=
ANSWER: 50𝜋(0.9𝑐𝑚)
a. Bucky factor 𝐸 = 309 𝑢𝑉
QUESTION:
Recorder for measuring galvanic skin
QUESTION: resistance
A radiographic single-phase unit installed in QUESTION:
a private office has a maximum capacity of Period during which heart contracts.
100 milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA. ANSWER:
What is the power rating? a. electrodermograph
ANSWER:
b. Systole
Area of Digital and Data SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Specialization Communications SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
𝑢𝑉𝑖𝑛
ln(1 + )
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40
ln(1 + 𝑢)
QUESTION: n = 6.35
It consists of 36 unique codes representing (255)(0.5𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥)
the 10 digits and 26 uppercase letters ln(1 + )
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
ln(1 + 255) QUESTION:
𝑣 = 0.876𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 The thick coaxial cable implementation of
ANSWER:
standard Ethernet
b. code 39
ANSWER:
d. 10 Base 5

QUESTION:
QUESTION:
The first fixed- length character code
Inaccuracies caused by the representation QUESTION:
developed for machines rather than for
of a continuously varying quantity as one of A bit pattern or a character added to the
people
a number of discrete values. beginning and the end of a frame to
separate the frames
ANSWER: ANSWER:
d. Baudot Code d. quantizing errors
ANSWER:
a. Flag

QUESTION: QUESTION:
The early pioneer in the development of Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate
error-detection and correction procedures by using knowledge of the way in which
voice sounds are produced QUESTION:
An IPv4 has an address space of how
ANSWER:
ANSWER: many?
a. Richard W. Hamming
a. vocoder
ANSWER:
a. 4294967296

QUESTION: QUESTION:
The most reliable convolutional coding A coding scheme that records the change SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
scheme for error detection in signal level since the precious sample
232 = 4294967296

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
c. CRC
d. delta modulation

QUESTION:
What is the bit rate of STS – 1?
QUESTION:
For the given parameters, determine the QUESTION:
energy per bit-to noise power density ratio Distortion created by using too low a ANSWER:
C = 10e-12 W sampling rate when coding an analog a. 51.84 Mbps
fb = 60 kbps signal for digital transmission
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
B = 120 kHz ANSWER: QUESTION:
c. either a or b A block coding technique in which four bits
are encoded into a five bit code
ANSWER:
d. 22.2 dB ANSWER:
QUESTION: c. 4B/5B Encoding
A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) pass only an average of 12000 frames per
minute with each frame carrying an QUESTION:
𝐸𝑏 𝐶 𝐵 𝐸𝑏
= 10 log [ 𝑥 ] ; = average of 10000 bits. What is the
𝑁0 𝑁 𝑓𝑏 𝑁0 A national standards organization that
10−12 𝑊 120 𝑘𝐻𝑧 throughput of this network? defines standards in the United States
10 log [ 𝑥 ]
1.2 𝑥 10−14 𝑊 60 𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
ANSWER:
ANSWER: a. ANSI
b. 2 Mbps

QUESTION:
A signal at the input to a mu-law SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION:
compressor is positive with its voltage one- In asynchronous transmission, one or more
𝟏𝟐 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
half the maximum value. What proportion 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒑𝒖𝒕 = = 2 Mbps bits to indicate the end of transmission
𝟔𝟎
of the maximum output voltage is ANSWER:
produced? d. stop bit
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
A telephone subscriber line must have an
b. 0.876Vmax
SNRdB above 40. What is the minimum
QUESTION:
number of bits?
What is the overhead (number of extra bits)
ANSWER: in the DS-3 service?
c. 6.35 ANSWER:
a. 1.368 Mbps
Area of EST QUESTION: QUESTION:
Specialization Determine the Hamming distance for the A type of linear-beam microwave tube that
codewords ( 10101, 11001) uses velocity modulation of the electron
beam
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
The minimum sampling rate according to ANSWER:
b. two
Nyquist Theorem d. klystron
ANSWER: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
d twice the highest frequency of 10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two
a signal 1)
QUESTION:
A series of pulses in which the amplitude of
each pulse represents the amplitude of the
QUESTION: QUESTION: information signal at a given time.
It is used in wireless applications in which
stations must be able to share the medium An address space is the total number of
ANSWER:
without interception by an eavesdropper addresses used by the protocol, such as
a. PAM
and without being subject to jamming from IPv4 and IPv6. What is the address space of
a malicious intruder IPv6?

QUESTION: Combination of
ANSWER:
ANSWER: compression at the transmitter and
d. 2128
d. spread spectrum expansion at the receiver of
communications system.

QUESTION: ANSWER:
QUESTION: b. Companding
An error detection method which uses It is a standard designed by ITU to allow
one’s complement arithmetic telephones in the public telephone
ANSWER: network to talk to computers/terminals
QUESTION: A device launches or receives a
a. Checksum connected to the internet
wave in a transmission line or waveguide in
one direction only.
ANSWER:
QUESTION: ANSWER:
d. H.323
It is a connecting device between two b. directional coupler
internetworks that use different models

ANSWER QUESTION: A type of linear-beam

b. gateway QUESTION: microwave tube that uses velocity
A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 modulation of the electron beam
by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors,
how many bits are needed to send the ANSWER:
QUESTION: complete contents of a screen? d. klystron
It is an undesired shift or width change in
digital bits of data due to circuitry action
which causes bits to arrive at different times ANSWER:
d. 12 Megabits QUESTION:
_______________ is used to position samples
ANSWER: of the different message signals in non-
c. jitter SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) overlapping time slots.

1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb ANSWER:

QUESTION:
b. TDM
1024 colors requires 10 bits , 210 = 1024
In PCM system, it is the ratio of the
maximum input voltage level to the smallest
voltage level that can be quantized QUESTION:
A ___________ is similar to a phasor diagram
except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
ANSWER: a. Dynamic range QUESTION:
Combination of compression at the
ANSWER:
transmitter and expansion at the
b. constellation diagram
receiver of communications system.
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps
b. Companding
channels using a time slot of 2 bits, QUESTION:
determine the frame duration. It was the first fixed length character code.
QUESTION:
ANSWER: a. 20s ANSWER:
A device launches or receives a wave in a
b. Baudot Code
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) transmission line or waveguide in one
The link carries 50,000 frames /sec direction only.

ANSWER: QUESTION:
The frame duration = 1/50,000 =
b. directional coupler It involves transmitting each character
20s
twice.

ANSWER:
b. Redundancy
 ANSWER:
QUESTION: QUESTION: C. Repeater
The __________ provides the mathematical Of the following substances the most
justification for using a Gaussian Process as conductor is
a model for a large number of different QUESTION:
physical phenomena in which the random Choices: It represents the simplest whole number
variable, at a particular instant of time, is a. air b copper ratio of the various types of atoms in a
the result of a large number of individual c. iron d. salt water compound.
random events. ANSWER:
A Choices:
ANSWER: a. molecular formula
b. Central Limit Theorem b. chemical formula
QUESTION: c. reactants
The volt is the standard unit of d. empirical formula
QUESTION: ANSWER:
A set of communication facilities allowing Choices: D
direct access to 64kpbs data streams (or a. currrent b. charge
multiples of) for drop and insert. A form of c. electromotive force d. resistance
cell relay, supports B-ISDN. ANSWER: QUESTION:
C It is a term that is often misunderstood and
commonly confused with bit rate (bps)
ANSWER:
c. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) QUESTION: Choices:
Which of the following antenna types is not
designed for transmitting at 10 Ghz a. Bandwidth b ASK
QUESTION: c. Baud d. FSK
A series of pulses, in which the timing of Choices: ANSWER:
each pulse represents the ampltitude of the a. horn antenna b dish antenna C
information signal at a given time. c. Zepp antenna d. helical antenna
ANSWER:
C QUESTION:
ANSWER: Defined as the optimum level of a test tone
d. Pulse Position Modulation on a channel at same point in a
QUESTION: communication system.
The type of radio wave responsible for long Choices:
QUESTION: distance communications by multiple skips
A line of sight radio link operating at a is the: a. transmission level point
frequency of 6GHz has a separation of b. transmission level
40km between antennas. An obstacle in ANSWER: c. data level point
the path is located 10km form the b. Direct Wave d. error detecion
transmitting antenna. By how much must ANSWER:
the beam clear the obstacle? A
QUESTION:
Line of sight communications is not a factor
ANSWER: in which frequency range? QUESTION:
a.11.6m Duplicating each data unit for the purpose
Choices: of detecting errors is a form of error
`SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) a. VHF b. UHF c. HF d. Microwave detection called ___________.
ANSWER:
𝒅𝟏𝒅𝟐 c. HF
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒√
𝒇(𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐) Choices:
a. burst b. redundancy
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟑𝟎 c. error correction d. error detection
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒√ QUESTION:
𝟔(𝟏𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎) ANSWER:
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on
R = 11.6m the transmission medium after encoding B
and modulation have occurred.

