Earthquake Hazards
10. Sumatra Earthquake
(April 11,2012 at 15:38 local
time,west Indonesian island
of Sumatra)
-huge undersea earthquake
-10 deaths.
9. Assam-Tibet Earthquake
(August 15, 1950)
-8.6m; epicentre: RIMA
-1,500-3,000 dead
8. Rat Islands Earthquake
(February 4, 1956)
-33 ft. tsunami
7. Ecuador (Jan.31,1906,
Colombian Earthquake)
-8.8m; 16 ft. tsunami
-500 dead
6. Maule Earthquake (Feb.
27, 2010, Chile EQ)
-8.8 m; 525 dead
5. Kamchatka, Russia
Earthquake (Nov. 04, 1952)
-9.0 m; 50 ft pacific wide
tsunami; 10,000-15,000 died,
4. Tohoku Earthquake
(March 11, 2011, Japan)
-massive undersea
megathrust; 133 ft.; 15,894
deaths.
3. Sumatra Earthquake
(Dec.26, 2004, Indian Ocean
earthquake)
-epicentre off the west coast
of Sumatra; 100 ft in 9.1m
2. Great Alaska Earthquake
(March 27, 1964, Prince
William Sound region)
-9.2m; 27 ft; 139 deaths
1. Valdivia Earthquake (May
22, 1960, Great Chilean
Earthquake
-82 ft; 1,000 to 6,000
fatalities
Earthquakes TSUNAMI SOURCES
-feeble shaking to violent a) Earthquakes
trembling of the ground -that suddenly uplift/down-
produced by the sudden drop the seafloor
displacement of rocks or rock -Sumatra (2004): >200,000
materials below the Earth’s killed; Papa New Guinea
surface. (1998): ~3,000 killed)
b) Volcanic eruptions
Potential Earthquake - Krakatoa (1883): 30, 000
Hazards -Santorini (2002)
1. Ground shaking c) Mass Movement
-Caused by the passage of -Alaska (1958, Lituya Bay):
seismic waves beneath -518 m high wave
structures (tilt, split, topple d) Extraterrestrial Impacts
or collapse) -large impacts
 P wave – primary;
compressional wave
(horizontal) 5. EARTHQUAKE INDUCED
 S wave – secondary: LANDSLIDES
shear wave (vertical) -Downward movement of
2. Ground Rupture the land on mountains or
-displacement of the ground hills caused by a sudden
 Vertical Displacement strong movement
 Horizontal Displacement
3. Liquefaction
- solid to liquid when
subjected to extremely
intense shaking (soil
liquefaction)
4. Tsunami
-series of large waves
resulting from the
disturbance of sea water
commonly due to an
earthquake
-“Harbor wave”/ tidal waves-
resembles tidal surges
-- Surface deformation:
reverse and normal faulting
earthquakes-largest;
transform faulting events-
small; strike slip faults- lower
potential (Balleny, 1998)
-generated by reversal faults
 Near-field,far-field
*BANDA ACEH, INDONESIA
(June 23, 2004-DEC. 28,
2004)
Tsunami Genesis
- caused by events that
drastically and suddenly shift
a large volume of water.
BEFORE
 fire extinguisher, first aid
kit/ disaster kit, a battery
powered radio,
flashlight, and extra
batteries at home.
 Learn first aid.
 Learn how to turn off the
gas, water and
electricity.
 Make a plan of to where
to meet your family after
an earthquake.
 Don’t leave heavy
objects on shelves
 Anchor a heavy
furniture, cupboards and
appliances to the walls or
floor.
 Learn the earthquake
plan at your school or
workplace.
DURING AFTER
 Stay Calm!  Check yourself and
 INDOORS others for injuries; first
-stay inside aid for anyone who
- stand against a wall needs it.
near the center of the  Check water, gas, and
building electric lines for damage.
-stand in the doorway, If any are damaged, shut
crawl under heavy off the valves. Check for
furniture (a desk or the smell of gas. If you
table) smell it, open all the
-Stay away from windows and doors,
windows and outside leave immediately, and
doors. report it to the
 OUTDOORS authorities.
-stay outside  Turn on the radio. Don’t
-stay in an open away use phone unless it’s
from power lines or emergency.
anything that might fall  Stay out of damaged
-Stay away from buildings.
buildings.  Be careful of chimneys
 IN CAR  Stay away from beaches.
-stop, stay inside  Stay away from damaged
 Don’t use matches, areas.
candles or any flame.  If you’re at school or at
Broken gas lines and fire work, follow the
might occur. emergency plan or the
 Don’t use elevators instructions of the
(they’ll probably get person in charge.
stuck anyway).  Expect aftershocks.