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ICONE22
July 7-11, 2014, Prague, Czech Republic
ICONE22-30844
ABSTRACT the CFD code STAR-CD [4]. An effort is underway to port the
This paper presents recent advances in the modeling of EBF to the high-fidelity CFD code NEK-5000 [5] which is
two-phase boiling flow and critical heat flux that have been being extended to provide general two-phase flow modeling
implemented in the Extended Boiling Framework (EBF) [1, 2, capabilities. A first generation of models describing the inter-
3]. The EBF code was developed as a customized module built phase mass, momentum, and energy transfer phenomena
on the foundation of the commercial Computational Fluid specific for various flow regime topologies have been
Dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CD, which provides general two- previously implemented in the CFD code STAR-CD [5]. The
phase flow modeling capabilities, for the detailed analysis of EBF boiling models, which describe the inter-phase mass,
the two-phase flow and heat transfer phenomena that occur in momentum, and energy transfer phenomena specific for various
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel assemblies. These local flow topologies, allow the simulation of a wide spectrum
phenomena include coolant phase changes and multiple flow of flow regimes expected in a BWR fuel assembly [1, 2, 3]. An
regimes that directly influence the coolant interaction with the overview of these models is included below in Section 1.
fuel pins and, ultimately, the reactor performance. An effort to This paper reviews the current status of key two-phase
expand the EBF two-phase models and to explore their flow phenomenological models and focuses on the extension
applicability to other CFD codes is currently underway. and validation of models that describe the cladding-to-coolant
The paper presents results of recent CFD analyses of heat transfer and the onset of CHF. The EBF module uses a
Critical Heat Flux (CHF) experiments that have measured the local inter-phase surface topology map in conjunction with
axial distribution of wall temperature in two-phase upward flow models for the inter-phase mass, momentum, and energy
in a vertical channel with a heated wall. The experiments were exchanges for the bubbly, droplet, and transition flow
designed to produce the onset of CHF in the upper half of the topologies. It also calculates the conjugate heat transfer using a
heated channel. The simulated axial distribution of wall wall heat transfer model that describes the heat exchange
temperature is compared with experimental data, illustrating the between the heated wall and the two-phase or single-phase
ability of the extended EBF model to capture the onset of CHF coolant. It is shown that the wall heat transfer model used in
for a wide range of thermal-hydraulic conditions relevant for conjunction with various local flow topologies allows the
BWRs. The paper concludes with a discussion of results and prediction of the onset of CHF for a wide range of thermal-
plans for future work. hydraulic conditions relevant for BWRs without the use of
empirical correlations traditionally used in sub-channel codes.
INTRODUCTION
The Extended Boiling Framework (EBF) was NOMENCLATURE
developed for the fine-mesh, 3-dimensional simulation of the
two-phase flow phenomena that occur in a Boiling Water Latin
Reactor (BWR) fuel assembly. These phenomena include e internal energy, enthalpy, J/kg
coolant phase changes and multiple flow topologies that gravitational acceleration, 9.806 m/s2
directly influence the reactor performance. The EBF was G flow rate, kg/(m2s)
developed as a specialized module built on the foundation of h heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2K)
1. TWO-PHASE FLOW MODEL OVERVIEW The conservation of mass equation for phase k is:
k
k . k k k m ki m
(1)
I. Approach t ik
The conservation of momentum equation for phase k is:
The CFD-LWR code, also referred to as the Extended
. . t (2)
Boiling Framework (EBF) was initially developed as a t k k k kkkk k k k
temperature.
DRY A schematic of the experimental test section is presented in
g drop 1 (11) Figure 5. Six experiments in a vertical channel 0.01 m in
max 0, min1,
DRY
2DRY DRY
diameter and 7 m in length with a uniformly heated wall were
1 used as verification test-cases. Pressure was approximately
7 MPa and the inlet subcooling was approximately 5 - 10 K in
When using equation (11) the fraction of wall-area covered by all the experiments analyzed. The experiments differed in inlet
the film is determined by the liquid associated with the film, mass flux G and wall heat flux qw as shown in Table 1, which
excluding the liquid droplets. To use this new modelling also includes the ratio qw/G for each experiment.
capability we need to describe the partition of the liquid in the
wall-cells between the liquid film and liquid droplets. The
model implemented partitions the liquid using the entrainment
velocity wE defined as the difference between the vapor
velocity in the bulk flow and the vapor velocity in the wall-cell:
wE = wBULK
g
— wMÆLL
g
(12)
2 1