QUESTION: ANSWER: QUESTION:

Variation in received field strength over b. Baud Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz
time due to changes in propagation signal.
conditions. ANSWER:
d. 0.075m
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
It was the first fixed-length character code
b. Fading
developed for machines rather than
people.
QUESTION:
ANSWER: What is the device that converts energy
QUESTION:
b. Baudot Code from one form to another?
The atomic weight of an element is
approximately determined by ANSWER:
a. transducer
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
A receiver-transmitter station used to
C. the number of protons and neutrons
increase the communications range of VHF,
UHF and microwave signals is called a(n):
 SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION: QUESTION:
It may be defined as any undesired 𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒔 The computers that hold shared files,
∆𝒇 = | |
voltages or currents that ultimately end up 𝟐 programs and the network operating
𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑯𝒛 − 𝟓𝟏 𝒌𝑯𝒛
appearing in the receiver output. ∆𝒇 = | | system. They also provide access to network
𝟐 resources to all the users of the network.
ANSWER:
∆𝒇 = 𝟏 𝒌𝑯𝒛
b. Electrical noise
ANSWER:
a. Servers
QUESTION:
QUESTION:
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz
It is often used to compare the
bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s.
performance of one digital modulation QUESTION:
Assuming no noise.
technique to another.
It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that
ANSWER: provides transmission channels capable of
ANSWER: supporting transmission rates greater than
c. 10,000
a. bandwidth efficiency the primary data rate.

QUESTION: ANSWER:
Microwaves are frequencies above _____ a. Broadband ISDN
QUESTION:
GHz. It is the process of converting an infinite
number of possibilities to a finite number of
conditions. QUESTION:
ANSWER:
c.1 It is the only error-correction scheme that
ANSWER: actually detects and corrects transmission
a. quantization errors when they are received without
requiring a transmission..
QUESTION:
The government agencies that regulates
radio communications in the US is the
QUESTION: ANSWER:
________.
For a PCM system with a maximum analog
frequency of 4kHz, determine the minimum a. Forward Error Correction
sample rate.
ANSWER:
b. FCC

ANSWER:
QUESTION:
a. 8 kHz

QUESTION: This OSI Layer is responsible for network

A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM-SOLVING) availability, data storage and processor
capacity. It also determines the type of
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟐 𝒇 𝒂 dialogue available.
ANSWER:
a. High-pass 𝒇𝒔 = 𝟐 (𝟒 𝒌𝑯𝒛)
ANSWER:
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟖 𝒌𝑯𝒛
QUESTION: a. Session layer
Coax is not used beyond frequencies of
about ______ GHz.
QUESTION:
It is another relatively simple form of
ANSWER: redundancy error checking where each QUESTION: What do you call the accumulation
a. 6 character has a numerical value assigned of additional sounds such as wind, street noise,
to it. other voices that contribute to what the listener
hear?
QUESTION: ANSWER: b. Ambience
Data Communications refers to the ANSWER:
transmission of ________. a. Checksum

QUESTION:
ANSWER:
It is a single transmission path from transmitter to
d. all of the above
QUESTION: receiver with line of sight range.
It is a modulation and multiplexing ANSWER:
technique that distributes the signal and its D. hop
Question:
sidebands over a very wide bandwidth.
Determine the peak frequency deviation
for a binary FSK signal with a mark
ANSWER: QUESTION:
frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of
a. Spread spectrum It is defined by the average rate at which
51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps
energy is carried out per unit area.
ANSWER:
b. intensity
ANSWER:
a. 1 kHz
 QUESTION: QUESTION:
A modulation process wherein both frequency Find the maximum dynamic range for a
QUESTION: Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232 and phase remains constant while the linear PCM system using 16-bit quantizing.
interface on D connector, this connection amplitude changes.
allows signals to be transmitted from the DCE to ANSWER:
the attached DTE whenever there is a high b. ASK ANSWER:
probability of an error in the received data due d. 98.08 dB
to the quality of the circuit falling below a QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
predefined level. It is the most powerful redundancy checking
technique which is based on binary division. DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
c. cyclic redundancy check DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
c. signal quality detector
DR = 98.08 dB

QUESTION: It is the electrostatic forces of
attraction between oppositely charged ions.
ANSWER:
A. ionic bonding
QUESTION: What is the process in which the
system adapts to the incoming audio level to
keep the signal large enough to fill the systems
dynamic range?
QUESTION:
QUESTION: Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-
What do you call the element with electrical QAM signal.
properties between those of an insulator and a
conductor?
ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. Semiconductor a. 12000 baud
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits
QUESTION: per signal element since 26 = 64.
It is the term applied to any method of Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6
extinguishing a debt, principal and interest, by
a series of payments, usually at equal intervals. baud rate = 12000 baud

ANSWER: QUESTION:
a. amortization A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its
destination. Calculate the via net loss
required for an acceptable amount of
QUESTION: echo.
______ which means that 2 or more bits in the
data unit have changed.? QUESTION:
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the ANSWER:
ANSWER: quantized samples into digital code words. d. 0.8 dB
C) burst error SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB
ANSWER:
QUESTION: c. encoder
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet QUESTION:
implementation. Telephone switch that connects only to
QUESTION: other switches, and not to individual
ANSWER: It is an error detection technique in which a customers.
c. 1000 Base-T redundant bit is appended to every data
unit so that the total number of 1s in the unit ANSWER:
(including the parity bit) becomes even. c. tandem office
QUESTION:
It is a digital process that allows several QUESTION:
connections to share the high bandwidth of a ANSWER: It is a form of digital modulation similar to
link. PSK except the digital information is
a. vertical redundancy check contained in both amplitude and the
ANSWER: phase of the transmitted carrier.
QUESTION:
a. TDM
A local area network topology in which the ANSWER:
individual terminal, microcomputers or c. QAM
QUESTION:
workstations are connected directly to a
IEEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer?
central computer. QUESTION:
The most common circuit used for
ANSWER: demodulating binary FSK signals.
ANSWER:
d. (b) and (c) a. Star ANSWER:
QUESTION: b. PLL
The only way to achieve high data rates
QUESTION: with a narrowband channel is to increase QUESTION:
It is the oldest microwave tube design which is the number of bits per symbol, the most We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of
commonly used in radar transmitters where reliable way to do this is to use a 4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we
they can generate peak power levels in the combination of amplitude and phase modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC
megawatt range. modulation known as _________. regulations for now.
ANSWER:
b. Magnetron ANSWER: ANSWER:
a. 8 KHz
a. quadrature amplitude modulation
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM – SOLVING)
BW = 2 x 4 KHz
= 8 KHz
 SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER:
QUESTION:
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m) a. TCP/IP
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we Noise that is primarily caused by lightning.
modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC Often called as Static Noise.
regulations. QUESTION:
What frequencies would be generated by ANSWER:
Choices: a telephone using DTMF signalling, when c. atmospheric noise
the number 8 is pressed?
a. 8 b. 6
c. 36 d. 40 ANSWER: A modulation technique in which the
ANSWER: c. 852 Hz and 1336 Hz frequency of the modulated signal varies
with the amplitude of the modulating signal
D QUESTION:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER:
It is a means of transmitting data by shifting a. AM
An FM signal requires 10 times the the phase angle of the transmitted signal.
bandwidth of the original signal. QUESTION:
Is a form of constant –amplitude angle
BW=10x4 modulation similar to standard frequency
= 40 MHz ANSWER: modulation except the modulating signal is
b. PSK a binary signal that varies between two
QUESTION: discrete voltage levels rather than a
continuously changing analog waveform.
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth QUESTION:
of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we ANSWER:
modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC The name given for a set of standards for b. FSK
regulations. communicating among computers in which
the primary purpose is to serve as a QUESTION:
structural guideline for exchanging The highest layer in the hierarchy and is
ANSWER: information between computers, analogous to the general manager of the
D.40 workstations and networks. network by providing access to the OSI
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) environment.

