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Trigonometry

1. Basic Ratios

y x y
Sin A = , cos A = , tan A =
h h x

2. Pythagoras' Law

x2 + y2 = h2

3. Trigonometric Function Values

Sin is positive from 0° to 90° and positive from 90° to 180°

Cos is positive from 0° to 90° and negative from 90° to 180°

Tan is positive from 0° to 90° and negative from 90° to 180°

4. Solution of Triangles

a. Sine Law

a b c
= =
Sin A Sin B Sin C

b. Cosine Law

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2 ab Cos C

a2 = b2 + c2 - 2 bc Cos A

b2 = a2 + c2 - 2 ac Cos B

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Geometry

1. Areas of Triangles

a. All Triangles

base x perpendicular height


Area =
2

bc Sin A ab Sin C ac Sin B


Area = = =
2 2 2
and,
Area = s (s - a) (s - b) (s - c)

a+b+c
where, s is half the sum of the sides, or s =
2

b. Equilateral Triangles

Area = 0.433 x side2

2. Circumference of a Circle

C = πd

3. Area of a Circle

circumference x r π
A = πr2 = = d 2 = 0.7854d2
2 4

4. Area of a Sector of a Circle

arc x r
A=
2

θ°
A= x π r2 (θ = angle in degrees)
360

θ°r 2
A= (θ = angle in radians)
2

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5. Area of a Segment of a Circle

A = area of sector – area of triangle

4 2 d
Also approximate area = h - 0.608
3 h

6. Ellipse

π
A= Dd
4

Approx. circumference = π
(D + d )
2

7. Area of Trapezoid

⎛a + b⎞
A= ⎜ ⎟h
⎝ 2 ⎠

8. Area of Hexagon

A = 2.6s2 where s is the length of one side

9. Area of Octagon

A = 4.83s2 where s is the length of one side

10. Sphere

Total surface area A =4πr2

Surface area of segment As = πdh

4 3
Volume V = πr
3

Volume of segment
Vs = πh (3r – h)
2

3
πh
Vs = (h 2 + 3a 2) where a = radius of segment base
6

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11. Volume of a Cylinder

π 2
V= d L where L is cylinder length
4

12. Pyramid

Volume

1
V= base area x perpendicular height
3

Volume of frustum

h
VF = (A + a + Aa ) where h is the perpendicular height, A and a are areas as shown
3

13. Cone

Area of curved surface of cone:

π DL
A=
2

Area of curved surface of frustum

π (D + d)L
AF =
2

Volume of cone:

base area × perpendicular height


V=
3

Volume of frustum:

perpendicular height × π (R 2 + r 2 + Rr)


VF =
3

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