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ABSTRACT: Determining the physical properties of substances is an important subject in many advanced engineering applications.
The physical properties of fluids (liquids and gases), such as thermal conductivity, play an important role in the design of a wide
variety of engineering applications, such as heat exchangers. In this article, the authors describe an undergraduate junior-level heat
transfer experiment designed for students in order to determine the thermal conductivity of fluids. Details of the experimental
apparatus, testing procedure, data reduction and sample results are presented. One of the objectives of this experiment is to
strengthen and reinforce some of the heat transfer concepts, such as conduction, covered in the classroom lectures. The experimental
set-up is simple, the procedure is straightforward and students’ feedback has been very positive.
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EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS The plug is placed in the middle of the cylindrical water jacket.
The water jacket is constructed from brass and has a water inlet
The experimental apparatus, shown schematically in Figure 1, and drain connections. A thermocouple is also fitted to the
consists of two parts, namely the test module and control panel. inner sleeve of the water jacket.
These two components are elaborated on below.
Control Panel
Procedure
The test module is a plug and jacket assembly that consists of a 1. Find the thermal conductivity of the air, kair, at the average
cylindrical heated plug and cylindrical water cooled jacket. The temperature, Tave = (T1 + T2)/2. Temperature-dependent
fluid (liquid or gas), whose thermal conductivity is to be thermal conductivity values for air are found in any heat
measured, fills a small radial clearance between the heated plug transfer textbook, such as Incropera and DeWitt, as well as
and the water cooled jacket. It should be noted that the Özisik [4][5].
clearance is made small in size so as to prevent natural 2. Calculate the rate of heat conducted through the air
convection in the fluid. lamina, Qc , from Fourier’s Law, ie:
ΔT
The cylindrical plug is made of aluminium (to reduce thermal Qc = kA (1)
inertia and temperature variation) with a built-in cylindrical Δr
heating element and temperature sensor (thermocouple). The where the area is A = 0.0133 m2, the radial clearance is
temperature sensor is inserted into the plug close to its external Δr = 0.34 mm, and the temperature difference is
surface. The plug also has ports for the introduction and ΔT = T1 − T2 .
venting of the fluid (liquid or gas) whose thermal conductivity
is to be measured. 3. Calculate the rate of electrical heat input, Qe , from:
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V2 In addition, an uncertainty analysis of the measured thermal
Qe = , (2) conductivity of the test fluid is performed. The calibration
R process can be used to estimate the uncertainty in the heat
where V is the voltage and R is the resistance of element, conduction across the sample. The conduction across the
R = 54.8 Ω . sample is found from Fourier’s Law, which, for this situation,
is given in Eq. 1 as follows:
4. Find the incidental heat transfer, Qi , (loss, radiation, etc).
The incidental heat transfer is the difference between the
Qc = kA
ΔT (T − T2 ) .
= kA 1 (4)
electrical heat input and the heat conducted through the
fluid in the radial clearance, ie: Δr Δr
⎢⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ Δr ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ A ⎞⎟ + ⎜ T ⎟ ⎥ (5)
U U
From the measured data and the results obtained above, a ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2
⎢⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ Δr ⎠ ⎝ A ⎠ ⎜T ⎟ ⎥
calibration curve of the incidental heat transfer, Qi , against the ⎝ Qc ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
average temperature, Tave, can be generated. Figure 2 presents
the calibration curve of the unit that was obtained by one of the where U represents the uncertainty in the quantity indicated
laboratory student groups. As can be seen from the figure, the with the subscript and uncertainty in the temperature
incidental heat transfer increases linearly as the average
temperature increases. measurements are assumed equal, ie U T1 ≈ U T2 ≈ U T . The
radial clearance and the area are provided by the manufacturer
14 and assumed to be very accurate so that U Δr ≈ U A ≈ 0 .
experimental data
linear fit
12
The thermal conductivity of the air at a given temperature is
10 assumed to be known within 2.5%, and the uncertainties in the
temperature measurements are assumed to be less than 1° C.