An FM signal requires 10 times the

ANSWER:
bandwidth of the original signal. ANSWER:
a. OSI a. Application layer
BW=10x4 = 40 MHz

QUESTION: QUESTION: QUESTION:

What is the equation for Hartley’s Law?
For PCM system with the following Any transmission system which conveys
parameters determine the minimum more than one signal simultaneously can
number of bits used. experience this type of interference due to
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz, the reception of portions of a signal from
Choices:
maximum decoded voltage=±2.55, one channel in another channel.
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5
a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M
c. fa=fs-fm d. N=2^m
ANSWER: ANSWER:
c. Crosstalk a.
ANSWER:

C.8 QUESTION: QUESTION:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) What type of digital modulation scheme Network topology wherein individual
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟓 + 𝟏) uses two or more different output
𝒏= terminals, microcomputers and workstations
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 frequencies? are connected directly to a central
= 7.63
computer.
=8 ANSWER:
ANSWER:
b. FSK d. star
QUESTION:
A network topology in which data QUESTION:
circulates from one computer to the next in It is an error-correcting code used for QUESTION:
sequence. correcting transmission errors in synchronous The loss of data that occurs when two
data streams. stations transmit at the same time on a
ANSWER:
network
a. ring ANSWER:
a. Hamming Code ANSWER:
QUESTION:
c.collision
Find the maximum dynamic range for linear QUESTION:
PCM system using 8-bit quantizing A suite of protocols that allows a wide
ANSWER: variety of computers to share the same
c. 49.92 dB network.
QUESTION: QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
A term used to describe a telephone D = fsm
instrument whose handset is on its cradle, Designed to send characters of the = 30 x
ready to receive a ring signal message with the specified bit rate but 103 x 14
without any fixed timing relationship from = 420 x
ANSWER: one character to the next. 103 b/s
a. On hook = 420
ANSWER: Kb/s
QUESTION:
The most commonly used digital A.asynchronous
modulation scheme. QUESTION: Handles error recovery, flow
QUESTION: control (synchronization), and sequencing
ANSWER: Token Ring Standard (which terminals are sending and which are
d. PCM receiving). It is considered the “media
access control layer”.
QUESTION: ANSWER:
Simple form of redundancy error checking
where each character has a numerical d. 802.5 ANSWER:
value assigned to it. The characters within a Data Link Layer
message are combined together to
produce an error checking character. QUESTION:
It is the process of extracting a phase- QUESTION: A MAC protocol for LANs, with
ANSWER: coherent reference carrier from a receiver stations connected topologically or
c. Checksum signal. logically in a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5 LAN
standard.
QUESTION:
Is an eight-bit fixed length character set ANSWER:
developed in 1962 by the International ANSWER:
Business Machines Corporation. a. Carrier Recovery Token Ring

ANSWER: QUESTION:
c. EBCDIC code It is a potential problem whenever two QUESTION:
metallic conductors carrying different A network topology where each device is
QUESTION: signals are located in close proximity to connected to a centre point and all data is
The most commonly used digital each other. routed through that point.
modulation scheme.

ANSWER: ANSWER: ANSWER:

d. PCM c. Star network
c. Crosstalk
QUESTION: QUESTION:
QUESTION: A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a
An attempt is made to transmit base band What is the termed refer as the rapid glass tube for an active medium, dye is
frequency of 30khz using a digital audio degradation of output signal quality with circulated into the tube with a pump. A
system with a sampling rate of 44.1khz. channel induced errors? powerful pulse of light excites the organic
What audible frequency would result? dye.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: a threshold effect
A.14.1kHz ANSWER:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) d. Liquid Lasers
QUESTION:
fa = fs – fm What was the first fixed-length character QUESTION:
= 44.1KHz – 30KHz code developed for machines rather than Codes that have a restriction on the
= 14.1 KHz for people? number of consecutive 1s or 0s in a
ANSWER: sequence.
QUESTION: d. Baudot code
ANSWER:
Calculate the capacity of a telephone d. Run length limited code
channel that has a S/N of 1023? QUESTION:
A source whose output satisfies the QUESTION:
ANSWER: condition of statistical independence Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating
among letters in the sequence is said to 0s and 1s that alert the receiving system to
B.30000 b/s be_____. the coming frame and enable it to
synchronize its input timing
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER:
The telephone channel has a bandwidth of a. Memoryless ANSWER:
about 3KHz b. preamble
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N) QUESTION: Calculate the minimum data
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023) rate needed to transmit audio with
=30000 b/s sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per QUESTION:
sample. Every letter was encoded into fixed length
of binary code words of length 5.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
420 Kb/s b. Baudot Code
QUESTION: QUESTION: QUESTION:
The composite signal that modulates the FM Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1. Showed mathematically that it is posssible
carrier. to reconstruct a band-limited analog signal
Choices: from periodic samples, as long as the
ANSWER: a. 100001011 b. 011110100 c. 010000101 d. sampling rate is at least twice the
b. baseband 110000101 frequency of the highest frequency
component of the signal.
QUESTION: ANSWER:
It is a simple means of error detection. It a. 100001011 ANSWER:
involves the addition of one extra bit to the
bits that encode a character. SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) c. Harry Nyquist
x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+k
ANSWER: 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 QUESTION:
a. parity Find the maximum dynamic range for a
QUESTION: linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing.
QUESTION: Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK
A data compression scheme that uses signal, what is the baud rate? ANSWER:
fewer bits to represent more frequently
occurring characters or bit patterns and b. 49.92 dB
more bits to represent those occur less ANSWER: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
frequently. d. 6000 Hz
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
ANSWER: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) = 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
= 49.92 dB
c. Huffman coding
baud rate = bandwidth
QUESTION:
QUESTION: 6000 Hz = 6000 Hz
In operation, many modern codecs
Speed at which symbols are transmitted in
achieved compresion by first encoding the
a digital communication systems.
signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code, then
QUESTION:
converting the 12-bit linear code into an 8-
ANSWER: Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-
bit compressed code by discarding some
b. Baud rate QAM signal.
of the bits. This is a simple example of:

QUESTION: ANSWER:
It is the process of converting an infinite ANSWER:
d. Digital Signal Processing
number of possibilities to a finite number of a. 8000 bps
conditions.
QUESTION:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Sampling of an analog signal using a
ANSWER: sample-and-hold circuit such that the
bit rate = baud * 4
sample has the same amplitude for its
d. Quantization 2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
whole duration.
ANSWER:
QUESTION: a. Flat-topped Sampling
It is the ratio of the largest possible QUESTION:
magnitude to the smallest possible It is an electronic device that is used for
QUESTION:
magnitude that can easily be decoded by computer communications through
The basic building block of the FDM
the digital to analog converter in the telephone lines.
hierarchy.
receiver.

ANSWER:
ANSWER: ANSWER:
b. Message Channel
b. modem
c. Dynamic Range
QUESTION:

QUESTION: QUESTION:
The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz
200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate of
It is the institution that developed the ASCII and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A signal
270.883 kbps. Calculate the frequency shift
(American Standard Code for Information is transmitted down this line using a four
between mark and space.
Intertchange). level code. What is the maximum
theoretical data rate?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a.135.42kHz
ANSWER:
b. 18 kbps SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
b. ANSI
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Fm-fs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=135.4165kHz

QUESTION: C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) = 18 kbps

QUESTION:
In early 1900s, he showed that any
composite signal is a sum of a set of sine S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000
For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km
waves of different frequencies, phases and
C = Blog2(1+S/N) = (4.5x103)log 2(1+10000) = on coaxial cable with a velocity factor of
amplitudes.
59.795 kbps 0.66. What is the propagation delay?

Since both results are maxima, we take the ANSWER:

ANSWER:
lesser of the two, 18 Kbps... a.12,6us
c. Jean-Baptiste Fourier
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)=12.6
µs
QUESTION:
A signal at the input to a µ-Law compressor
is positive, with its volatage one-half the
maximum value. What proportion of the
maximum output voltage is produced?
ANSWER:
A0.876Vo
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION:
It allows the overall complexity of the
system to be broken down into individual
function –layers- that operate essentially by
themselves.
ANSWER: b. Transparency
QUESTION:
This are very useful pictorial representations
that clearly show the protocol operations
such as words or convetional drawings.
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
A balanced modulator that will used in
conjuction with a microwave generator,
power amplifier, and band-pass filter, up-
converts the IF carrier to an RF carrier and
amplifies the RF to the desired output
power.
ANSWER:
b. Transmit Modulator
QUESTION:
What is the equation for Hartley’s Law?
Choices:

a. State Transition Diagram a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M

Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1+255)=0.876Vo c. fa=fs-fm d. N=2^m
QUESTION: ANSWER:
Pair of wires that connects the central a.
QUESTION: office to the users phone
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its
destination. Calculate the via net loss
required for an acceptable amount of ANSWER:
echo ANSWER:
a. Local loop c.collision
ANSWER:
a.0.8dB QUESTION:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) How long does it take to dial the number QUESTION:
784-3745 using pulse dialing with .5s inter We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8 digit time? HHz. What is the bandwidth modulate the
signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulation.

QUESTION: ANSWER:
a. 6.8s ANSWER:
Who invented the telegraph? a. 50 MHz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

ANSWER: 0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) = QUESTION:
6.8s Used to established a point to point
b. Samuel F.B Morse connection across a network.

