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2 E q u ilib rio d e l p u n to
3 E q u ilib rio d e l s ó lid o s in ro z a m ie n to
4 E q u ilib rio d e l s ó lid o c o n ro z a m ie n to
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7 M e c a n is m o s : p o le a s , c u ñ a s , to rn illo s
8 M é to d o d e lo s tra b a jo s v irtu a le s
9 F u e rz a s d is trib u id a s : c a b le s y v ig a s
10 C e n t r o s d e g r a v e d a d

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