Qi (W)
0 Q c Δr Q c Δr
k= = , (6)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 AΔT A(T1 − T2 )
Tave (°C)
and the procedure outlined in Ref. [6] yields:
Figure 2: The calibration curve.
2
⎛UQ ⎞ ⎛U ⎞ ⎛U ⎞
2 2 2
⎛Uk ⎞
DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟ + ⎜ Δr ⎟ + ⎜ A ⎟
OF A FLUID ⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ Qc ⎠ ⎝ Δr ⎠ ⎝ A ⎠ (7)
2 2 2 2
Once the calibration curve is obtained and the unit is cleaned ⎡ T1 ⎤ ⎛ U T1 ⎞ ⎡ T2 ⎤ ⎛ U T2 ⎞
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ +⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ T ⎟ ⎜T ⎟
⎣ T1 − T2 ⎦ ⎠ ⎣ T1 − T2 ⎦
and reassembled, students can then introduce the fluid (liquid
or gas) to be tested into the radial clearance. It should be noted ⎝ 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
that it is important to ensure that no bubbles exist if the test
fluid is liquid. Water is then passed through the jacket and the As previously, the radial dimension and the area are assumed
variable transformer is adjusted to the desired voltage. The to be very accurate so that U Δr ≈ U A ≈ 0 and the uncertainty
voltage value is chosen to give a reasonable temperature in the temperature measurements are assumed to be equal,
difference and heat transfer rate. When stable, the plug and
jacket temperatures, as well as the voltage, are recorded.
U T1 ≈ U T2 ≈ U T , so that Eq. (7) can be simplified to:
2 2
The incidental heat transfer rate, Qi , is then found from Figure ⎛ UQ ⎞ ⎛ UT ⎞
2
⎛Uk ⎞
2 at the average temperature , Tave. Once the rate of the ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟ + 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (8)
incidental heat transfer is determined, the rate of heat ⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
Q ⎝ 1
T − T2 ⎠
conducted through the test fluid (liquid or gas) is then found
from Equation (3) as Qc = Qe − Qi , and the thermal The uncertainty heat conduction across the sample was
estimated be 4% and the level of uncertainty in the
conductivity of the test fluid (liquid/gas) can be calculated
from Equation (1), ie k = Qc Δr / ( AΔT ) . It is recommended
temperature measurement was conservatively estimated
to be 1° C, so that the relative uncertainty in the thermal
that this procedure is repeated at another voltage value in order conductivity is less than 5% for typical experimental
to ensure the consistency of the measurements. conditions.
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The uncertainty in the measured results are estimated (at the REFERENCES
95% confidence level) according to the procedure outlined by
Moffat [6]. 1. Kaye, G.W.C. and Higgins, W.F., The thermal
conductivities of certain liquids. Proc. of the Royal Society
CONCLUSION of London, 117, 777, 459-470 (1928).
2. Keyes, F.G. and Sandell, D.J., New measurements of the
A heat transfer laboratory experiment in which undergraduate heat conductivity of steam and nitrogen. Trans. ASME, 72,
mechanical engineering students measure the thermal 767-778 (1950).
conductivity of a liquid or a gas is presented in this article and 3. Vines, R.G., Measurement of the thermal conductivities of
includes the procedures and relevant calcualtions. gases at high temperatures. Trans. ASME, 82C, 48-52
(1960).
In this experiment, students perform the calibration of the 4. Incropera, F.P. and DeWitt, D.P., Fundamentals of Heat
experimental apparatus and then employ the apparatus to and Mass Transfer. New York: John Wiley & Sons
determine the thermal conductivity of a liquid or a gas. (2002).
This kind of experience serves to enhance the level of 5. Özisik, M.N., Heat Transfer. New York: McGraw-Hill
understanding of the transfer of thermal energy by (1985).
undergraduate mechanical engineering students, while also 6. Moffat, R.J., Describing the uncertainties in experimental
exposing them to several important concepts involved in heat results. Experimental Thermal and Fluids Science, 1, 1,
transfer. 3-17 (1988).
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