QUESTION:
The simplest modulation technique, where
a binary information signal modulates the
amplitude of an analog carrier.
ANSWER:
a. Amplitude-Shift Keying
QUESTION:
Is the lowest Open System Interconnection
hierarchy and is responsible for the actual
propagation of unstructured data bits (1s
and 0s) through a transmission medium.
ANSWER:
a. Physical Layer
QUESTION:
Error-correction scheme that actually
detect and corrects transmission errors
when they are received without requiring a
retransmission.
ANSWER: a. Forward Error Correction
QUESTION:
Network that connects users who are in the
same general location
ANSWER: c. TCP
ANSWER:
c. LAN
Please indicate the subject: QUESTION:
( ) General Engineering and Applied An attempt is made to transmit a baseband
Science frequency of 25kHz using digital audio
(/) Electronics System & Technologies system with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz.
What audible frequency would result?
QUESTION:
In operation, many modern codecs
achieved compresion by first encoding the ANSWER: b. 19.1kHz
signals using a 12-bit linear PCM code, then SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
converting the 12-bit linear code into an 8-
bit compressed code by discarding some fa = fs - fm
of the bits. This is a simple example of: = 44.1kHz – 25kHz
= 19.1kHz
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
d. Digital Signal Processing Defines the rules of the conversation the
message passing among the network users
ANSWER:
a. network protocol
 ensures the end – to – end integrity of the data SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION: message propagated through the network
Responsible for providing signals to the loop between two devices. The modulation index m is related to the
sensing activity and sending phone signals total transmitted power Pt by:
at the end of the loop
 m2 
ANSWER: Pt  Pc1   where Pt =
ANSWER: b. Transport  2 
a. SLIC
total transmitted power, Pc = carrier power

QUESTION:
QUESTION:
QUESTION:An FM transmitter system is using
The typical amount of voltage in dc use in It is used on long – distance circuits, in an effort
a 1MHz crystal oscillator to generate a very
the battery of the central office with to overcome echoes caused by circuit
stable 108MHz final carrier frequency. The
respect to ground imbalances.
output of the crystal oscillator is fed to a x36
multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz
signal. The sum output of the mixer is filtered
ANSWER: out, while the difference is fed to another
ANSWER: a. Echo Suppresors multiplier in order to generate the final
a. -48 carrier frequency. What is the multiplier
value?
QUESTION:
QUESTION: The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in
ANSWER: D. 72
A network that is composed of a smaller lan terms of dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
that are closely link. It is needed for areas mW, what is the corresponding dBm of this
Basic Block Diagram of the FM carrier
spread out geographically signal?
generator:
1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer > Multiplier >
ANSWER: 108MHz carrier
c. WAN
ANSWER: First Multiplier output:
C. 23dBm 1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz
QUESTION: Mixer output:
How many central office allotted for each SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) 36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz (filtered
exchange? output)
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) = 36MHz – 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz (difference
ANSWER: 23 dBm fed to the next multiplier)
b. 1 Multiplier stage:
Output = 108MHz
Output = 1.5MHz x n
QUESTION: QUESTION: N = 108/1.5
It is a method of switching that provides a An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 = 72
separate physical path for each symbol Kelvin is connected to a receiver input with
a noise temperature of 300 K. Given the QUESTION:
reference temperature T0 = 290 K, find the A/an _______ is a range of frequency in
ANSWER: noise figure of the system. which the upper frequency is double the
c. space switching lower frequency.

ANSWER:B
QUESTION: ANSWER:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) c. octave
The central office detects a request for service
from a telephone by: The total noise temperature of the antenna
and receiver is NTtot = 75+ 300 = 375. UESTION:
The noise temperature is given by: Determine the worst-case output S/N for a
NT  T 0NR  1 where: narrowband FM receiver with deviation
NT – noise temp, NR = Noise ratio maximum of 10 kHz and a maximum
ANSWER: Rearranging the above to find NR gives: intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N
a. a flow of loop current NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29 input is 3:1.
The Noise figure is the decibel equivalent of
QUESTION: the noise ratio, such that:
NF = 10 log NR = 3.6 dB ANSWER:
The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it a. 10
moves through a network. It controls and SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
ensures the end – to – end integrity of the data
QUESTION:The modulation index of an AM
message propagated through the network Φ = sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power is
between two devices.
500W, what is the total transmitted power?
δ = Φ x fi
ANSWER:
ANSWER: = 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
C.641W
a. Transport
The S/N will be

QUESTION: 10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10

The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it

moves through a network. It controls and
QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) QUESTION: The total transmitted power of
A small variable capacitance in parallel an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier
with each section of ganged capacitor is Θ = 360 td / T power of 50kW when modulated 80
called _______. percent is:
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
ANSWER:
a. trimmer Θ = 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees ANSWER:

QUESTION: How many wavelengths long
are required for a pair of conductors to be
considered as a transmission line?
ANSWER:
c. 1/10λ
QUESTION: Determine the time taken for a
signal to travel down a 10 m transmission
line, if its velocity factor is 0.7.
c. 66kW
QUESTION: Which of the following is a flat SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
conductor separated by an insulating
dielectric from a large ground plane that is Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
usually one-quarter or one-half wavelength Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
long? Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
ANSWER:
b. microstrip
QUESTION: One of the advantages of DSB is
the savings of great deal of power. Which
QUESTION: One complete revolution of the following is the reason why it is not
around a Smith Chart represents _________ widely used?
wavelengths.

ANSWER:
ANSWER: d. the signal is difficult to demodulate
ANSWER:
d. 47.6 ns
a. ½ λ
QUESTION: If the input in a transmitter is
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION: A mismatched transmission line collector-modulated, the system is called a
is also referred to as a ___________ line. _______________________.
T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
ANSWER: ANSWER:

QUESTION: The maximum voltage standing

d. resonant b. high-level modulator
wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial cable is
52 V and its minimum voltage is 17 V. How
QUESTION: It is the ratio of the speed of QUESTION: The input to an FM receiver has
many percent of the incident power is the
propagation on a line to that of light in free- a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency
reflected power?
space. deviation caused by the noise if the
modulating frequency is 1.5KHz and the
permitted deviation is 4KHz?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
b. 26%

a. velocity factor ANSWER:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
b. 547.8 Hz
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Г 2 = Pr/Pi
QUESTION: Which of the following is the
most widely used UTP cable that can carry  =  fm
Г = SWR-1 ; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin = 52/17 =
baseband data at rates up to 100 Mbps at  = sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
3.05
SWR+1 a range up to 100m?
 = (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz

Г = 3.05 – 1 = 0.51
3.05 +1 ANSWER:
Thus : Г 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
b. CAT 5 QUESTION: What circuit is used to return the
The reflected power is 26 % of the incident frequency response of a signal to its normal,
power “flat” level?
QUESTION: The modulated peak value of a
QUESTION: At exactly one-quarter signal is 125V and the unmodulated
wavelength, the short-circuited transmission carrier value is 85V. What is the modulation ANSWER:
line behaves as a(an) ___________ circuit. index?
b. de-emphasis

ANSWER: ANSWER: QUESTION: It is the most common means of

overcoming the problems of quantizing
c. parallel-resonant a.0.47 error and noise.
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION: Determine the phase-shift m = Em/ Ec
represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz ANSWER:
signal to a 75-ft cable with a dielectric Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax – Ec = 125 – b. companding
constant of 2.3. 85 = 40 V

ANSWER:
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
a. 108 degrees
QUESTION: ________________ means that the QUESTION: A basic antenna connected to SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
characteristics and performance of an a transmission line plus one or more
antenna are the same whether the additional conductors that are not  m
antenna is radiating or intercepting an connected to the transmission line form a 200  3 x 108 
d  200  
200 c
  s
 5.5 m
electromagnetic signal.
f 9
11x 10
s
ANSWER: ANSWER: a. parasitic array
a. antenna reciprocity
QUESTION:
QUESTION: An antenna made up of a
QUESTION: Which of the following methods driven element and one or more parasitic
What is the phase velocity of a rectangular
is used to lower the resonant frequency of a elements is generally referred to as a
waveguide with a wall separation of 3 cm
shortened vertical antenna?
and a desired frequency of operation of 6
GHz?

