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UNIVERSITI
UN IVERSITI
TEKNOLOýI
PETRONAS

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COURSE : QAB2054 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

DATE : 14thMAY 2411 (TUESDAY)
TIME 9.44 AM -ý 12.44 NOON (3 HOURS)
.

INSTRUCTIONS
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Answer ALL questions from the Questions Booklet.

2. Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer Booklet.
3, Indicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any.
There applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and
.
indicate ALL assumptions.
Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.
.

i
Note : I. Thee are ELEVEN (11) pages in this Question Booklet
including the cover page.
ii. Appendix in page 9,10 and Ii needs to be attached together
with the answer booklet during submission.

Universzti Teknologi PETRONAS

 QAB2054
1. a. Explain with the use of diagrams where appropriate, what you
understand by the fallowing terms or concepts:

i. iniine seismic section.

[2 marks]

ii. Minimum phase wavelet.

[2 marks]

iii. 3D seismic data.

[2 marks)

b. Explain the generation of synthetic seismograrn.

[4 marks]

C. A sandstone with an acoustic velocity of 1400 mIs is encased in a

shape such that the reflection coefficients at the top and bottom of
sandstone unit are o. 1 and -0.1, respectively. If the seismic source
produces a signal which can be approximated as a single cycle of a
sine wave of frequency 85 Hz, draw the composite reflection
waveform that will be observed when the thickness of the sandstone is
80m, 4o m, 20 m, 1o m, and 5 m.
[10 marks]

2
 QAB2054

2. a. Explain the following terms with the use of diagrams where

appropriate.

I. Reflection coeficcient.
[2 marks]

ii. Soft kick.

[2 marks]

iii. Peg-leg multiple.

[2 marks]

iv. Bow-tie effect.

[2 marks]

V. Sideswipe.
[2 marks]

b. Depth conversion is an important step of the seismic reflection, which

converts the acoustic wave travel time to actual depth, based on the

acoustic velocity of subsurface medium (sediments, rocks, water).

Explain the procedure that should be taken by an interpreter if only

stacking velocity data is available.

[5 marks]

3
 QAB2054
3. a. The interpretation of the unmigrated time section is influenced by
velocity distortion. With the aid of diagram, explain TWO (2) common
velocity anomalies associated with salt.
[5 marks]

b. Most of the sedimentary basins are formd and evolved as a result of

plate motions.

I. Sketch and label basic structural elements of a rift basin (half

graben).
[6 marks]

ii, FIGURE Q3 shows a seismic section through the Ikang Basin.

Can the ANSWER Q3 (APPENDIX I), mark the syn-rift
sedimentary sequence. Explain your interpretation.

'H . -. _ .,, ,
ýýýxýr, rr ' ,ýr .ý '. ýY....,:..,;...
f;! %Yx_nT Kh ']. " Y ýk
'. k %%'. 'ý Kx_,. r:. ^i...:... ý.,ý Y.v
" . ", LýY . '....
_.........

FIGUREQ3
[4 marks]

4
 QAB2054

4. Presence of discordance is indicated by the way in which internal reflectors

terminate against the sequence boundary.

a. Define a depositional sequence boundary.

[2 marks]

b. Draw THREE (3) termination patterns against the upper boundary.

[3 marks]

C. Using an appropriate diagram, explain Vail's depositional sequence

model
[5 marks]

5
 QAB2054
5. a. What is mis-ties in seismic interpretation and discuss THREE (3)

commoncauses of mis-ties.
[6 marks]

b. FIGURE Q5 shows a portion of seismic section from Erehwon Field.

292
400

SHfl

FIGURE Q5
I. What is the display polarity of the seismic section shown in
FIGURE Q5, and what wavelet shape is produced?
[6 marks]

ii. Where should a pick for reflection A in FIGURE Q5 be placed,

and what is the sign of the reflection coefficient?

[3 marks]

6
 QAB2054
6. a. State TWO (2) characteristics of flat-spot?
[2 mark]

b. FIGURE Q6 shows a 2D-seismic section across the Toronto Field.

I. On the ANSWER Q6 (APPENDIX 11),mark TWO (2) possible direct

hydrocarbon indicators (DHI) seen on the section. Explain your

answer.
[4 marks]

ii. Discuss the possible reason why the flat-spot seen on FIGURE Q6

are not at a same level.

[4 marks]

FIGURE Q6

7
 QAB2054

7. FIGURE Q7 shows a seismic section through the Masing Field, Based on

this figure, discuss the geology of the area.

FIGURE Q7
[15 marks]

END OF PAPER

8
 QAB2054
APPENDIX4
ANSWER Q5
(Attach this together in your answer booklet)

Exam ID: TABLE NO:

9
 QAB2054

APPENDIX II
ANSWER Q6
(Attach this together in your answer booklet)

Exam ID: TABLE NO:

10
 QAB2054

APPENDIX III
ANSWER Q7
(Attach this together in your answer booklet)

Exam ID: TABLE NO:

11