ANSWER: ANSWER:
d. Yagi antenna
ANSWER:
b. top hat loading
D. 5.43 x 108 m/s
QUESTION: Which antennas usually consist
of two or more half-wave dipoles mounted SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION: It is a phenomenon caused by end to end? 𝒎
𝒄 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒇𝒄 = = 𝒔 = 𝟓 𝑮𝑯𝒛
any support insulators used at the ends of 𝟐𝒂 𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎)
the wire antenna. Choices: 𝒎
a. Hertz 𝒄 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒗𝒑 = = 𝒔
b. Marconi 𝟐 𝟓 𝑮𝑯𝒛 𝟐
√𝟏 − (
√𝟏 − (𝒇𝒄 )
𝒄
)
d. Yagi 𝟔 𝑮𝑯𝒛
ANSWER: 𝒇
𝒎
ANSWER: c. collinear = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖
b. end effect 𝒔

QUESTION: Which of the following is not a

reason why most half-wave antennas are QUESTION: A stacked collinear antenna QUESTION:
mounted horizontally at low frequencies? consisting of half-wave dipoles spaced from
one another by one-half wavelengths is the A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart.
Choices: Suppose that there is an obstacle midway
a. physical construction is easier Choices: between the transmitter and receiver. By
b. more cost-effective a. broadside array how much must the path between the
c. mounting is easier b. end-fire array towers clear the obstacle in order to avoid
d. support is easier c. wide-bandwidth array diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz?
d. parasitic array
ANSWER: B

ANSWER: A ANSWER:
B. 10.51 m
QUESTION: The shape of the SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
electromagnetic energy radiated from or 𝑑1 𝑑2 22.5(22.5)
received by an antenna is called the QUESTION: When the characteristic 𝐻1 = 17.32√ = 17.32√
𝑓𝐷 11(45)
impedance of the transmission line matches
the output impedance of the transmitter = 17.52 𝑚
Choices: 𝐻1 = 10.51 𝑚
and the impedance of the antenna itself,
a. signal shape
b. electromagnetic pattern QUESTION:
c. radiation pattern
d. antenna pattern ANSWER:
d. maximum power transfer will take place How far from the transmitter could a signal
ANSWER: C be received if the transmitting and
receiving antennas where 40 m and 20 m,
respectively, above level terrain?
QUESTION: Antennas that transmit an equal
QUESTION: A one-quarter wavelength of
amount of energy in the horizontal direction
coaxial or balanced transmission line of a
are called ANSWER:
specific impedance connected between a
load and a source in order to match A. 44.5 km
impedances is
ANSWER: c. omnidirectional SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
𝑑 = √17ℎ𝑡 + √17ℎ𝑡 = √17(40) + √17(20)
ANSWER: = 44.5 𝑘𝑚
QUESTION: The ability of an antenna to send
or receive signals over a narrow horizontal c. a Q section
directional range is referred to as
QUESTION: QUESTION:
Choices:
a. focal factor By how much should two antennas be A signal propagated in a waveguide has a
b. permittivity separated for space diversity in the 11 GHz full wave of electric intensity change
c. directivity band? between two further walls, and no
d. horizontal range component of the electric field in the
ANSWER: direction of propagation. The mode is
ANSWER: C
A. 5.5 m

ANSWER:
D. TE20
 QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
QUESTION: 𝐶 2𝜋𝑅
𝑇= =
The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide 𝑣 𝑣
2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and _________. 𝑣= = (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑅 = 𝑑𝑘𝑚 + 6400)
𝑇 28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W
to the isolator, and the load is resistive with 2𝜋𝑅 4 𝑥 1011 𝑚
𝑣= = √
an SWR of 3. How much power is dissipated ANSWER: 28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 (𝑑𝑘𝑚 + 6400) 𝑠
in the load A. is greater than in free space 𝑑𝑘𝑚 = 384,000 𝑘𝑚

ANSWER:
D. 638 mW QUESTION: QUESTION:

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Geostationary satellites are located at ____ What is the length of the path to a
with respect to the equator. geostationary satellite from an Earth station
1W if the angle of elevation is 300?
Pout   851.14 mW
0.7
antilog ANSWER: ANSWER:
10
B. 00 latitude B. 39000 km
SWR  1
  0.5 SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
SWR  1
PLOAD  Pout 1  2   638.35 mW QUESTION: = √(𝑟 + ℎ)2 − (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= √(6400 + 36000)2 − (6400 cos 300 )2
The quality of a space-link is measured in − 6400 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 = 39000𝑘𝑚
QUESTION: terms of the ______ ratio.
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and QUESTION:
a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W
to the isolator, and the load is resistive with What is the nominal uplink frequency for the
an SWR of 3. How much power returns to ANSWER: Ku band?
the source? B. G/T
ANSWER:
ANSWER: QUESTION: C. 14 GHz
D. 5.43 x 108 m/s
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) Why does the downlink frequency appear
1W to vary by several kHz during a low earth
QUESTION:
Pout   851.14 mW orbit satellite pass?
0 .7
anti log
10 To cover all inhabited regions of the earth,
SWR  1 the number of polar-orbit satellites required
  0 .5 ANSWER: is
SWR  1 D. The distance between the satellite and
PLOAD  Pout 1  2   638.35 mW ground station is changing, causing the
ANSWER:
Preflected  Pout  2  212.78 mW Doppler effect
A. 1
212.78 mW
Preturned   534.49 W
26
anti log QUESTION:
10 A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance
of 67 ohms and a loss resistance of 5 ohms,
The most ambitious LEO constellation to
measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the
date is ______.
efficiency.
QUESTION:
ANSWER: ANSWER: d. 93%
It is a microwave device that allows RF C. Teledesic
energy to pass through in one direction with
SOLUTION:
very little loss, but absorbs RF power in the
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%
opposite direction.

Choices: QUESTION:
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5
A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish
dBd, respectively. Which has a greater
a. multiplexer b. circulator c. isolator d. designed for C-band (4 GHz) operation. The
gain?
wave trap owner wants to use the same dish with a
ANSWER: new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12 GHz)
C. isolator satellites. What effect will the change in Choices:
frequency have on the gain and a. The first antenna has a higher gain.
QUESTION: beamwidth of the antenna? b. The second antenna has a higher gain.
c. Both antennas have the same gain
A metal wrapped around the parabolic d. Cannot be determined
antenna aperture to eliminate sidelobes ANSWER:
ANSWER: B
interfering nearby stations is called A. Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth
decreases to 1/3 of its former value.
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called:

Choices:
ANSWER: QUESTION:
a. Marconi antenna
C. shroud The moon orbits the earth with a period of
b. Yagi antenna
approximately 28 days. How far away is it?
c. Hertz antenna
Assume circular orbit.
d. none of the choices
ANSWER: C
ANSWER:
c. 384 Mm
 QUESTION: QUESTION:
The outline of a communications satellite
An antenna's beamwidth is measured The location of a satellite is generally antenna pattern on the earth is known as:
specified in terms of ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Choices:
b. latitude & longitude d. footprint
a. from +90° to –90°
b. between half-power points
QUESTION:
c. from front to back
QUESTION: Calculate the length of the path to a
d. between the minor side-lobes
geostationary satellite from an earth station
ANSWER: B A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the where the angle of elevation is 30.
earth that is located closest to Earth. (earth’s radius = 6400 km, height of satellite
ANSWER: above earth is 36 X 103 km)
QUESTION: "Ground Effects" refers to the a. perigee
effects on an antenna's radiation pattern ANSWER:
caused by QUESTION: c. 39,000 km
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Choices: Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular
a. radio signals reflecting off the ground orbit 500 km above the earth’s surface. Formula :
b. buildings and other structures on the
ground ANSWER:
c. fading
d  (r  h) 2  (r cos  ) 2  r sin 
c. 7.6 km/s
d. faulty connection of the feed cable d = distance to the satellite in
ground km
 r = radius of the earth in km
ANSWER: A SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
 (6400 km)
h = height of satellite above
4 x1011 equator ( 36 x 103 km)
QUESTION: An antenna can be matched to
Formula : v
a feed line using d  6400  = angle of elevation to
satellite at antenna site
Choices:
a. a shorted stub Where : v = velocity in meters per second Solution :
b. an LC network d = distance above earth’s
c. a loading coil surface in km
d. all of the choices  d  (6400  36x10 3 ) 2  (6400cos 30)
11
4 x10
ANSWER: D v = 39,000 km
(500  6400)
QUESTION: As the length of a "long-wire" = 7.6 km/s 
QUESTION:
antenna is increased
A satellite access technique where each
 QUESTION: earth station transmits a short burst of
Choices: Find the orbital period of a satellite in a information during a specific time slot.
a. the number of lobes increases circular orbit 36,000 km above the earth’s
b. efficiency decreases surface if the earth’s radius is 6400 km. ANSWER:
c. the number of nodes decreases c. TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access)
ANSWER:
d. none of the above
a. 1440 mins QUESTION:
ANSWER: A
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
An earth station antenna look angle is
determined by :
QUESTION: Field strength at a distance from C
an antenna is measured with
Formula : 
v ANSWER:
ANSWER:
a. azimuth & elevation
d. a field-strength meter
Where : T = orbital period
C = circumference QUESTION:
v = orbital velocity
QUESTION: A receiving antenna with a built-  An ITU radiocommunication standards for
satellite services which provides information
in preamplifier C = 2r on the range of frequencies that can be
Choices: = 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 106 used by fixed satellite service systems for
a. active antenna m emergency and disaster relief operations.
b. passive antenna ANSWER:
c. coil
d. LC antenna c. ITU-R S.1001-2
4 x1011
ANSWER: A v  3.07km/s
(36,000  6400)
QUESTION:
The height above mean sea level of a
satellite in a geosynchronous orbit around C 266.4 x10 6 m
Earth is:  T   24hrs or
v 3.07x10 3 m /s
1440 minutes
ANSWER:
d. 35,786 km


QUESTION:
As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM Radio Broadcasting is from…
ANSWER:
d. 526.5 to 1705 kHz

QUESTION:
Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to that period of time between 1000 UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stands for Universal
Time Coordinates.
ANSWER:
b. nighttime period

QUESTION:
An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not subject to objectionable interference
or objectionable fading.
ANSWER:
a. primary service area

QUESTION:
In antenna mast or tower construction, the required obstruction painting and/or lighting must be imposed on mast or
tower more than … from the ground level.
Choices:
a. 100 ft b. 150 ft c. 200 ft d. 250 ft

QUESTION:
Regarding the design of AM antenna, what should be the polarization of the radiator?
ANSWER:
b. vertical

QUESTION:
As per Phillipine standard, what is the minimum frequency separation in any service area for adjacent AM radio stations?
ANSWER:
c. 36 kHz

QUESTION:
What is the maximum power allowable for remote pick-up stations used as broadcast auxillary services for AM and FM
broadcast stations?
ANSWER:
c. 35 W

QUESTION:
What is the classification of an FM station having an ERP not exceeding 30kW?
ANSWER:
b. Class B

QUESTION:
What is the modulation used for the stereophonic subcarrier of FM composite baseband signal?
ANSWER:
b. AM DSB SC

QUESTION:
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used in FM stereophonic transmission?
ANSWER:
b. 19 kHz

QUESTION:
The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in transmission line is around 10 W and the antenna has a
power gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the station in kW?
ANSWER:
d. 19.96 kW
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 – 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW

QUESTION:
Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in the Philippines…
ANSWER:
b. 88 – 108 MHz

QUESTION:
What is the color TV system adopted by the Philippines?
ANSWER:
a. NTSC
QUESTION:
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is …
ANSWER:
d. 3.579545

QUESTION:
Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9.
ANSWER:
b. 187.25 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
fNLB = 174 + (N – 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 – 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel 9

QUESTION:
What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7 – 13 in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu?
ANSWER:
d. 1 MW

QUESTION:
At NTSC standard, the number of lines per frame = ________ lines/frame
ANSWER:
b. 525

QUESTION:
At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent line period?
ANSWER:
c. 63.556 usec
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec

QUESTION:
Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV channel…
ANSWER:
c. 6 MHz

QUESTION:
A land mobile station used for the transmission of TV program materials and related communications from the scenes of
events occuring at remote points from TV broadcast station studios to TV broadcast station.
ANSWER:
a. TV Pick-up station

QUESTION:
For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is the ideal RF bandwidth?
ANSWER:
c. 6 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64 symbols and the number of bits to produce this
is…
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is…
BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz

QUESTION:
What is the mode of radio wave propagation that utilized ionosphere as a medium of transmission and / or reception of
radio signals?
ANSWER:
b. sky wave

QUESTION:
What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon foam as its
dielectric, εr = 2?
ANSWER:
c. 0.96 m
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec
velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (εr) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio signal in the coaxial line is …
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106 m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the signal is …
λ = vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636… m or 0.96 m approx.
QUESTION:
What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (εr2 = 2) medium of a radio wave from air (εr1 = 1.0) if its angle of incidence is
45°?
ANSWER:
d. 30°
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
Using Snell’s Law…
Sqrt (εr1) sin θi = Sqrt (εr2) sin θr
Sqrt (1) sin 45° = Sqrt (2) sin θr
θr = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45°) / Sqrt (2)] = sin-1 (0.5) = 30°

QUESTION:
An ionosphere layer also termed as “absorption layer” because it absorbs most of the frequencies above 100 kHz is
known as the … layer.
ANSWER:
a. D
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
The D layer has a critical frequency in the order of 100 kHz. Even MF band frequencies are absorbed by this
layer during sky wave propagation particularly in AM and SW radio broadcasting.

QUESTION:
As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what is the classification of Super High Frequency?
ANSWER:
c. centimetric
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
SHF band: 3 GHz – 30 GHz
λmax = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm
λmin = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m = 1 cm
SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm. Therefore it is centimetric wave.

QUESTION:
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) separate antennas and receivers for each single transmitter?
ANSWER:
b. space diversity

QUESTION:
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) different frequencies in a simplex path?
ANSWER:
a. frequency diversity

QUESTION:
What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron density is 2 x 10 6 per cm3?
ANSWER:
c. 13 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.

QUESTION:
A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The maximum virtual height of the layer is 110 km. at
the midpoint of the path and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio stations is 500 km, what is
the suitable value for the optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain analysis.
ANSWER:
c. 8.4 MHz
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25° angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25° = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.

QUESTION:
The power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. This law is known as…
ANSWER:
c. Inverse Square law

QUESTION:
The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is useful for long-distance communication by amateurs; about 100 to 115 km
above the earth is known as the… layer. This is often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer.
ANSWER:
b. E
QUESTION:
A graph which shows the radiation in actual field strength of electromagnetic fields at all points which are at equal
distance from the antenna is known as…
ANSWER:
b. Radiation Pattern

QUESTION:
The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 Ω. What is the value of its loss resistance?
ANSWER:
d. 6.58 Ω
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
η = Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 – 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 Ω or 6.58 Ω approx.

QUESTION:
A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with appearance and disappearance of dark irregularly shaped areas.
ANSWER:
b. 11-year sunspot

QUESTION:
What should be done to increase the transmission distance at frequencies higher than HF bands?
ANSWER:
b. increase antenna height

QUESTION:
Which of the following factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce attenuation?
ANSWER:
d. all choices

QUESTION:
A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated band of station’s frequency?
ANSWER:
b. HF
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
λ = 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 – 30 MHz range designated as HF band

QUESTION:
What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft receiving station?
ANSWER:
d. 18.97 mi
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)
dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi

QUESTION:
A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test antenna whose directive gain is 2.15 dB. How
much power was fed into the test antenna?
ANSWER:
c. 3 W
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4πd2
PR = PD x 4πd2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4π(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx.
 QUESTION: A telephone signal takes 2ms ANSWER:
QUESTION: Identical telephone numbers to reach its destination. Calculate the
in different parts of a country are via net loss required for an acceptable b.
distinguished by their ___. amount of echo. 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz

ANSWER: QUESTION:
b. area codes ANSWER:
In DTMF, the Horizontal
QUESTION: Telephone traffic is d. 0.8 dB frequencies are
measured ____.
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
ANSWER:
ANSWER: VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
a. in erlangs Where: a. 1209Hz,
VNL = minimum required via net loss in 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
QUESTION: In a cellular telephone dB
system, each cell site contains a ____. t = time delay in ms for propagation QUESTION: In Celluar Telephone
one way along line Systems, these are transmissions from
mobile units to base stations (Uplink)
ANSWER: VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
a. repeater = 0.8 dB ANSWER:

QUESTION: When the signal from a QUESTION: b. reverse links

mobile cellular unit drops below a
certain level, what action occurs? The typical voltage across a telephone QUESTION:
when on-hook is:
ANSWER: In DTMF, the
c. the unit is “handed off” to a closer horizontal
cell ANSWER: frequencies is also
a. 48 volts DC known as
QUESTION: In a cellular telephone
system, group of cells is called ___. QUESTION:
ANSWER:
Central offices are connected
ANSWER:
by: b. high group frequencies
b. cluster

QUESTION: In Celluar Telephone

ANSWER: QUESTION:
Systems, these are transmissions from
base stations to mobile units (Downlink)
b. trunk lines In DTMF, the Vertical
frequencies is also known as
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
a. forward links

In telephony, ANSWER:
QUESTION: A CDMA mobile measures
call blocking is:
the signal strength from the base as -100
dBm. What should the mobile a. low group frequencies
transmitter power be set to as a first
ANSWER:
approximation, considering - 76 dB at
mobile power contol? QUESTION:
b. occurs when the central office
capacity is exceeded The bandwidth of voice-grade signals
ANSWER: on a telephone system is restricted in
order to:
QUESTION:
c. 250 mW
ANSWER:
The cable used for
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
local loops in c. allow signals to be multiplexed
telephone system is
PT = -76 dB - PR
mainly: QUESTION:
Where:
PT = transmitted power in dBm
PR = received power in dBm 11. This is the highest-ranking office in
ANSWER: the DDD network in telephony in terms
PT = -76 dB - PR of the size of the geographical area
a. twisted-pair copper wire served and the trunking options
= -76 dB – (-100dBm)
= 24 dBm available.
= 250 mW QUESTION:
ANSWER:
In DTMF, the four
vertical frequencies b. regional center
are ____.
 QUESTION: QUESTION: QUESTION:
+ 26 dBu is how many volts? The highest frequency that can be used
In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for: ANSWER: b. 15.5 V for skywave propagation between two
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): specific points on earth’s surface.
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / Choices:
ANSWER: 0.775 Volts ] a. Critical Frequency b. MUF c.
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / Cut-off frequency d. mid frequency
d. Advanced Mobile Phone Service 0.775 V ] ANSWER: a
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts /
0.775 V ] = 1.3 QUESTION:
QUESTION: Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V Variation in signal loss caused by
Voltage = 15.5 V natural weather disturbances.
In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for: Choices:
QUESTION: a. attenuation b. fading
A type of microphone that uses the c. spreading loss d. weather loss
principle of a capacitor as a means of ANSWER: b
ANSWER: transduction. It uses a polarizing voltage of
between 9 and 48 V of DC supply applied QUESTION:
a. Base Station Controller to its diaphragm by an external power Determine the radio horizon for a
supply. transmit antenna that is 200 m high and
ANSWER: a receiving antenna that is 100 m high
QUESTION: b. Condenser Choices:
a. 99.5km b. 96.5 km c. 95.87
In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for: QUESTION: km d. 97.5 km
Determine the sound power in Watts ANSWER: a
produced by the bank’s alarm if a by- SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
ANSWER: stander heard the alarm at a sound D = √ 17ht + √ 17hr
pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-stander = √ 17(200) + √ 17(100)
a. Mobile Switching Center is 100 ft away from the bank. = 99.5 km
ANSWER: d. 58.65 W
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): QUESTION:
QUESTION: PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8 The height above the earth’s surface
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = from which a refracted wave appears
In GSM, voice channels are called: 137.68 dB-PWL to have been reflected…
137.68 = 10 log W + 120 Choices:
ANSWER: W = log-1 [(137.68 – 120)/10] a. actual height b. virtual height
W = 58.65 Watts c. average height d. mean height
a. traffic channels ANSWER: b
QUESTION:
Electromagnetic waves that are directed QUESTION:
above the horizon level. The highest frequency that can be used
QUESTION: for skywave propagation between two
Choices:
specific points on earth’s surface.
a. ground waves b. surface waves c.
In Mobile Communications, GSM uses: Choices:
sky waves d. space waves
a. Critical Frequency b. MUF c.
ANSWER: c
ANSWER: Cut-off frequency d. center
a. frequency frequency
QUESTION:
hopping ANSWER: a
A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL
at 1 meter distance and input electrical
QUESTION: power of 1 W. How loud is the SPL at QUESTION:
distance of 20 meters if this speaker is driven The angular separation between the
In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands to 10 W of electrical power? two half-power points on the power
for: density radiation pattern.
ANSWER: b. 69 dB-SPL
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
ANSWER: SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
b. International Mobile Subscriber SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log Choices:
Identification (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL a. Bandwidth b Beamwidth c.
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log Footprint d. Azimuth
(10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
QUESTION: ANSWER:
An acoustical phenomenon wherein the QUESTION:
sound continues to persist after the cause Beamwidth
A number from 0 to 1 representing the
of sound has stopped resulting in repeated ability of a surface material to absorb
reflections is called… sound energy is known as… QUESTION:
ANSWER: Refers to the direction in space of
ANSWER:
b. reverberation electric vector of the electromagnetic
c. Absorption Coefficient
wave radiated from an antenna and is
QUESTION: parallel to the antenna itself.
QUESTION:
A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing. The difference in dB between the loudest
If the initial frequency is 25 Hz, what is the level of sound and the softest passage of
next frequency available for the filter? sound is known as _
ANSWER: d. 31.5 Hz ANSWER:
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING): ANSWER:
d. dynamic range
f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3, fraction of
an octave Polarization
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
QUESTION: QUESTION: SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Placing a metallic array on the antenna The ratio of the focal length to the
effects to increase the current at the mouth diameter is called __________ of P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
base of the antenna, and also to make the parabola, just as in camera lenses. =1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
the current distribution more uniform. ANSWER: =(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
What is this called? Aperture =0.316µW
(0.316µ𝑊)
P(dBm)= 10log
0.001
ANSWER: QUESTION: = -35dBm
Top loading Corresponds to a resonant transmission
line, and the dipole antennas describe
QUESTION: so far have been resonant. QUESTION:
What principle that states that the For an optical fiber 10km long with a
properties of an antenna are ANSWER: pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km,
independent of whether it is used for Resonant antenna (b) determine the maximum digital
transmission or reception. transmission rates for return-to-zero.
ANSWER:
QUESTION: 20Mbps
ANSWER: An optic fiber is made of glass with a SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
Principle of reciprocity refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with
another glass with a refractive index of Fb=5𝑛𝑠
1
=20Mbps
QUESTION: 1.51. Launching takes place from air. 𝑘𝑚
𝑥 10𝑘𝑚

Calculate the beam width between What numerical aperture does the fiber
nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector used have?
at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors are often QUESTION:
used at that frequency as antennas Choices: In fiber optics, it is a measure of the
outside broadcast television microwave conversion efficiency of a
links. a. 0.852 b. 0.352 photodetector. It is the ratio of the
c. 1.032 d. 0.235 output current of a photodiode to the
ANSWER: ANSWER: input optical power and has the unit of
3.50 (c) amperes per watt
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) b. 0.352
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) ANSWER:
70𝜆 0.05 By equation (20.10), the fractional Responsivity
Φ0=2x = 140x
𝐷 2
difference between the indexes is:
Φ0=3.50
∆=(n1-n2)/n1 QUESTION:
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55 A phenomenon also called
=0.0258 stress corrosion resulting if the
QUESTION:
By equation (20.11), the numerical glass fiber is exposed to long
This is often used to cure the problem of
aperture is found to be: periods of high humidity?
great thickness required of lenses used
NA=n1√(2∆)
at lower microwave frequencies or for
=1.55√[(2)(0.0258)] ANSWER A. Static fatigue:
strong curved wavefronts.
= 0.352
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
The theory which states that
Zoning
QUESTION: when visible light or high-
An optic fiber is made of glass with a frequency electromagnetic
QUESTION:
refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with radiation illuminates a metallic
A structure-generally metallic and
another glass with a refractive index of surface, electrons are emitted.
sometimes very complex-designed to
1.51. Launching takes place from air.
provide an efficient coupling between
What is the acceptance angle? ANSWER:
space and the output of a transmitter or
B. Planck’s law
input to a receiver.
ANSWER:
c. 20.6◦ QUESTION:
ANSWER:
SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING) The science of measuring only light
Antenna
By equation (20.10), the fractional waves that are visible to the human eye
difference between the indexes is: ANSWER:
QUESTION:
∆=(n1-n2)/n1 B. Photometry
The ratio comparing the power density
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
generated by a practical antenna in
=0.0258 QUESTION:
some direction, with that due to an
By equation (20.11), the numerical The process of constructing an ILD that
isotopic antenna radiating the same
aperture is found to be: is similar to LED except that the ends
total power.
NA=n1√(2∆) are highly polished.
=1.55√[(2)(0.0258)] ANSWER:
ANSWER: = 0.352 C. Lasing
Directive gain(b) By equation (20.8), the acceptance
angle is: QUESTION:
Θ0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6◦ A phenomenon in optical fibers
QUESTION:
communication system that is caused
Any array that is directional at right QUESTION: by the difference in the propagation
angles to the plane of the array is said, For a single-mode optical cable with times of light rays that take different
by inference, to have __________. 0.25-dB/km loss, determine the optical paths down the fiber.
power 100km from a 0.1-mW light
ANSWER: source. ANSWER:
Broadside action ANSWER: A. Pulse spreading
-35dBm
Question:

For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17°C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the thermal noise
power in dBm .

ANSWER:

c. -134dBm

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

N = KTB T(kelvin) = 17°C + 273° = 290 K B = 1 x 104 Hz

= (1.38 x 10-23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W

N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm

0.001

Question:

A 300Ω resistor is connected across the 300Ω antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth of the receiver is
6MHz, and the resistor is at room temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver input.
ANSWER:
a. 5.4 µV
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

VN = √4𝑘𝑇𝐵𝑅
= 4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 Ω)
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 µV

Question:

The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100µW and the noise power is 1 µW. At the output, the signal power is 1W
and the noise power is 30mW. What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
ANSWER:
c. 3
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

(S/N)p = 100µW = 100

1µW
(S/N)o = 1W = 33.3
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100 =3
33.5

Question:

It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient temperature.
Calculate the receiver’s sensitivity.

ANSWER:

a. -98dBm
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10log∆f + desired S/N

S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm

Question:

A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected via a coupling network (Teq= 40 K) to a
microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receiver’s input over a 1-MHz
frequency range?
Choices:
a. 1.75 x 10-15W b. 1.75 x 10-12W c. 1.15 x 10-15W d. 1.15 x 10-12W
ANSWER:
a. 1.75 x 10-15
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
PN = KT∆f
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W
Question:

Equivalent temperature of a passive system having the same noise power output of a given system.

ANSWER:

d. noise temperature

Question:

The noise voltage produced across a 50Ω is input resistance at a temperature of 302°C with a bandwidth of 6 MHz is
______.

ANSWER:

d. 2.24µV

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

VN = √4𝐾𝑇𝐵𝑅
= 4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)
= 2.24µV

Question:

Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that has a maximum intelligence frequency of 5 kHz.
The input S/N is 2

ANSWER:

a. 30
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)
ᵟ = φ x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz

75 kHz = 30
2.5 kHz

QUESTION:
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship to generate an output with logical 0s and 1s determined by
comparing the phase of two successive data bits is

ANSWER:
b. DPSK

QUESTION:
A method of nonspontaneous lysing (splitting) of a substance by the input of electrical energy, and is often used to
decompose a compound into its elements.

ANSWER:
b. electrolysis

QUESTION:
A special digital modulation technique
that achieves high data rates in limited-
bandwidth channels is called
QUESTION:
FSK systems are much superior to two-
tone amplitude-modulation systems
with respect to
QUESTION:
Using an oscilloscope to display
overlayed received data bits that
provide information on noise, jitter, and
linearity is called a(n)

ANSWER:
ANSWER: c. Ionospheric fading ANSWER:
c. Quadrature amplitude characteristics a. Eye pattern
modulation (QAM)
QUESTION: QUESTION:
The type of radio transmission that uses Which is not a type of pulse QUESTION:
pseudorandomly switched transmissions modulation? In an S/H circuit, the time that it must
is known as hold the sampled voltage is

a.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
b. Spread spectrum Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) ANSWER:
Aperture time
QUESTION:
The acronym CDMA refers to ________. QUESTION: QUESTION:
PPM and PWM are superior to PAM Error signals associated with the
a. systems in sampling process are called
ANSWER:
d. Code-division multiple-
access systems ANSWER: ANSWER:
Noise characteristics Foldover distortion and aliasing
QUESTION:
The acronym OFDM refers to ________.
QUESTION: QUESTION:
A procedure that decides which device A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip
a. has permission to transmit at a given containing both the ADC and DAC
ANSWER: time is called circuitry.
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing

QUESTION: ANSWER: ANSWER:

Using radio to transmit gathered data Line Control codec
on some particular phenomenon
without human monitors is known as QUESTION: QUESTION:
The major difficulty faced by delta The NRZ digital signal-encoding format
modulators is has a ________ component in the
ANSWER: waveform.
Radio telemetry
ANSWER:
QUESTION: Slope overload ANSWER:
The acronym for the form of data dc
transmission in which the modulating QUESTION:
wave shifts the output between two The AT&T T1 lines QUESTION:
predetermined frequencies is _____. Reed–Solomon codes utilize a
technique called ________ to rearrange
ANSWER: the data into a nonlinear ordering
Use 8-bit PCM code and scheme to improve the chance of data
ANSWER: include 24 voice channels correction.
a. FSK
QUESTION:
QUESTION: The ground wire in a USB cable is ____ ANSWER:
Pseudorandom implies a sequence that interleaving
can be _____ but has the properties of
randomness. ANSWER: QUESTION:
Brown
a. The electric field intensity is measured in:
ANSWER: QUESTION:
re-created A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital
signal to be transmitted on an analog ANSWER:
QUESTION: channel.
______ implies that both analog and ANSWER: a. V/m
digital signals share the same channel modem
bandwidth. QUESTION:
QUESTION:
ANSWER: The bit ________ is the amount of power It is a result of an increase in the charge
Hybrid in a digital bit for a given amount of density in dielectric materials.
time.
QUESTION: ANSWER:
Telemetry may be defined as _____ ANSWER:
metering. energy a. polarization

ANSWER: QUESTION: QUESTION:

Remote The relationship for bit rate to ________
bandwidth is defined by the Shannon- It refers to the maximum antenna gain.
Hartley theorem.

ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Channel a. directivity
QUESTION: QUESTION: QUESTION:
VLF waves are for some types of
The maximum horizontal distance services because Which region of the ionosphere is mainly
between the transmitter and the responsible for long-distance night time
receiver for line of sight communications?
propagation is known as: ANSWER:

c. they are very reliable ANSWER:

ANSWER:
QUESTION: d. F layer
a. radio horizon It is the distance between two wave
fronts having the same phase at any
QUESTION: given instant. QUESTION:
Which is properly terminated antenna?
Typical mode of radiation of helical
antenna is: ANSWER:
ANSWER:
b. wavelength
ANSWER: a. rhombic

a. end fire QUESTION: QUESTION:

It is a piece of transmission line which is
QUESTION: normally short-circuited at the far end. Occurs when the radio beam is at point
of grazing over an obstacle.
The electric field is perpendicular to the
earth’s surface, the polarization ANSWER:
is: ANSWER:
b. stub
a. diffraction
ANSWER:
QUESTION: QUESTION:
a. vertical A 50 ohms transmission line is A microwave communications system,
connected to a 30 ohm resistive space loss calculation formula is
QUESTION: load. Calculate the reflection
coefficient.
In what major RF band is ground wave
basically applied?
ANSWER: ANSWER:

ANSWER: b. 0.25 c. 92.4 + 20log F + 20 log D

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)
a. MF (Medium Frequency) QUESTION: Is an OSI Layer which is
responsible for providing error-free
QUESTION: Ref Coeff = (30 – 50)/(30 + 50) = 0.25 communications across the physical link
A measure of mismatch in a connecting primary and secondary
transmission line stations (nodes)
QUESTION:

ANSWER: The characteristic impedance of a

transmission line does not depend upon ANSWER: a. Data Link layer
c. standing wave ratio its

QUESTION:
The highest frequency that can be set QUESTION: Is the ratio of the largest
back to earth by the ionosphere, if possible magnitude to the smallest
wave is sent vertically upward. ANSWER: possible magnitude that can be
decoded by the digital-to-analog
c. length converter.
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
c. critical frequency
Characteristic impedance of a
transmission line is the impedance ANSWER: d. Dynamic range
QUESTION: measured at the _______ when its
length is infinite.
Travel in a straight line from the
transmitting antenna to the receiving QUESTION: Is a PCM system which uses
antenna. ANSWER: a single bit PCM code to achieve digital
transmission of analog signals.
a. input
ANSWER:

c. space wave ANSWER: b. Delta modulation

QUESTION: Is a redundancy error
detection scheme that uses parity to
determine if a transmission error has
occurred within a message and is
sometimes called message parity.
ANSWER: a. Longitudinal redundancy
check
QUESTION: Is an n-bit data register inside
the UART that keeps track of the UART’s
transmit and receive buffer registers.
ANSWER: b. Status Word register
QUESTION: Is an access method used
primarily with LANs configured in a bus
topology.
ANSWER: a. CSMA/CD
QUESTION: IP version 4 address length is
ANSWER: a. 32 bits
QUESTION: Is a multiport bridge that
provides bridging function.
ANSWER: d. Switch
QUESTION: Is a device which operates in
the Network layer and it makes
forwarding decisions on the basis of
network addresses.
ANSWER: c. Router
QUESTION: OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is
ANSWER: a. 51.84 Mbps
QUESTION: Is one in which all computers
share their resources with all the other
computers on the network.
ANSWER: b. Peer-to-peer client/server
network
QUESTION: Is used to interface DTEs to
digital transmission channels
ANSWER: d. Channel service unit
QUESTION: Modulation which combines
encoding and modulation to reduce QUESTION: If the frequency of a sound is
the increased, what will happen to its pitch?
probability of error.
ANSWER: b. Increases
ANSWER: d. TCM
QUESTION:
A type of microwave protection system
QUESTION: Is an empirical record of a where each working channel has a
system’s actual bit error performance dedicated back up or spare channel.
ANSWER: D. Hot Standby
ANSWER: b. BER
QUESTION: Is an error-correcting code
used for correcting transmission errors in
synchronous data streams.
ANSWER: d. Hamming code
IECEP Manila
QUESTION:
What happens to the frequency of the
wave and to its wavelength when a sound
wave produced in one medium enters
another medium with a different speed?
ANSWER:
c. the frequency of the wave stays the
same while the wavelength changes.
QUESTION: An interest rate of 10%
compounded continuously is desired of an
investment of P15,000. How many years will
be required to recover the capital with the
desired interest if P2,500 is received each
year?
ANSWER:
c. 9.375 years
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING)
A=Pert
15,000 = 15,000e0.10t-2500t
t = 9.375 years
QUESTION:
What is the pH level of toilet soap?
ANSWER:
c.10
QUESTION: The process of combining
multiple audio signals into one track is
called?
ANSWER: a. audio mixing
QUESTION: The speed of sequence of
musical notes is called?
ANSWER: b. Tempo